D. 2035 LQ GP EIR - Cultural ResourcesTerra Nova/La Quinta General Plan EIR
Technical Appendices
APPENDIX D
Cultural Resources Technical Report
City of La Quinta General Plan
2010 Update
Prepared by
CRM Tech
1016 East Cooley Drive, Suite A/B
Colton, CA 92324
July 8, 2010
D-1
CULTURAL RESOURCES TECHNICAL REPORT
CITY OF LA QUINTA GENERAL PLAN
(2010 UPDATE)
For Submittal to:
Community Development Department
City of La Quinta
78495 Calle Tempico
La Quinta, CA 92253
Prepared for:
Nicole Criste
Terra Nova Planning and Research, Inc.
400 S. Farrell Drive, Suite B-205
Palm Springs, CA 92262
Prepared by:
CRM TECH
1016 E. Cooley Drive, Suite A/B
Colton, CA 92324
Bai "Tom" Tang, Principal Investigator
Michael Hogan, Principal Investigator
July 8, 2010
CRM TECH Contract No. 2429A
NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATABASE INFORMATION
Author(s): Bai "Tom" Tang, Principal Investigator/Historian
Deirdre Encarnación, Archaeologist/Report Writer
Consulting Firm: CRM TECH
1016 E. Cooley Drive, Suite A/B
Colton, CA 92324
(909) 824-6400
Date: July 8, 2010
Title: Cultural Resources Technical Report: City of La Quinta General
Plan (2010 Update)
For Submittal to: Community Development Department
City of La Quinta
78495 Calle Tempico
La Quinta, CA 92253
(760) 777-7000
Prepared for: Nicole Criste
Terra Nova Planning and Research, Inc.
400 S. Farrell Drive, Suite B-205
Palm Springs, CA 92262
(760) 320-9040
USGS Quadrangles: Indio, La Quinta, Martinez Mountain, and Valerie, Calif., 7.5'
quadrangles; T5-7S R6-8E, San Bernardino Base Meridian
Project Size: Approximately 48 square miles
Keywords: City of La Quinta, Riverside County; Coachella Valley/Colorado
Desert; cultural resources overview for general plan update
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Between March and July, 2010, CRM TECH performed a cultural resources overview study
on an approximately 37-square-mile area in and around the City of La Quinta, Riverside
County, California. The subject of the study is the planning area for the City's general plan,
including the current city limits as well as the city's sphere of influence. It measures
approximately 10.5 miles along the north-south axis and 8 miles along the east-west axis,
extending from the foothills of the Santa Rosa Mountains to the heart of the Coachella
Valley. It consists of various sections in T5S R6E, T5S R7E, T6S R6E, T6S R7E, T6S R8E, and
T7S R7E, San Bernardino Base Meridian, as depicted in the USGS Indio, La Quinta,
Martinez Mountain, and Valerie, Calif., 7.5' quadrangles.
As part of the environmental overview for the general plan, the purpose of this study is to
provide the City of La Quinta with the necessary information and analysis to facilitate
cultural resources considerations in the planning process and in formulating city policies.
In order to inventory previously identified cultural resources and prepare a sensitivity
assessment of the planning area, CRM TECH conducted a historical/archaeological
resources records search, pursued historical and ethnohistorical background research,
carried out a field reconnaissance, and consulted with representatives of Native American
groups and local historical societies.
The results of these research procedures indicate that the City of La Quinta contains a large
part of one of the richest prehistoric archaeological treasures in the State of California,
concentrated particularly along the former shoreline of ancient Lake Cahuilla. In addition,
the City of La Quinta has under its stewardship many historic-period buildings ranging
from the landmark La Quinta Hotel to mid-20th-century residential buildings built for
people of ordinary means. In all, more than 500 archaeological sites, more than 280
buildings and other built-environment features, and more than 170 isolates—i.e., localities
with fewer than three artifacts—have also been recorded within the planning area or a one-
mile radius thereof. Many of these have been determined to be significant and thus
warrant proper protection under federal, state, and local statutes and regulations.
The large number of recorded historic-period buildings, archaeological sites, and other
remnants of historic or prehistoric human activities clearly demonstrates that virtually the
entire planning area should be considered at least moderately sensitive for cultural
resources, and the age of such resources to be anticipated in the planning area may range
from the late historic period to as far back as the Archaic Period. In order to facilitate the
proper identification and evaluation of potentially significant cultural resources, CRM
TECH recommends that the City of La Quinta incorporate the following procedures into
the planning process:
• Pursue government-to-government consultation with pertinent Native American
representatives and tribal organizations, as determined by the NAHC, in order to
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comply with the mandate of Senate Bill 18 on general plans or specific plans (OPR
2005:10-18).
• Establish and maintain channels of routine consultation with the Eastern Information
Center at the University of California, Riverside, and local historic preservation groups
such as the La Quinta Historical Society, the Coachella Valley History Museum, and the
Coachella Valley Archaeological Society.
• Require all proposed project sites to be surveyed by a qualified archaeologist, historian,
and/or architectural historian, as appropriate, to identify any potential cultural
resources that may be affected, unless the preponderance of the evidence demonstrates
that such survey is unnecessary.
• Maintain and expand as necessary the existing historical resources inventory to provide
a comprehensive and up-to-date register of known cultural resources; maintain and
update at regular intervals the citywide historical resources survey to reflect current
status of cultural resources and potential cultural resources and to include non-
traditional property types; establish guidelines and procedures to implement the
landmark and district program outlined in the Historic Preservation Ordinance.
• Encourage property owners and other citizens to nominate qualified properties to the
city's inventory system and/or federal or state registers; provide citizens with all
incentives, assistance, and opportunities for historic preservation that are available
through various federal, state, or city programs.
• Implement a systematic program to advance public awareness of the city's heritage,
generate broad support for its preservation, and enhance community pride in the city.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... i
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1
RESEARCH METHODS .................................................................................................................... 1
Records Search ................................................................................................................................ 1
Historical Research ........................................................................................................................ 5
Ethnohistorical Research ............................................................................................................... 5
Native American Participation .................................................................................................... 5
Consultation with Local Historical Societies ............................................................................. 5
Field Reconnaissance ..................................................................................................................... 6
CULTURAL SETTING ...................................................................................................................... 6
Regional Historic Context ............................................................................................................. 6
Prehistoric Archaeological Chronology .................................................................................. 6
Ethnography of the Cahuilla .................................................................................................... 7
Exploration, Settlement, and Growth in the Historic Period .............................................. 8
Overview of La Quinta History ................................................................................................... 9
Native American Activities in the 19th Century ................................................................... 9
Community Development in the 20th Century ................................................................... 14
SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS .................................................................................. 18
Known Cultural Resources in the Planning Area ................................................................... 18
Previously Identified Archaeological Resources ................................................................. 18
Previously Identified Built-Environment Features ............................................................. 21
Community Input ........................................................................................................................ 23
Native American Groups ........................................................................................................ 23
Local Historical Societies ........................................................................................................ 23
Cultural Resources Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................... 24
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................................ 25
Existing Historic Preservation Programs ................................................................................. 25
Federal Programs Available to the City ............................................................................... 25
State Programs Available to the City .................................................................................... 26
Programs Administered by the City ..................................................................................... 26
Archaeological Research Designs .............................................................................................. 27
Regulatory Guidelines on Cultural Resources Management ................................................ 28
RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................. 30
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 32
APPENDIX 1: Personnel Qualifications ....................................................................................... 35
APPENDIX 2: Correspondence with Native American Representatives ................................ 40
APPENDIX 3: Correspondence with Local Historical Societies ............................................... 42
APPENDIX 4: Previously Recorded Cultural Resources ........................................................... 47
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Project vicinity .................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 2. Planning area ..................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3. The planning area and vicinity in 1855-1856 .............................................................. 11
Figure 4. The planning area and vicinity in 1901 ....................................................................... 12
Figure 5. The planning area and vicinity in 1903-1912 .............................................................. 13
Figure 6. The planning area and vicinity in 1941 ....................................................................... 16
Figure 7. The planning area and vicinity in 1951-1959 .............................................................. 17
Figure 8. Previous cultural resources studies in the vicinity .................................................... 20
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INTRODUCTION
Between March and July, 2010, CRM TECH performed a cultural resources overview study
on an approximately 37-square-mile area in and around the City of La Quinta, Riverside
County, California (Fig. 1). The subject of the study is the planning area for the City's
general plan, including the current city limits as well as the city's sphere of influence. It
measures approximately 10.5 miles along the north-south axis and 8 miles along the east-
west axis, extending from the foothills of the Santa Rosa Mountains to the heart of the
Coachella Valley (Fig. 2). It consists of various sections in T5S R6E, T5S R7E, T6S R6E, T6S
R7E, T6S R8E, and T7S R7E, San Bernardino Base Meridian, as depicted in the USGS Indio,
La Quinta, Martinez Mountain, and Valerie, Calif., 7.5' quadrangles (Fig. 2).
As part of the environmental overview for the general plan, the purpose of this study is to
provide the City of La Quinta with the necessary information and analysis to facilitate
cultural resources considerations in the planning process and in formulating city policies.
In order to inventory previously identified cultural resources and prepare a sensitivity
assessment of the planning area, CRM TECH conducted a historical/archaeological
resources records search, pursued historical and ethnohistorical background research,
carried out a field reconnaissance, and consulted with representatives of Native American
groups and local historical societies. The following report is a complete account of the
methods and results of the research, and the final conclusion of this study.
RESEARCH METHODS
RECORDS SEARCH
Between March 22 and May 25, 2010, CRM TECH archaeologist Nina Gallardo (see App. 1
for qualifications) conducted the historical/archaeological resources records search at the
Eastern Information Center (EIC), University of California, Riverside. During the records
search, Gallardo examined maps and records on file at the EIC for previously identified
cultural resources within the planning area, and existing cultural resources reports
pertaining to the vicinity. Previously identified cultural resources include properties
designated as California Historical Landmarks, Points of Historical Interest, or Riverside
County Landmarks, as well as those listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the
California Register of Historical Resources, or the California Historical Resources
Inventory.
As a part of the records search, CRM TECH archaeologist Deirdre Encarnación (see App. 1
for qualifications) reviewed a number of previous archaeological studies completed in
recent years that, collectively, have contributed significantly to the understanding of
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Coachella Valley prehistory. This research was intended to update the current contextual
information regarding the planning area, especially regarding the early Prehistoric—i.e.,
Archaic—Period, and to incorporate the findings of these studies into future cultural
resources considerations in the planning process.
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Figure 1. Project vicinity. (Based on USGS Santa Ana, Calif., 1:250,000 quadrangle [USGS 1979])
4
Figure 2. Planning area. (Based on USGS Indio, Valerie, La Quinta, and Martinez Mountain, Calif., 1:24,000 quadrangles [USGS 1972a; 1972b; 1980;
1986])
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HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Historical background research for this study was conducted by CRM TECH principal
investigator/historian Bai "Tom" Tang (see App. 1 for qualifications). Sources consulted
during the research included mainly published literature in local/regional history and
historic maps of the La Quinta area. Among those available to researchers today, five sets
of historical maps reflect the growth of La Quinta in sufficient detail to aid in cultural
resources considerations: township plat maps produced by the U.S. General Land Office
(GLO) based on surveys conducted in 1855-1856 and 1903-1912, and topographic maps
produced by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) based on surveys conducted in
1901 and aerial photographs taken in 1941 and 1951-1956. These maps are collected at the
Science Library of the University of California, Riverside, and the California Desert District
of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, located in Moreno Valley.
ETHNOHISTORICAL RESEARCH
For information on possible sites of Native American traditional cultural value, Deirdre
Encarnación pursued additional research in the current scholarship on Cahuilla culture and
history. In particular, the location of a Cahuilla village site in the planning area that has
been reported to be of Native American cultural significance, as discussed in a recent
synthesis by Bean et al. (1991), was identified, mapped, and taken into consideration in the
cultural resources sensitivity analysis.
NATIVE AMERICAN PARTICIPATION
As part of this study, CRM TECH submitted a written request to the State of California's
Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on March 22, 2010, for a records search in
the commission's sacred lands file. Following the NAHC's recommendations, CRM TECH
further contacted a total of 18 Native American representatives in the region in writing on
April 21 to solicit local Native American input regarding any possible cultural resources
concerns associated with the planning area. The correspondences between CRM TECH
and the Native American representatives are attached to this report as Appendix 2.
CONSULTATION WITH LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES
In conjunction with the Native American consultation, CRM TECH also initiated
correspondence with the La Quinta Historical Society (LQHS) and the Coachella Valley
History Museum (CVHM) on June 7, 2010. Among the individuals contacted were Jesse K.
Siess, Executive Director of the CVHM, Linda Williams, President of the LQHS, Johanna
Wickman, Manager of the LQHS Museum, and society members Paula Ford and Louise
Neeley. The purpose of the correspondence was to seek supplementary information on
local history and historical resources, and to gather community input regarding cultural
resources issues in the planning area. These correspondences are attached to this report as
Appendix 3.
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FIELD RECONNAISSANCE
On May 1, 2010, Bai "Tom" Tang carried out the field reconnaissance through a
"windshield" survey of the planning area. The focus of the field reconnaissance was to
inspect the current conditions of prominent properties among known cultural resources
and previously identified concentration of cultural resources, such as clusters of important
archaeological sites and the historical neighborhood in the La Quinta Cove area. Another
focus of the field reconnaissance was the city's sphere of influence in the northernmost and
easternmost portions of the planning area, which had not been surveyed systematically by
the CRM TECH project team in the past (e.g., Tang 2006).
CULTURAL SETTING
REGIONAL HISTORIC CONTEXT
The City of La Quinta has experienced a colorful history since its inception as a community
in the 1920s-1930s, with several distinctive periods and themes in its development.
Meanwhile, the area's long and significant prehistory, manifested through one of the
richest concentrations of archaeological deposits in the State of California, bestows upon
the city a unique position in the realm of cultural resources management and historic
preservation.
Prehistoric Archaeological Chronology
It is widely acknowledged that human occupation in what is now the State of California
began 8,000-12,000 years ago. In order to understand Native American cultures during the
prehistoric period, or before European contact, archaeologists have devised chronological
frameworks that endeavor to correlate the observable technological and cultural changes in
the archaeological record to distinct periods. The prehistoric period in the Coachella Valley
is divided into the Late Prehistoric and the Archaic Periods. The transition between these
two periods is generally considered to be around A.D. 1000, marked by the introduction of
pottery into the region from the Colorado River cultures. Students of historical linguistics
propose a migration of Takic speakers sometime between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 500 from the
Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and eastern California into southern California.
Other important cultural changes in prehistoric times include the introduction of the bow
and arrow, probably around A.D. 500. Early peoples are often thought of as big game
hunters, while later people had a more diversified diet, including more widespread use of
plant material and smaller game, associated with the introduction of the bow and arrow.
Basgal and Hall (1994) have challenged this view for the Mojave Desert, finding a great
diversity of faunal remains even in middle Holocene sites. According to the models
currently in use for the Mojave Desert, there is a clear succession of lithic technology over
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the last 10,000 years (the Holocene) that emphasizes large bifaces made from basalts and
other volcanics during the earliest periods, gradually shifting to the microcrystallines—e.g.,
jaspers, chalcedonies, and cherts—during later times (Basgall 1993; Hall 1993; Basgall and
Hall 1994). Large dart points predominate the middle period, changing to small arrow
points during the late or recent period.
The change from burial practices to cremations marks another transition from the Archaic
Period. In other parts of the Colorado Desert, Mojave Desert, and even in the mountains of
southern California, the practice of cremation seems to occur during the more recent period
(from 1,500 years ago to historic times) and inhumation, the burial of whole bodies without
burning, marks the earlier periods, more than 1,500 years ago. This change appears to have
occurred in the Coachella Valley around 500 B.C.
For the purposes of this study, the introduction of pottery is used as the watershed
separating the Archaic Period from Late Prehistoric, although it would also be acceptable
to use other significant events in prehistory, for example the introduction of the bow and
arrow. In any event, as European influences began to bring about profound changes to
native lifeways in the late 1700s, the prehistoric period drew to a close and the historic
period was ushered in.
Ethnography of the Cahuilla
The Coachella Valley is a historical center of Native American settlement, where U.S.
surveyors reported a large number of Indian villages and rancherías, occupied by the
Cahuilla people, in the mid-19th century. The Cahuilla, a Takic-speaking people whose
society was once based on hunting and gathering, are generally divided by anthropologists
into three groups, according to their geographic setting: the Pass Cahuilla of the San
Gorgonio Pass-Palm Springs area, the Mountain Cahuilla of the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa
Mountains and the Cahuilla Valley, and the Desert Cahuilla of the eastern Coachella
Valley. The basic written sources on Cahuilla culture and history include Kroeber (1908;
1925), Strong (1929), and Bean (1978). The following ethnohistoric discussion is based
primarily on these sources.
The aboriginal Cahuilla environment in the vicinity of present-day La Quinta was
primarily desert in nature, with local plants and wildlife sustaining numerous villages.
Water and aquatic food resources were readily available when ancient Lake Cahuilla was
present, and water was otherwise obtained from seasonal springs as well as hand-dug,
walk-in wells (Bean and Saubel 1979). Seasonal botanical foods included agave in the
winter, yucca, wild onion, cactus and ocotillo in the spring, mesquite and manzanita in the
summer, and numerous seeds, nuts, and berries in the fall (ibid.). Limited agriculture was
also practiced, with corn, beans, squash and melons being grown utilizing techniques
learned from neighboring Colorado River tribes (Bean 1978). Game ranged from deer and
antelope to rabbit and small rodents, lizards, and birds (ibid.), and was most abundant in
the winter when it descended from higher, colder elevations (Bean and Saubel 1979).
8
Implements used for the processing of food include stone mortars and pestles and manos
and metates, as well as basketry and ceramic pots and jars (Kroeber 1908). Large basketry
granaries were used to store mesquite and acorns, and basketry and other weaving
techniques were also used to create hats, nets, sandals, and storage containers (ibid.).
Ceramic pottery ranged from small-mouth jars to cooking pots, bowls, dishes, and pipes
(ibid.; Bean 1978). Game was hunted with arrows, throwing sticks, clubs, and snares and
traps (Bean 1978).
Ritual and ceremony were important aspects of Cahuilla life, infused with music and
dance. Rites of passage were performed at each life stage, including birth, naming,
puberty, and death (Bean 1978). Although cremation was performed at the time of death, a
large annual mourning ceremony was also held, generally in honor of the tribal members
that had passed on throughout the year (Strong 1929). An eagle ceremony would be
performed whereby fledgling eagles would be ritually killed and mourned, their feathers
kept for ritual purpose (ibid.).
The Cahuilla did not have a single name that referred to an all-inclusive tribal affiliation.
Instead, membership was in terms of lineages or clans. Each lineage or clan belonged to
one of two main divisions of the people, known as moieties. Members of clans in one
moiety had to marry into clans from the other moiety. Individual clans had villages, or
central places, and territories they called their own, for purposes of hunting game,
gathering food, or utilizing other necessary resources. They interacted with other clans
through trade, intermarriage, and ceremonies.
Population data prior to European contact are almost impossible to obtain, but estimates
range from 3,600 to as high as 10,000 persons. During the 19th century, however, the
Cahuilla population was decimated as a result of European diseases, most notably
smallpox, for which the Native peoples had no immunity. Today, Native Americans of
Pass or Desert Cahuilla heritage are mostly affiliated with one or more of the Indian
reservations in and near the Coachella Valley, including Torres Martinez, Augustine, Agua
Caliente, Cabazon, and Morongo.
Exploration, Settlement, and Growth in the Historic Period
The first noted European explorers to travel through the Coachella Valley were José
Romero, José Maria Estudillo, and Romualdo Pacheco, who led a series of expeditions in
search of a route to Yuma in 1823-1825. Due to its harsh environment, few non-Indians
ventured into the desert valley during the Mexican and early American periods, except
those who traveled across it along the established trails. The most important among these
trails was the Cocomaricopa Trail, an ancient Indian trading route that was "discovered" in
1862 by William David Bradshaw and became known after that as the Bradshaw Trail. In
much of the Coachella Valley, this historic wagon road traversed a similar course to that of
present-day Highway 111. During the 1860s-1870s, the Bradshaw Trail served as the main
9
thoroughfare between coastal southern California and the Colorado River, until the
completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1876-1877 brought an end to its heyday.
Non-Native settlement in the Coachella Valley began in the 1870s, with the establishment
of railroad stations along the Southern Pacific Railroad, and spread further in the 1880s,
after public land was opened for claims under the Homestead Act, the Desert Land Act,
and other federal land laws. Farming became the dominant economic activity in the valley,
thanks to the development of underground water sources, often in the form of artesian
wells. However, it was not until the completion of the Coachella Canal in 1948-1949 that
the region obtained an adequate and reliable water supply. The main agricultural staple in
the Coachella Valley, the date palm, was first introduced around the turn of the century.
By the late 1910s, the date palm industry had firmly established itself, giving the region its
celebrated image of "the Arabia of America."
Starting in the 1920s, the tourist industry, with its equestrian camps, resort hotels, and
eventually country clubs, gradually spread throughout the Coachella Valley and became
the driving force in local economy. In 1926, the desert resort industry received a major
boost in its glamour factor when Walter H. Morgan and his Desert Development Company
began the construction of the La Quinta Hotel. Organized around the spectacular scenery
and the dry climate, this intense stylization of the desert into a "first-class" playground
resulted in its "discovery" by the rich and famous of Hollywood in the 1920s-1930s. As the
"flagship" of the Coachella Valley resort industry, the nearby town of Palm Springs became
a favored getaway destination, while La Quinta, just outside the bustle and blow, gained a
reputation as an exclusive "rendezvous of the discriminate," a more secluded spot and a
private haven for celebrities and industrial titans with legendary names like du Pont and
Vanderbilt (Los Angeles Times 1933).
The entire Coachella Valley experienced rapid growth during the post-WWII years, with La
Quinta's character further cemented by the pursuit of a refined desert living experience for
both residents and visitors. Today the city boasts several world-class golf courses to
support its tourist and related service industries, but has also supplemented its economic
base with more conventional commercial and retail interests such as large retail and
discount shopping centers. When incorporated in 1982 the city's population numbered
around 3,328. It grew more than three fold by 1990, to 11,215, and then more than doubled
to 23,694 by 2000 (City of La Quinta n.d.; U.S. Census Bureau n.d.). The phenomenal pace
of La Quinta's growth has continued to the present time, with population estimate for 2008
placing the number of residents at 43,865 (U.S Census Bureau n.d.).
OVERVIEW OF LA QUINTA HISTORY
Native American Activities in the 19th Century
In the mid-1850s, during the earliest GLO surveys of the La Quinta area, the surveyors
noted a total of four Indian villages or rancherías in or near the planning area (Fig. 3). Based
10
on their locations, almost all of these were important settlements of the Desert or Pass
Cahuilla people, as identified in ethnographic literature, such as Strong (1929) and Bean et
al. (1991). A ranchería located in Section 19, T6S R8E, on the eastern edge of the planning
area (Fig. 3), was probably associated with the well-known village of La Mesa, home of the
Telkiktum and the Sewahilem clans (Strong 1929:39, 41-42; Bean et al. 1991:57, 89).
Just outside the planning area boundaries, three other Cahuilla settlements were noted in
the mid-1850s. These include Toro (or Torros, Torres) in Section 2, T7S R7E; Kavinish in
Section 24, T5S R6E; and a ranchería in Section 8, T6S R8E, possibly also a part of La Mesa
(Fig. 3). The village of Toro (or Torros, Torres), located just to the south of the planning
area (Figs. 3-5), was known as Mauulmii ("Place of the Palm Tree") in the Cahuilla language
(Bean et al. 1991:24, 62). It was the home of the Tamolanicem and the Sawalakiktum clans,
and later became an important stop on the Bradshaw Trail (ibid.; Johnston 1987:120).
Kavinish was occupied by the atcicem clan, and for a time also by the nonhaiam clan (Strong
1929:53, 91, 101). It later also became a major stop on the Bradshaw Trail (Johnston
1987:120).
Aside from these mapped locations, Bean et al. (1991:58) identifies another Cahuilla village
within the planning area. Named Kotevewit, the village was reportedly located "about five
miles south of Point Happy and a short distance from the present La Quinta Hotel," where
the Cahuilla cultural hero Aswitsei ("Eagle Flower) lived for many years (ibid.). Strong
(1929:86), however, describes Kotevewit as being located somewhere "in the mountains."
The precise location of Kotevewit—and whether it was indeed within the planning area
boundaries—is therefore unclear.
11
Figure 3. The planning area and vicinity in 1855-1856. (Source: GLO 1856a-1856g)
12
Figure 4. The planning area and vicinity in 1901. (Source: USGS 1904)
13
Figure 5. The planning area and vicinity in 1903-1912. (Source: GLO 1903; 1905a-1905d; 1909a; 1909b; 1914a;
1914b)
14
In addition to these villages and rancherías, a number of other man-made features,
undoubtedly evidence of Native American activities, were also observed within or near the
planning area. These features include a system of roads and trails crisscrossing the desert
floor and several wells scattered across the valley, most notable among which was the
famed Palma Seca Well at the village of Kavinish, more commonly known to Euroamericans
as Indian Well (Figs. 3, 4). The principal road ran a generally northwest-southeast course
through the planning area between the Palma Seca Well and the village of Toro (Figs. 3-5),
clearly a part of the main branch of the historic Cocomaricopa-Bradshaw Trail (Johnston
1987:112, 115-116).
Community Development in the 20th Century
By the early 20th century, when the La Quinta area was again surveyed systematically by
the U.S. government, most of the villages and rancherías noted in the mid-1850s had
vanished (Figs. 4, 5), reflecting the decline of the Cahuilla population during the latter half
of the 19th century. Instead, maps from this period begin to show signs of Euroamerican
influence, such as fences and irrigation ditches, along with the Bradshaw Trail and the
Southern Pacific Railroad (Figs. 4, 5).
The first recorded settlement and land development attempts in what is now the City of La
Quinta took place around the turn of the century, when several desert land claims and
homestead claims were filed with the GLO on various parcels within the planning area
(BLM n.d.). Although the majority of such early claims ended in failure, during the next
few decades the GLO approved and patented 54 land grants to private claimants on
properties in present-day La Quinta, including 26 homestead claims, 9 desert land claims, 3
railroad homestead claims, and 16 cash purchases (City of La Quinta 1997:24). By the
1910s, several early ranches were in operation in La Quinta, most prominently the Manning
Burkett Ranch, the John Marshall Ranch (later known as Hacienda del Gato), and the Point
Happy Ranch (ibid.:26-27).
In 1926, La Quinta's growth was steered towards the budding resort industry in the
Coachella Valley when Walter H. Morgan and his Desert Development Company began
the construction of the La Quinta Hotel. Although this instantly popular and celebrated
up-scale hostelry fell into receivership during the Great Depression, other developers,
inspired by the success of nearby Palm Springs, continued to pursue and expand Morgan's
vision of La Quinta as a resort town to rival its more famous neighbor to the west. In the
early 1930s, E. S. "Harry" Kiener subdivided the cove area in Sections 1, 12 and 13, T6S R6E,
into residential lots, and began advertising the sale of completely furnished "weekend
homes" (City of La Quinta 1997:43). The subdivision and development of the cove area, in
fact, marked the birth of La Quinta as a community.
The 1941 series of USGS maps clearly reflect these developments. As Figure 6 illustrates,
by 1941 the cove area had essentially taken on its present shape. A large number of
buildings had sprung up in the cove, clustered predominantly in the northern half of the
15
subdivision, north of today's Calle Chihuahua. Farther to the north, the La Quinta Hotel
complex occupied a substantial portion of Section 36, T5S R6E (Fig. 6). The rest of the
planning area, lying between the cove and the Southern Pacific Railroad, demonstrated a
typical rural settlement pattern, with scattered ranch houses connected by roads that were
laid out mostly along section or quarter-section lines, the most common property
16
Figure 6. The planning area and vicinity in 1941. (Source: USGS 1941a-1941c; 1943)
17
Figure 7. The planning area and vicinity in 1951-1959. (Source: USGS 1956; 1958a; 1958b; 1959)
18
boundaries (Figs. 6, 7). Between the early 1940s and the mid-1950s, the number of
buildings in the planning area increased significantly, especially in and around the cove
area, as La Quinta and the entire Coachella Valley experienced rapid growth during the
post-war years (Figs. 6, 7). In the meantime, the contrast between the different settlement
patterns in the town center and the outlying rural area persisted, as it still does to some
degree to the present day.
SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE PLANNING AREA
The term "cultural resource" refers to any physical evidence of human activities that
possesses potential historical, archaeological, or traditional cultural value. Among such
evidences that are most frequently noted as cultural resources are buildings, structures,
historic districts, archaeological sites, and such objects as statues and street fixtures. In
recent years, cultural resources also began to include non-traditional property types,
including cultural landscapes, such as citrus groves and date gardens, and natural features
that have acquired cultural significance in history, such as Point Happy in La Quinta. In
order to be potentially significant, cultural resources usually need to meet a certain age
criterion. In the State of California, the age threshold is generally set at 45-50 years (OHP
1995:2).
Previously Identified Archaeological Resources
Because of its unique geographical location straddling the shoreline of ancient Lake
Cahuilla, a naturally occurring freshwater lake formed by overflow from the Colorado
River, the City of La Quinta encompasses one of the densest concentrations of prehistoric
archaeological sites anywhere in California. Records of the Eastern Information Center
indicate that some 60% of the planning area has been covered by project-related cultural
resources surveys since the 1970s (Fig. 8). In particular, in the level northern and central
portion of the planning area, where continuous urbanization has brought about dramatic
changes in the landscape during the last few decades, most of the acreage has been
surveyed. In comparison, the mountainous southwesterly portion of the city and the
recently added southeastern portions of the planning area received much less, sometimes
only sporadic, attention.
As a result of these surveys, a strikingly large number of archaeological sites, both
prehistoric and historic, have been identified and recorded in and around the planning
area. Appendix 4 offers a list of archaeological sites recorded to date in the planning area
and a one-mile radius thereof, numbering more than 500 in total. In addition to the sites,
more than 170 isolates—i.e., localities with fewer than three artifacts—have also been
recorded.
19
Archaeological sites can represent the remains of past human activities ranging from
thousands of years old to as little as 50 years old, encompassing a spectrum of human
endeavors from ancient stone tool making to more recent historical date farming. The vast
majority of archaeological sites listed in Appendix 4 represent Native American land use
associated with ancient Lake Cahuilla. All along the former shoreline, at 42 feet above
20
Figure 8. Previous cultural resources studies in the vicinity of the planning area, listed by EIC file number. Locations of historical/archaeological sites
are not shown as a protective measure.
21
mean sea level, lie scatters of pottery, burned animal bone, grinding stones, chipped stone,
cremations, and other remains of what must have been a very dense population in the 17th
and 18th centuries, long before the first non-Indian settlers came to the Coachella Valley.
The last high stand of Lake Cahuilla is now believed to have been around AD 1650, after
which the water receded rapidly to reach complete desiccation within 80 to 100 years. As
the lake receded, native settlements followed the shoreline onto the lower elevations, in
many places leaving archaeological remnants of village sites well below the 42-foot
contour, in some cases even below sea level. Once the lake had disappeared altogether,
shallow walk-in water wells were dug to expose the easily accessible water table, often just
a few feet below the ground surface, allowing communities to continue in existence.
While most of the archaeological sites found in La Quinta date to this late prehistoric
period, recent research has discovered sites from earlier times, especially in the case of sites
buried deep within sand dunes. Sites bearing the hallmarks of the Archaic Period, such as
the presence of worked fine-grained, dark gray basalt and shell beads, the lack of pottery,
and the recovery of burials rather than cremations, are increasingly being found through
archaeological surveys, excavations, and monitoring performed as part of the planning
process.
One site in Indio, just across the La Quinta city boundary near the intersection of Jefferson
Street and Fred Waring Drive, has proven to be 2,700 years old, the oldest site yet recorded
in the Coachella Valley. Within the city limits, Site 33-007839 is considered a likely
Archaic-Period site due to the presence of mineralized animal bone and the complete
absence of pottery. Further, the site yielded a high percentage of larger mammal (e.g., big-
horn sheep and deer) bone and no small mammal (e.g., rabbit) bone. Younger sites usually
have small mammal remains, whereas the older, Archaic-Period sites generally represent
big-game hunting complex. Regarding lithics, Site 33-007839 contains basalt (igneous),
typically found in older sites. Olivella beads, present at the site, are older, dating to the
Archaic Period as well.
Determined to be "historically significant" by the City of La Quinta, Site 33-002936
represents a 1,700-year-old living area abundant with artifacts. Another site of importance
is the deeply buried site at 33-006869, located at Rancho La Quinta, which appears to be a
pre-ceramic site dating to more than 2,000 years ago. Also within city limits are a 2,300-
year-old site and two 1,600-year-old sites. These earlier sites were also related to ancient
Lake Cahuilla, which has come and gone numerous times over the last two millennia, each
time providing a lush environment rich in resources for Native American lifeways.
Previously Identified Built-Environment Features
In 1981-1983, the Riverside County Historical Commission coordinated a countywide
historical resources reconnaissance, which led to the recordation of approximately 30
22
buildings—or groups of buildings—within the planning area, along with a segment of the
Coachella Canal. In 1996-1997, the City of La Quinta initiated a citywide historical
resources survey, bringing into the inventory more than 60 additional properties, mostly
buildings (Mellon and Associates 1997).
Besides recording individual buildings, the 1996-1997 survey delineated the cove area, La
Quinta's first residential subdivision, as a potential historic district (O'Conner and
Steigemeyer 1997). Tentatively named the La Quinta Cove Thematic Historic District, it is
bounded by Calle Tampico on the north, Avenida Bermudas on the east, Calle Tecate on
the south, and Avenida Montezuma and Bear Creek on the west, and contains most of the
buildings recorded during the 1981-1983 and the 1996-1997 surveys (ibid.; Mellon and
Associates 1997). The 1996-1997 study considers the district to be eligible for local
designationunder provisions of the city's Historic Preservation Ordinance (Mellon and
Associates 1997).
When the 1996-1997 survey was updated in 2006, a total of 183 buildings were added to the
California Historical Resources Inventory, while 74 other buildings that did not retain
sufficient historic integrity to be considered potentially significant were noted but not
formally recorded (Tang 2006). In addition to those identified through the communitywide
surveys, a number of buildings and other built-environment features dating to the historic
period were recorded within the planning area as the result of project-related cultural
resources studies.
In all, more than 280 buildings and other built-environment features in the planning area
that predated the 1960s and retained good or fair historic integrity have been recorded into
the California Historical Resources Inventory, which are also listed in Appendix 4. Among
these, more than 110 properties were considered eligible for listing in the National Register
of Historic Places or the California Register of Historical Resources, or for local designation,
most of them as contributing elements of the La Quinta Cove Thematic Historic District
(Tang 2006:9-15).
The majority of the buildings were residential in nature, predominantly single-family
residences. While those recorded in the earlier surveys were almost uniformly of the
Spanish Eclectic style and dated mostly to the 1930s-1940s, the buildings recorded in more
recent surveys, especially the 2006 citywide survey, were mostly of post-WWII vintage, and
were far more diverse in architectural styles. In particular, the California Ranch style and
the Coachella Valley's "home-grown" Desert Modern style eclipsed the tradition-bound
revival or eclectic styles among the post-WWII buildings (Tang 2006:9, 15).
23
COMMUNITY INPUT
Native American Groups
Contact with local Native American tribes, such as the Torres Martinez, Augustine, and
Cabazon bands of the Desert Cahuilla near La Quinta, has been integral in identifying,
recording, and protecting culturally sensitive lands within the planning area. Participation
of local tribes in recent cultural resources studies generally included early correspondence
regarding tribal input as well as Native American monitoring of earth-moving activities
and archaeological surveys or excavations. When cultural remains were unearthed, local
tribes were consulted regarding the proper treatment of such discoveries. When
cremations or other types of Native American burial were discovered, the local tribes
participated in their treatment as well, often holding ceremonial reburials of the disturbed
remains. In sum, early and continued contact with local tribes has been a key element of
the cultural resources compliance process in the City of La Quinta in recent years.
In response to CRM TECH's inquiry during this study, the NAHC reports in a letter dated
April 15 that the sacred lands record search indicates the presence of Native American
cultural resources within a half-mile radius of the planning area, and recommends that
local Native American groups be contacted for further information. For that purpose, the
commission provided a list of potential contacts in the region (see App. 2).
Upon receiving the commission's response, CRM TECH initiated correspondence with all
13 individuals on the referral list and the organizations they represent. In addition, David
Saldivar, Tribal Government Affairs Officer for the Augustine Band of Cahuilla Mission
Indians, Judy Stapp, Director of Cultural Affairs for the Cultural Affairs for the Cabazon
Band of Mission Indians, John Gomez, Jr., Cultural Resources Coordinator for the Ramona
Band of Cahuilla Indians, Steven Estrada, Environmental Director for the Santa Rosa Band
of Mission Indians, and Lisa Auclair, Planning Assistant for the Torres Martinez Desert
Cahuilla Indians, were also contacted. As of this time, only Ms. Stapp has responded on
behalf of the Cabazon Band. In a letter dated April 23, 2010, Ms. Stapp states that the
Cabazon Band has no specific information regarding cultural resources within or near the
planning area (see App. 2).
Local Historical Societies
In e-mails dated June 8, Jesse K. Siess, Executive Director of the CVHM, states that as a La
Quinta native, she feels strong ties to the community and notes that "the historic resources
that many of us knew growing up are now long gone." She specifically cites the impact of a
recent residential development near Point Happy, stating that the new housing tract design
brought "large, impacted houses placed in a way that intrudes on the older development
and ruined a great deal of green space." She also notes that better access to the city's
historical resources records, such as inventories and surveys, would be helpful (see App.
3).
24
In e-mail responses on June 8 and 9, respectively, Linda Williams, President of the LQHS,
and Johanna Wickman, Manager of the LQHS Museum, both indicate that they would like
to provide further comments after reviewing the city's historical resources records (see
App. 3).
CULTURAL RESOURCES SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The large number of recorded historic-period buildings, archaeological sites, and other
remnants of historic or prehistoric human activities clearly demonstrates that virtually the
entire planning area should be considered at least moderately sensitive for cultural
resources. Slopes and hillsides have been shown to contain ancient trails and carved
boulders. Rocky alluvial fans have been found to contain fields of rock cairns associated
with big horn sheep hunting. Rolling sand dunes have covered evidence of more than two
millennia of Native American occupation associated with the comings and goings of
ancient Lake Cahuilla. The level valley floor, now mostly in agriculture, were once home
to the Cahuilla people and early settlers in more recent times.
The potential sensitivity of agricultural lands cannot be discounted. An archaeological
survey prepared for a large project on agricultural lands in the southwestern portion of the
planning area reported more than 30 prehistoric archaeological sites, including major
concentrations of artifacts marking Indian village sites. Plowing and disking has been
shown to disturb artifacts, but not destroy or remove them.
The discovery of buried archaeological sites, in particular the older, Archaic-Period sites,
demonstrates the importance of cultural resource management in the planning process.
The presence and discovery of these sites indicates that the planning area in general has a
high sensitivity for subsurface archaeological deposits, although each particular project
area needs to be evaluated and assessed on its own accord.
In addition to prehistoric archaeological finds, the planning area has a demonstrated
presence of historic-period cultural remains. Surveys in 1981-1983, 1996-1997, and 2006, as
well as project-specific surveys, have identified hundreds of buildings and other built-
environment features from the historic era, including many buildings in the La Quinta
Cove Thematic Historic District, which meet the statutory definition of "historical
resources" under state and local guidelines, and should be treated as such in future
planning process. Many other properties outside of the Cove but within the planning area
should also be considered "historical resources" in the planning process. Thus, the
planning area exhibits sensitivity for cultural resources ranging in age from the late historic
period as far back as the Archaic Period.
25
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
EXISTING HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAMS
Since the mid-1960s, federal and state legislation has created a number of opportunities to
help local communities preserve their past. The City of La Quinta has taken advantage of
some of these programs, while others remain to be established and implemented.
Federal Programs Available to the City
The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended, mandates that "the
heads of all Federal agencies shall assume responsibility for the preservation of historic
properties which are owned or controlled by such agency" (16 U.S.C. 470h-2). Section 106
of NHPA, in particular, requires the heads of federal agencies to take into account the effect
of an undertaking on any historic properties prior to the approval of the expenditure of any
federal funds on the undertaking or prior to the issuance of any license (16 U.S.C. 470f).
As a Certified Local Government, the City of La Quinta is encouraged by the State Office of
Historic Preservation (OHP) to play an active role in the Section 106 Process for
undertakings within the city. Furthermore, by agreement with various federal agencies,
the city may also act on their behalf regarding city-sponsored undertakings during the
Section 106 Process, and thus take the lead in the enforcement of NHPA.
In conjunction with NHPA, the Secretary of the Interior is charged with the maintenance of
the National Register of Historic Places, a nationwide inventory of districts, sites, buildings,
structures, or objects of national, state, or local historical significance. According to
statutory definition, any property listed in or determined to be eligible for listing in the
National Register constitutes a "historic property," which warrants protection under NHPA
and other federal legislation involving historic preservation.
At present, no properties in the planning area are officially listed in the National Register.
The nearest properties in the National Register are the famed Coachella Valley Fish Traps
and the Martinez Historic District, both lying approximately two miles south of the
planning area. However, a large number of properties in the planning area have been
determined to be eligible for listing in the National Register through past cultural resources
studies, including both historic-period buildings and archaeological sites. Under Section
106 regulations, there properties also qualify as "historic properties," and warrant proper
protection.
In addition to NHPA, a host of other federal legislation also provides for programs aimed
at the preservation of the nation's cultural heritage. A partial list of these programs include
the following: up to 20% investment tax credit on certified rehabilitation of historic
buildings, created by the Tax Reform Act of 1986; the Community Development Block
Grant Program, created by the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, as
26
amended; and most recently, the historic building preservation program created by the
Transportation Equity Act of 1998.
State Programs Available to the City
The California Register of Historic Resources, established in 1992, is the State of California's
counterpart to the National Register of Historic Places. Its listings include all properties
listed in or formally determined eligible for listing in the National Register. In addition to
the California Register, the Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) maintains two other
registers to promote historic preservation in the state: California Historical Landmarks, a
designation for properties of statewide historic importance, and California Points of
Historical Interest, for properties of countywide or regional importance.
Properties included in any of these three registers are considered to meet the statutory
definition of "historical resources" under the provisions of the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA). They are also eligible for a number of state historic preservation
incentives, such as property tax reduction, benefits provided by the California Heritage
Fund, alternative building regulations under the State Historic Building Code, special
historic preservation bond measures, and seismic retrofit tax credits.
At present, no properties in the planning area are officially included in any of the three
state-maintained registers mentioned above, although two designated California Points of
Historical Interest are found within a one-mile radius: the sites of Palma Seca Well and the
Cahuilla village of Toro. Once again, many buildings and sites in the planning area have
been determined to be eligible for listing in the California Register during past studies, and
should be treated as "historical resources" for CEQA-compliance purposes.
Programs Administered by the City
In 1991, the City of La Quinta enacted its Historic Preservation Ordinance (Title 7, La
Quinta Municipal Code). The ordinance was amended in 1993, establishing an
independent Historic Preservation Commission, whose responsibility is "to act in an
advisory capacity to the city council and planning commission in all matters relating to the
identification, protection, retention, and preservation of historic areas and sites within the
city" (LQMC §7.04.030)
Also established through the amended ordinance are a local historical resources inventory
and procedures for the designation of landmarks and historic districts, all of which are
maintained and/or administered by the Historic Preservation Commission (LQMC
§7.06.020-030). At present, the historical resources inventory has been established, and
includes all of the buildings, structures, and other built-environment features listed in
Appendix 4 that are within the city boundaries. The landmark program, however, has not
yet been implemented.
27
In 1995, the City of La Quinta became a Certified Local Government. The city's Historic
Preservation Plan was prepared in 1996. In 1996-1997, the city completed the first citywide
historical resources survey, which was updated in 2006, as mentioned above. Meanwhile,
the city has adopted guidelines regarding the qualifications for archaeological consultants,
and has implemented programs to facilitate the transfer of development rights and the
State Historic Building Code, but does not have a program of direct subsidies or tax
incentives for historic preservation. Nor has the city established the mechanisms to
incorporate historic preservation concerns into its zoning ordinance. As growth
accelerates, the city’s historical heritage continues to be at risk. Continued and expanded
programs to protect these resources are necessary to assure long-term preservation.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
For the La Quinta area, the unique archaeological circumstance is that the shorelines of
successive high stands of ancient Lake Cahuilla lie within the city boundaries, leaving a
remarkably dense accumulation of archaeological sites in a concentrated area. As the City
of La Quinta continues on its course of requiring archaeological studies prior to land
development, real progress is being made at understanding prehistoric lifeways based on
the archaeological record. For studies to have the most benefit, they need to be guided by
research designs that are specific to the locale in question.
A research design is intended to guide archaeological explorations, directing investigators
to focus on those questions that have the best potential to fill in gaps in current knowledge
and theory. Archaeologists plan their field and laboratory strategies to collect scientific
data that can paint a picture of past lifeways, focusing especially on those questions that
are the subject of ongoing debate, trying to advance the field by building on previous work,
by supporting or refuting current understandings, and by asking questions that lead in
new directions, thus laying the groundwork for future studies.
In archaeological investigations in general, there is a set of research questions that can be
asked of almost any excavation project, but the specifics of each case require refinement
and focus. The standard set of questions includes: (1) chronology, the age and duration of
site occupation; (2) subsistence, the daily diet and range of natural resources that were
hunted, collected, and consumed; (3) settlement patterns, the nature of site occupation, be it
temporary or permanent, large scale or small; (4) trade or external contacts, the evidence
for materials exchange with outside groups based on the presence or absence of exotic
items in the archaeological record; and (5) ethnicity or culture, the tribal or linguistic
affiliation of the people who occupied the land at the time.
These five general questions, which are common to site investigation everywhere, generate
more specific inquiries and focused lines of research when applied to the northern
shoreline of ancient Lake Cahuilla. What are the specific ages of the high lake stands and
how many were there? What part of the Native American diet depended on lacustrine
resources? Did the Native Americans live in the area only when the lake was high, or did
28
they live here also when the lake was down? What were the effects on trade when high
lake stands blocked access to certain resource areas, specifically obsidian butte and the
wonderstone quarry? What about clay sources? Were the inhabitants of lakeshore sites the
ancestors of today's Cahuilla population and if so, were their ties closer to the mountains,
the desert, or the pass?
Each team of archaeologists must derive its own research questions, and these will change
as knowledge grows and methods improve. However, archaeological research in the city
must be guided by such questions, and the interpretation of the past should advance and
grow as a result of city-mandated studies.
REGULATORY GUIDELINES ON CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
As mentioned above, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act mandates that
federal agencies or HUD-designated local agencies with jurisdiction over federal or
federally assisted undertakings take into account the effect of the undertakings on any
"historic properties" during the planning process (16 USC 470f). For projects with no
federal involvement, CEQA similarly requires the lead agencies to take the necessary action
to prevent substantial adverse changes to "historical resources" (PRC §21084.1). Although
termed differently in NHPA and CEQA, "historic properties" and "historical resources"
both refer to a special class of cultural resources that meet the definitions set forth in the
statutes and their implementation regulations.
"Historic properties," as defined by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, include
"prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for
inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places maintained by the Secretary of the
Interior" (36 CFR 800.16(l)). The eligibility for inclusion in the National Register is
determined by applying the following criteria:
The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology,
engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and
objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association and
(a) that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the
broad patterns of our history; or
(b) that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or
(c) that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of
construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic
values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose
components may lack individual distinction; or
(d) that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory
or history. (36 CFR 60.4)
"Historical resources," according to PRC §5020.1(j), "includes, but is not limited to, any
object, building, site, area, place, record, or manuscript which is historically or
archaeologically significant, or is significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific,
29
economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of
California." More specifically, CEQA guidelines state that the term "historical resources"
applies to any such resources listed in or determined to be eligible for listing in the
California Register of Historical Resources, included in a local register of historical
resources, or determined to be historically significant by the Lead Agency (Title 14 CCR
§15064.5(a)(1)-(3)).
Regarding the proper criteria of historical significance, CEQA guidelines mandate that "a
resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be 'historically significant' if the resource
meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources" (Title 14
CCR §15064.5(a)(3)). A resource may be listed in the California Register if it meets any of
the following criteria:
(1) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad
patterns of California's history and cultural heritage.
(2) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past.
(3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of
construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or
possesses high artistic values.
(4) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or
history. (PRC §5024.1(c))
A local register of historical resources, as defined by PRC §5020.1(k), "means a list of
properties officially designated or recognized as historically significant by a local
government pursuant to a local ordinance or resolution." For properties within the City of
La Quinta, the City's Historic Preservation Ordinance provides for the establishment of a
historic resources inventory as the official local register, as mentioned above. A property
may be considered for inclusion in the historic resources inventory based on one or more of
the following:
A. It exemplifies or reflects special elements of the city's cultural, social, economic,
political, aesthetic, engineering or architectural history; or
B. It is identified with persons or events significant in local, state or national
history; or
C. It embodies distinctive characteristics of a style, type, period or method of
construction, is a valuable example of the use of the indigenous materials or
craftsmanship or is representative of a notable work of an acclaimed builder,
designer or architect; or
D. It is an archaeological, paleontological, botanical, geological, topographical,
ecological or geographical site which has the potential of yielding information of
scientific value; or
E. It is a geographically definable area possessing concentration of sites, buildings,
structures, improvements or objects linked historically through location, design,
setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and/or association, in which the
collective value of the improvements may be greater than the value of each
individual improvement. (LQMC §7.06.020)
30
In summary, any property that meets one or more of the criteria for listing in the National
Register or the California Register, or that is officially designated a historical resource by a
local government agency falls under the protection of NHPA and/or CEQA. Depending
on the nature, significance, integrity, and current condition of the property, the proper
form of protection may range from on-site preservation to project effect mitigation, such as
in-depth documentation for historic buildings and data recovery excavation for
archaeological sites.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The key to successful cultural resource management is the identification and evaluation of
resources early in the planning process for any project or program. The research results
presented above demonstrate that the City of La Quinta contains a large part of one of the
richest prehistoric archaeological treasures in the State of California, concentrated
particularly along the former shoreline of ancient Lake Cahuilla. In addition, the City of La
Quinta has under its stewardship not only a prominent local landmark in the La Quinta
Hotel but also many mid-20th-century residential buildings built for people of ordinary
means.
Contrary to popular views that dominated the study of community history in bygone
years, the understanding and preservation of "total history," including representations of
the lifeways of the less influential and less affluent, are at least as important as saving a
great architectural landmark or the home of a great man. As development increases in the
La Quinta area, and as more of the planning area is surveyed systematically for cultural
resources, it is expected that additional resources will be identified and added to the city's
ever-growing inventory.
The presence of a historic building/structure or an archaeological site on a piece of
property, despite widespread misunderstanding, does not necessarily mean that the
property has become "untouchable." When cultural resources are properly identified,
accurately plotted, and carefully evaluated against established significance criteria, that
information can be incorporated into development plans in a way that benefits both the
developer and the preservationist. Even in cases where the preservation of the property
proves infeasible, significant qualities about the property can and often are salvaged
through mitigation measures despite the physical loss of the property.
In order to facilitate the proper identification and evaluation of potentially significant
cultural resources, CRM TECH recommends that the City of La Quinta incorporate the
following procedures into the planning process:
• Pursue government-to-government consultation with pertinent Native American
representatives and tribal organizations, as determined by the NAHC, in order to
31
comply with the mandate of Senate Bill 18 on general plans or specific plans (OPR
2005:10-18).
• Establish and maintain channels of routine consultation with the Eastern Information
Center at the University of California, Riverside, and local historic preservation groups
such as the La Quinta Historical Society, the Coachella Valley History Museum, and the
Coachella Valley Archaeological Society.
• Require all proposed project sites to be surveyed by a qualified archaeologist, historian,
and/or architectural historian, as appropriate, to identify any potential cultural
resources that may be affected, unless the preponderance of the evidence demonstrates
that such survey is unnecessary.
• Maintain and expand as necessary the existing historical resources inventory to provide
a comprehensive and up-to-date register of known cultural resources; maintain and
update at regular intervals the citywide historical resources survey to reflect current
status of cultural resources and potential cultural resources and to include non-
traditional property types; establish guidelines and procedures to implement the
landmark and district program outlined in the Historic Preservation Ordinance.
• Encourage property owners and other citizens to nominate qualified properties to the
city's inventory system and/or federal or state registers; provide citizens with all
incentives, assistance, and opportunities for historic preservation that are available
through various federal, state, or city programs.
• Implement a systematic program to advance public awareness of the city's heritage,
generate broad support for its preservation, and enhance community pride in the city.
32
REFERENCES
Basgall, M. E.
1993 The Archaeology of Nelson Basin and Adjacent Areas, Fort Irwin, San
Bernardino County, California. Report prepared for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Los Angeles District.
Basgall, M. E., and M. C. Hall
1994 Archaeological Investigations at Goldstone (CA-SBR-2348): A Middle Holocene
Occupation Complex in the North-Central Mojave Desert, California. Report prepared
for the U. S. Department of Defense, National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California.
Bean, Lowell John
1978 Cahuilla. In Robert F. Heizer (ed.): Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8:
California; pp. 575-587. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Bean, Lowell John, and Katherine Siva Saubel
1979 Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum Press,
Banning, California.
Bean, Lowell John, Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young
1991 The Cahuilla Landscape: The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains. Ballena Press,
Menlo Park, California.
BLM (Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior)
n.d. Historical Index, Land Status Records, T5-7S R6-8E, SBBM. Microfiches on file,
Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District, Riverside.
City of La Quinta
1997 City of La Quinta Historic Context Statement (Draft). On file, City of La Quinta.
n.d. La Quinta, Gem of the Desert: About City Government. Http://www. la-
quinta.org/Index.aspx?page=5.
GLO (General Land Office, U.S. Department of the Interior)
1856a Plat map: Township No. 5 South Range No. 5 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1855-1856.
1856b Plat Map: Township No. 5 South Range No. 6 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1855-1856.
1856c Plat Map: Township No. 5 South Range No. 7 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1855-1856.
1856d Plat Map: Township No. 6 South Range No. 7 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1856.
1856e Plat Map: Township No. 6 South Range No. 8 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1856.
1856f Plat Map: Township No. 7 South Range No. 7 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1856.
1856g Plat Map: Township No. 7 South Range No. 8 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1856.
1903 Plat Map: Township No. 6 South Range No. 7 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1903.
33
1905a Plat map: Township No. 5 South Range No. 5 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1903.
1905b Plat Map: Township No. 6 South Range No. 6 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1903.
1905c Plat Map: Township No. 7 South Range No. 6 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1904-1905.
1905d Plat Map: Township No. 7 South Range No. 7 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1904.
1909a Plat Map: Township No. 6 South Range No. 8 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1909.
1909b Plat Map: Township No. 7 South Range No. 8 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1909.
1914a Plat map: Township No. 5 South Range No. 6 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1912.
1914b Plat Map: Township No. 5 South Range No. 7 East, San Bernardino Meridian;
surveyed in 1911.
Gunther, Jane Davies
1984 Riverside County, California, Place Names: Their Origins and Their Stories. J. D.
Gunther, Riverside.
Hall, M. C.
1993 Archaeology of Seven Prehistoric Sites in Tiefort Basin, Fort Irwin, San
Bernardino County, California. Report prepared for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Los Angeles District.
Johnston, Francis J.
1987 The Bradshaw Trail; revised edition. Historical Commission Press, Riverside.
Kroeber, Alfred L.
1908 Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. University of California Publications in
American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(2):29-68.
1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Los Angeles Times, The
1933 La Quinta Attracts Epicures. December 15:A18.
Mellon and Associates
1997 City of La Quinta Historic Resources Survey. Report prepared for the City of La
Quinta Community Development Department.
O'Connor, Pam, and Vicki Steigemeyer
1997 Historical Resources Record, La Quinta Cove Thematic Historic District. On file,
City of La Quinta Community Development Department.
OHP (Office of Historic Preservation, State of California)
1995 Instructions for Recording Historical Resources. Office of Historic Preservation,
Sacramento.
OPR (Governor's Office of Planning and Research, State of California)
2005 Tribal Consultation Guidelines: Supplement to General Plan Guidelines.
Governor's Office of Planning and Research, Sacramento.
34
Strong, William Duncan
1929 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications in
American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 26. Reprinted by Malki Museum Press,
Banning, California, 1972.
Tang, Bai "Tom"
2006 Summary of Findings: Citywide Historic Resources Survey Update, City of La
Quinta, Riverside County, California. Report prepared for the City of La Quinta
Community Development Department.
U.S. Census Bureau
n.d. Fact Finder. Http://factfinder. census.gov.
USGS (United States Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior)
1904 Map: Indio, Calif. (30', 1:125,000); surveyed in 1901.
1941a Map: Coachella, Calif. (15', 1:62,500); aerial photographs taken in 1941.
1941b Map: Edom, Calif. (15', 1:62,500); aerial photographs taken in 1941.
1941c Map: Toro Peak, Calif. (15', 1:62,500); aerial photographs taken in 1941.
1943 Map: Pinyon Well, Calif. (15', 1:62,500); aerial photographs taken in 1941.
1956 Map: Coachella, Calif. (15', 1:62,500); aerial photographs taken in 1952 and 1953,
field-checked in 1955-1956.
1958a Map: Lost Horse Mtn., Calif. (15', 1:62,500); aerial photographs taken in 1956,
field-checked in 1958.
1958b Map: Thousand Palms, Calif. (15', 1:62,500); aerial photographs taken in 1951 and
1956, field-checked in 1958.
1959 Map: Palm Desert, Calif. (15', 1:62,500); aerial photographs taken in 1954, field-
checked in 1957 and 1959.
1972a Map: Indio, Calif. (7.5', 1:24,000); 1956 edition photorevised in 1972.
1972b Map: Valerie, Calif. (7.5', 1:24,000); 1956 edition photorevised in 1972.
1979 Map: Santa Ana, Calif. (1:250,000); 1959 edition revised.
1980 Map: La Quinta, Calif. (7.5', 1:24,000); 1959 edition photorevised in 1978.
1996 Map: Martinez Mountain, Calif. (7.5', 1:24,000); aerial photographs taken in 1954,
photorevised in 1994.
35
APPENDIX 1
PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
36
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/HISTORIAN
Bai "Tom" Tang, M.A.
Education
1988-1993 Graduate Program in Public History/Historic Preservation, UC Riverside.
1987 M.A., American History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
1982 B.A., History, Northwestern University, Xi'an, China.
2000 "Introduction to Section 106 Review," presented by the Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation and the University of Nevada, Reno.
1994 "Assessing the Significance of Historic Archaeological Sites," presented by the
Historic Preservation Program, University of Nevada, Reno.
Professional Experience
2002- Principal Investigator, CRM TECH, Riverside/Colton, California.
1993-2002 Project Historian/Architectural Historian, CRM TECH, Riverside, California.
1993-1997 Project Historian, Greenwood and Associates, Pacific Palisades, California.
1991-1993 Project Historian, Archaeological Research Unit, UC Riverside.
1990 Intern Researcher, California State Office of Historic Preservation,
Sacramento.
1990-1992 Teaching Assistant, History of Modern World, UC Riverside.
1988-1993 Research Assistant, American Social History, UC Riverside.
1985-1988 Research Assistant, Modern Chinese History, Yale University.
1985-1986 Teaching Assistant, Modern Chinese History, Yale University.
1982-1985 Lecturer, History, Xi'an Foreign Languages Institute, Xi'an, China.
Honors and Awards
1988-1990 University of California Graduate Fellowship, UC Riverside.
1985-1987 Yale University Fellowship, Yale University Graduate School.
1980, 1981 President's Honor List, Northwestern University, Xi'an, China.
Cultural Resources Management Reports
Preliminary Analyses and Recommendations Regarding California's Cultural Resources
Inventory System (with Special Reference to Condition 14 of NPS 1990 Program Review
Report). California State Office of Historic Preservation working paper, Sacramento,
September 1990.
Numerous cultural resources management reports with the Archaeological Research Unit,
Greenwood and Associates, and CRM TECH, since October 1991.
37
Membership
California Preservation Foundation.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/ARCHAEOLOGIST
Michael Hogan, Ph.D., RPA*
Education
1991 Ph.D., Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.
1981 B.S., Anthropology, University of California, Riverside; with honors.
1980-1981 Education Abroad Program, Lima, Peru.
2002 Section 106—National Historic Preservation Act: Federal Law at the Local
Level. UCLA Extension Course #888.
2002 "Recognizing Historic Artifacts," workshop presented by Richard Norwood,
Historical Archaeologist.
2002 "Wending Your Way through the Regulatory Maze," symposium presented
by the Association of Environmental Professionals.
1992 "Southern California Ceramics Workshop," presented by Jerry Schaefer.
1992 "Historic Artifact Workshop," presented by Anne Duffield-Stoll.
Professional Experience
2002- Principal Investigator, CRM TECH, Riverside/Colton, California.
1999-2002 Project Archaeologist/Field Director, CRM TECH, Riverside.
1996-1998 Project Director and Ethnographer, Statistical Research, Inc., Redlands.
1992-1998 Assistant Research Anthropologist, University of California, Riverside
1992-1995 Project Director, Archaeological Research Unit, U. C. Riverside.
1993-1994 Adjunct Professor, Riverside Community College, Mt. San Jacinto College,
U.C. Riverside, Chapman University, and San Bernardino Valley College.
1991-1992 Crew Chief, Archaeological Research Unit, U. C. Riverside.
1984-1998 Archaeological Technician, Field Director, and Project Director for various
southern California cultural resources management firms.
Research Interests
Cultural Resource Management, Southern Californian Archaeology, Settlement and
Exchange Patterns, Specialization and Stratification, Culture Change, Native American
Culture, Cultural Diversity.
38
Cultural Resources Management Reports
Author and co-author of, contributor to, and principal investigator for numerous cultural
resources management study reports since 1986.
Memberships
* Register of Professional Archaeologists.
Society for American Archaeology.
Society for California Archaeology.
Pacific Coast Archaeological Society.
Coachella Valley Archaeological Society.
PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGIST/REPORT WRITER
Deirdre Encarnación, M.A.
Education
2003 M.A., Anthropology, San Diego State University, California.
2000 B.A., Anthropology, minor in Biology, with honors; San Diego State
University, California.
1993 A.A., Communications, Nassau Community College, Garden City, N.Y.
2001 Archaeological Field School, San Diego State University.
2000 Archaeological Field School, San Diego State University.
Professional Experience
2004- Project Archaeologist/Report Writer, CRM TECH, Riverside/Colton,
California.
2001-2003 Part-time Lecturer, San Diego State University, California.
2001 Research Assistant for Dr. Lynn Gamble, San Diego State University.
2001 Archaeological Collection Catalog, SDSU Foundation.
39
PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGIST
Nina Gallardo, B.A.
Education
2004 B.A., Anthropology/Law and Society, University of California, Riverside.
Professional Experience
2004- Project Archaeologist, CRM TECH, Riverside/Colton, California.
• Surveys, excavations, mapping, and records searches.
Honors and Awards
2000-2002 Dean's Honors List, University of California, Riverside.
40
APPENDIX 2
CORRESPONDENCE WITH
NATIVE AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES*
* A total of 18 local Native American representatives were contacted; a sample letter is included in this report.
Subject: Sacred Land RS
Date: Monday, March 22, 2010 9:06 AM
From: Daniel Ballester <dballester@crmtech.us>
To: Dave Singleton <ds_nahc@pacbell.net>
Dave:
This is to request a Sacred Lands records search.
Name of project:
La Quinta General Plan
CRM TECH # 2429
Project size:
Within the city limits of the City of La Quinta
Location:
City of La Quinta, Riverside County, Calif.
USGS 7.5' quad sheet data:
Indio, La Quinta, Martinez Mountain, and Valerie, Calif.
Sections 25 and 36, T5S R6E, SBBM
Sections 16-20 and 28-32, T5S R7E, SBBM
Sections 1, 12, 13, 24, and 25, T6S R6E, SBBM
Sections 4-30 and 33-39, T6S R7E, SBBM
Sections 19, 30, and 31, T6S R8E, SBBM
Sections 4 and 5, T7S R7E, SBBM
Map attached.
Please call if you need more information or have any questions.
Results may be faxed to the number below.
I appreciate your assistance in this matter.
Daniel Ballester
CRM TECH
1016 E. Cooley Drive, Suite A/B
Colton, CA 92324
Tel.: 909-824-6400
Fax: 909-824-6405
Cell: 909 376 7844 Fax: 909 824 6405
April 21, 2010
Patricia Garcia-Tuck, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer
Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians
5401 Dinah Shore Drive
Palm Springs, CA 92264
RE: La Quinta General Plan Update
City of La Quinta, Riverside County
CRM TECH Contract #2429
Dear Ms. Garcia-Tuck:
As part of a cultural resources study for the project referenced above, I am writing to
request your input on potential Native American cultural resources in or near the planning
area. Please respond at your earliest convenience if you have any specific knowledge of
sacred/religious sites or other sites of Native American traditional cultural value within or
near the planning area. The lead agency for this project is the City of La Quinta for CEQA-
compliance purposes.
The proposed project involves an update to the City of La Quinta's General Plan. The
accompanying maps, based on the USGS La Quinta, Indio, Valerie, and Martinez
Mountain, Calif., 7.5' quadrangles, show the planning area boundary in its entirety.
Any information, concerns or recommendations regarding cultural resources in the vicinity
of the planning area may be forwarded to CRM TECH by telephone, e-mail, facsimile or
standard mail. Requests for documentation or information we cannot provide will be
forwarded to our client and/or the lead agency. We would also like to clarify that CRM
TECH, as the cultural resources consultant for the project, is not the appropriate entity to
initiate government-to-government consultations. Thank you for the time and effort in
addressing this important matter.
Respectfully,
Laura Hensley Shaker
CRM TECH
Encl.: Project location map
42
APPENDIX 3
CORRESPONDENCE WITH
LOCAL HISTORIC SOCIETIES
43
Subject: LQ historical research inquiry
Date: Monday, June 7, 2010 10:56 AM
From: Terri Jacquemain <tjacquemain@crmtech.us>
To: Jess Siess <jesse@cvhm.org>
Hi there Jess Siess,
As part of the City of La Quinta's efforts to update its general plan, our company, CRM
TECH, has been contracted to participate in updating city data regarding cultural
resources. As you know, the City maintains a list of officially designated or recognized
local historical points of interest, and has enacted a historic preservation ordinance as well
as conducted citywide historical resources surveys in order to implement a systematic
historic preservation program.
I am writing now to gather community input and concerns regarding La Quinta's cultural
resources in terms of heritage, preservation, significance, redevelopment, etc., and also for
additional historical background and/or information on potential cultural resources that
you feel may have been previously neglected in historical accounts or inventories. Please
feel free to respond directly and to forward my inquiry in any fashion to others who may
wish to comment.
I thank you in advance for any time and effort you may have to devote to my inquiry.
Sincerely,
Terri Jacquemain
--
Terri Jacquemain, M.A.
Historian
CRM TECH
1016 East Cooley Drive, Suite A/B
Colton, CA 92324
(909) 824-6400 Office
(909) 824-6405 FAX
(909) 376.7845
tjacquemain@crmtech.us
Subject: La Quinta General Plan
Date: Monday, June 7, 2010 3:54 PM
From: Linda Williams <lindawilliams@windermere.com>
To: Terri Jacquemain <tjacquemain@crmtech.us>
Hi Terri,
44
I am responding to an email forwarded to me by Paula Ford from you. I would love to
comment on historical preservation in La quinta. Would you please send me a copy of the
city's list of historical points of interest and the historical preservation survey?
I will respond to you after looking over these two documents.
Thank you,
Linda Williams
760-774-9107
Subject: RE: LQ historical research inquiry
Date: Tuesday, June 8, 2010 9:06 AM
From: Jesse K. Siess <jesse@coachellavalleymuseum.org>
To: Terri Jacquemain <tjacquemain@crmtech.us>
Terri,
I am not sure how much help I can be to you. I have been in the museum field for 10 years
now and worked for the National Trust, so I am well aware of what you are undertaking.
But I am also a native of La Quinta, so I have that more emotional side as well.
For the most part I am sure that the important things, such as the LQ Hotel, Casa Del Gato,
the packing house (LQ Real Estate building), and the old museum building, are all
inventoried. With the loss of Point Happy Ranch and further development, we have lost a
great deal. The historic resources that many of us knew growing up are now long gone.
I have no idea what else has been done or where the city stands with its historic resource
survey. I assume that you have spoken with Johanna Wickmen at the LQ Museum along
with Louise Neeley. Paula Ford is another old-timer.
Unfortunately, like the other desert cities, most of the history is based on collective memory
rather than primary source research. We have original newspapers and other ephemera
here for research, should you or someone from you firm would like to review it. You will
often find some discrepancies, though through no one’s fault, just oral histories over time
can cause problems as you are well aware.
I am sorry that I am probably not much help, but if you have any specific questions feel
free to email me.
Best,
Jesse
45
___________________________
Jesse K. Siess
Executive Director
Coachella Valley History Museum
760.342.2828
760.898.3183 cell
82-616 Miles Avenue
Indio, CA 92201
Mailing:
P.O. Box 595
Indio, CA 92202
jesse@coachellavalleymuseum.org <mailto:jesse@coachellavalleymuseum.org>
Subject: RE: LQ historical research inquiry
Date: Tuesday, June 8, 2010 10:41 AM
From: Jesse K. Siess <jesse@coachellavalleymuseum.org>
To: Terri Jacquemain <tjacquemain@crmtech.us>
Terri,
Since I do not know what codes they have, I would have to say I do not know at this time
how well the plan addresses these concerns. Perhaps I could suggest they are easier to
access? On an aside, I think it is a bit of a mess, but at least there is an effort, which is more
than what Indio is doing right now. A lot of locals are still upset at seeing what was done
with Point Happy with the large, impacted houses placed in a way that intrudes on the
older development and ruined a great deal of green space.
You have the adobe house that is right near the LQ Hotel property that the Scientologists
bought? That should be on the survey as well as a couple of homes that are in the Shangri
La neighborhood (the one next to Point Happy).
I returned to the desert a little over a year ago, so I probably did not talk to you about LQ,
but your name and company sounded so familiar to me, it seems like I might of?
Again, anything I could do to help, just let me know.
Best,
Jesse
Subject: RE: La Quinta General Plan update inquiry
Date: Wednesday, June 9, 2010 9:01 PM
From: Johanna Wickman <johanna.wickman@rivlib.net>
To: Terri Jacquemain <tjacquemain@crmtech.us>
46
Terri,
I am copying this email on to Linda Williams, President of the La Quinta Historical Society,
and I believe that she may have Louise's email address.
I'm not sure exactly what it is as far as cultural resources that you are looking for, or what
has already been labeled a "cultural resource." I'm assuming that you are interested in
buildings and historic sites based off of CRM's website, but I'm not aware offhand of what
has already been designated a "cultural resource" or historic site in order to add to that list.
What sort of historical background are you interested in? I'm not sure which inventories
(general plan?) that you are talking about, so I can't say what historical accounts have been
neglected.
Linda Williams would also be of help to you in this project.
I've got an exhibit opening this Friday, so I may not be available this week for a phone call,
but I think if we discuss this over the phone that may clear some of this up. :)
Thanks,
--Johanna
Johanna Wickman
Museum Manager
La Quinta Museum
77-885 Avenida Montezuma
La Quinta, CA 92253
760.777.7189
47
APPENDIX 4
PREVIOUSLY RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES
WITHIN A ONE-MILE RADIUS OF THE PLANNING AREA
48
Number Description
33-000003 Mine shaft
33-000005 Village complex
33-000037 Ceramic scatter; petroglyph
33-000064 Bedrock milling feature; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-000119 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-000142 ?
33-000148 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris; other
33-000150 Village complex
33-000151 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-000158 Ceramic scatter
33-000193 Ceramic scatter; petroglyph
33-000208 Ceramic scatter
33-000296 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; other
33-000368 Ceramic scatter
33-000369 Ceramic scatter
33-000428 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-000626 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature
33-000627 Cairn/rock feature
33-000764 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-000795 Ceramic scatter
33-000809 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-000848 Ceramic scatter; trail/linear earthworks
33-000849 Ceramic scatter
33-000891 Trail system; cairns
33-001174 Lithic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001176 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001177 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001178 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-001179 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris; other (cremations)
33-001180 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; house pit (?); fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001331 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; bedrock milling feature; cairn; trail; rock shelter
33-001332 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-001334 Ceramic scatter
33-001338 Village site
33-001339 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; house pit (?); fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001340 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-001342 Ceramic scatter
33-001343 Campsite
33-001344 Campsite
33-001346 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-001347 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-001348 Ceramic scatter
33-001350 Ceramic scatter; bedrock milling feature; house pit; rock shelter
49
33-001351 Ceramic scatter
33-001530 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001603 Cairn/rock feature; fire hearth/pit
33-001637 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001638 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-001715 Ceramic scatter
33-001716 Ceramic scatter
33-001717 Ceramic scatter
33-001718 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-001756 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-001757 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-001758 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-001759 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001760 Ceramic scatter
33-001761 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; shell beads
33-001762 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001763 Walls/gates/fences; graves/cemetery; trash scatter; ceramic scatter
33-001764 Adobe building; pump house; trash dump
33-001766 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; house pit; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001767 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-001769 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-001770 Ceramic scatter
33-001838 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-001970 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001972 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-001980 Ceramic scatter; cremation remains
33-001981 Ceramic scatter
33-001982 Ceramic scatter
33-001983 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-002195 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-002196 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-002199 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-002200 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-002789 Ceramic scatter
33-002822 Bedrock milling feature
33-002823 Cairn/rock feature
33-002824 Cairn/rock feature
33-002825 Bedrock milling feature
33-002826 Bedrock milling feature
33-002827 Ceramic scatter; bedrock milling feature; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-002828 Bedrock milling feature
33-002842 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-002936 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-002975 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
50
33-002976 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-002997 Ceramic scatter
33-002999 Ceramic scatter
33-003000 Ceramic scatter
33-003001 Ceramic scatter
33-003004 Ceramic scatter
33-003005 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-003007 Ceramic scatter; cremation remains
33-003008 Ceramic scatter
33-003027 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-003131 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-003143 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-003144 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; cremation remains
33-003209 Ceramic scatter; cremation remains; grave/cemetery
33-003322 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-003659 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; glass fragments
33-003667 Ceramic scatter
33-003668 Ceramic scatter
33-003676 Bedrock milling feature
33-003677 Bedrock milling feature
33-003678 Bedrock milling feature
33-003679 Bedrock milling feature; ceramic scatter; habitation debris; trash scatter
33-003680 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-003681 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-003682 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-003795 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-003866 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-003872 Bedrock milling feature
33-003873 Bedrock milling feature
33-003874 Ceramic scatter
33-003875 Ceramic scatter
33-003876 Ceramic scatter
33-003877 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-003878 Ceramic scatter; bedrock milling feature; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-003879 Bedrock milling feature
33-003880 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-003881 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-003882 Ceramic scatter
33-003944 Ceramic scatter
33-003945 Ceramic scatter
33-004090 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-004091 Reburied cremation remains
33-004108 Ceramic scatter
33-004113 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
51
33-004114 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-004168 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-004169 Ceramic scatter; cremation remains
33-004492 Petroglyph
33-004493 Ceramic scatter
33-004745 Ceramic scatter
33-004746 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-004748 Water conveyance system; wall/fence
33-004749 Structural foundation; trash scatter; water conveyance system; wall/fence
33-004750 Ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-004751 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; trash scatter; water conveyance system
33-004753 Ceramic scatter
33-004754 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-004756 Water conveyance system; wall/fence
33-005158 Ceramic scatter
33-005211 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-005212 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-005213 Ceramic scatter
33-005214 Ceramic scatter
33-005232 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris; possible
cremation remains
33-005233 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-005319 Ceramic scatter
33-005320 Ceramic scatter
33-005321 Cairn/rock feature; fire hearth/pit
33-005322 Bedrock milling feature; rock shelter
33-005323 Bedrock milling feature
33-005324 Bedrock milling feature
33-005330 Ceramic scatter
33-005331 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-005332 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-005333 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-005334 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-005335 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-005336 Trash scatter
33-005350 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-005351 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-005352 Hearth/pit; habitation debris
33-005353 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-005354 Landscaping; trash scatter; water conveyance system
33-005511 Reservoir; structural foundation; well; trash/dump scatter
33-005552 Cairn/rock feature
33-005553 Trail system
33-005554 Isolate: ceramic sherd
52
33-005555 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-005560 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-005580 Trash scatter
33-005583 Bedrock milling feature
33-005584 Isolate: glass fragment
33-005585 Isolate: glass fragment
33-005586 Isolate: glass fragment
33-005587 Isolate: glass fragment
33-005588 Isolate: metate
33-005589 Isolate: flakes
33-005644 Farm/ranch
33-005645 Single-family dwelling
33-005647 Farm/ranch
33-005650 Single-family dwelling
33-005667 Farm/ranch
33-005683 Adobe building
33-005685 Single-family dwelling; commercial building
33-005705 Canal /aqueduct
33-005793 Cairn/rock feature
33-006043 Ancillary building
33-006853 Village site
33-006854 Ceramic scatter
33-006862 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-006864 Ceramic scatter
33-006865 Lithic scatter; rock feature; habitation debris
33-006866 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-006867 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-006868 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-006869 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-006870 Trash scatter
33-006871 Ceramic scatter
33-006873 Lithic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-006874 Ceramic scatter
33-006875 Ceramic scatter
33-006876 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature
33-006877 Lithic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-006878 Lithic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-007254 Single-family dwelling
33-007255 Commercial building
33-007256 Commercial building
33-007257 Commercial building
33-007258 Hotel/motel
33-007259 Single-family dwelling
33-007260 Single-family dwelling
53
33-007261 Adobe building/structure
33-007262 Farm/ranch
33-007263 Ancillary building
33-007264 Single-family dwelling
33-007535 Cairn/rock feature
33-007834 Isolate: mano fragment
33-007835 Ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-007839 Lithic scatter; habitation debris
33-007853 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-007854 Ceramic scatter
33-007855 Ceramic scatter; fire hearth/pit
33-007856 Ceramic scatter
33-007856 Ceramic scatter
33-007857 Ceramic scatter
33-007857 Ceramic scatter
33-007858 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-007924 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-007929 Ceramic scatter
33-007930 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008028 Lithic scatter
33-008061 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008062 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008129 Orchard
33-008152 Single-family dwellings; public utility buildings
33-008154 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-008155 Ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-008156 Trash scatter
33-008157 Trash scatter
33-008158 Isolate: metal frame
33-008159 Isolate: habitation debris
33-008160 Isolate: habitation debris
33-008165 Highway/road
33-008226 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-008288 Campsite; ceramic scatter
33-008300 Single-family dwelling
33-008301 Single-family dwelling
33-008308 Farm/ranch
33-008309 Farm/ranch
33-008331 Village site
33-008364 Ceramic scatter
33-008365 Ceramic scatter
33-008366 Fire hearth/pit
33-008367 Ceramic scatter
33-008368 Ceramic scatter
54
33-008369 Structural foundations/pads; water conveyance system
33-008370 Ceramic scatter
33-008371 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008372 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008373 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; trash/dump scatter
33-008374 Ceramic scatter
33-008375 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008376 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008377 Ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-008378 Ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-008379 Ceramic scatter
33-008381 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008382 Ceramic scatter
33-008383 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008384 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; trash/dump scatter
33-008385 Ceramic scatter
33-008386 Ceramic scatter
33-008388 Farm/ranch
33-008415 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008416 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008417 Ceramic scatter
33-008418 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008419 Ceramic scatter
33-008420 Ceramic scatter
33-008421 Ceramic scatter
33-008422 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008423 Ceramic scatter
33-008424 Ceramic scatter
33-008425 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008426 Ceramic scatter
33-008427 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-008428 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-008429 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-008430 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-008431 Ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-008432 Ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-008434 Ceramic scatter
33-008664 Bedrock milling feature
33-008665 Bedrock milling feature
33-008666 Trash scatter
33-008667 Trash scatter
33-008668 Trash scatter
33-008669 Trash scatter
33-008670 Isolate: ceramic sherd
55
33-008671 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008682 Ceramic scatter; cremation remains
33-008683 Lithic scatter
33-008684 Trash scatter
33-008685 Ceramic scatter
33-008687 Isolate: biface fragment
33-008688 Isolate: mano fragment
33-008692 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-008725 Ceramic scatter; fire hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-008728 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008729 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008730 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008731 Ceramic scatter; fire hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-008732 Ceramic scatter; burials; habitation debris
33-008733 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008734 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008735 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008736 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008737 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008738 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008739 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008740 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008741 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008742 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-008748 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature; habitation debris
33-008753 Single-family dwelling
33-008758 Ceramic scatter
33-008759 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-008760 Bedrock milling feature
33-008761 Trail
33-008762 Ceramic scatter
33-008844 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008845 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008919 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008920 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008921 Isolate: shell fragment
33-008922 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008943 Fire hearths/pits
33-008944 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-008945 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-008946 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-008955 Ceramic scatter
33-008956 Ceramic scatter
33-008957 Ceramic scatter
56
33-008958 Ceramic scatter
33-008959 Ceramic scatter
33-008960 Ceramic scatter
33-008961 Ceramic scatter
33-008964 Ceramic scatter
33-008965 Refuse scatter
33-008966 Ceramic scatter
33-008967 Ceramic scatter
33-008971 Ceramic scatter
33-008972 Ceramic scatter
33-008973 Ceramic scatter
33-008974 Ceramic scatter
33-008975 Ceramic scatter
33-008976 Ceramic scatter
33-008977 Ceramic scatter
33-008978 Ceramic scatter
33-008979 Lithic scatter
33-008980 Ceramic scatter
33-008981 Ceramic scatter
33-008982 Ceramic scatter
33-008983 Ceramic scatter
33-008984 Trash scatter
33-008985 Ceramic scatter
33-008986 Ceramic scatter
33-008987 Ceramic scatter
33-008988 Ceramic scatter
33-008989 Ceramic scatter
33-008990 Ceramic scatter
33-008991 Ceramic scatter
33-008992 Ceramic scatter
33-008993 Ceramic scatter
33-008994 Ceramic scatter
33-008995 Ceramic scatter
33-008996 Ceramic scatter
33-008997 Ceramic scatter
33-008998 Ceramic scatter
33-008999 Ceramic scatter
33-009000 Ceramic scatter
33-009001 Ceramic scatter
33-009002 Ceramic scatter
33-009003 Ceramic scatter
33-009004 Ceramic scatter
33-009005 Ceramic scatter
33-009008 Ceramic scatter
57
33-009009 Ceramic scatter
33-009010 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-009011 Ceramic scatter
33-009012 Ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature
33-009013 Ceramic scatter
33-009015 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009016 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009017 Isolate: ceramic sherd and lithic flake
33-009018 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009019 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009020 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009021 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009022 Isolate: mano
33-009023 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009043 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-009044 Isolate: flake
33-009045 Isolate: flake
33-009180 Ceramic scatter
33-009181 Lithic scatter
33-009461 Habitation debris
33-009498 Southern Pacific Railroad
33-009499 Ceramic scatter
33-009501 Ceramic scatter
33-009502 Ceramic scatter
33-009503 Ceramic scatter
33-009504 Ceramic scatter
33-009505 Ceramic scatter
33-009506 Ceramic scatter
33-009507 Ceramic scatter
33-009508 Ceramic scatter
33-009509 Ceramic scatter
33-009513 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-009514 Ceramic scatter
33-009515 Ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature
33-009516 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; burials
33-009517 Ceramic scatter; burials
33-009545 Petroglyphs
33-009546 Ceramic scatter
33-009547 Habitation debris
33-009556 Ceramic scatter/refuse scatter
33-009556 Ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-009557 Refuse scatter
33-009557 Trash scatter
33-009558 Ceramic scatter
58
33-009560 Ceramic scatter
33-009561 Ceramic scatter
33-009562 Ceramic scatter
33-009563 Ceramic scatter
33-009564 Ceramic scatter
33-009565 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009566 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009567 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009568 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009569 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009571 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009572 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009573 Isolate: ceramic sherd and flake
33-009574 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009578 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009580 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009581 Ceramic scatter
33-009582 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009583 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009584 Ceramic scatter
33-009586 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009587 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009588 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009589 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009590 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009591 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009592 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009594 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009595 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009596 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009598 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-009643 Habitation debris; trash scatter
33-009644 Habitation debris; trash scatter
33-009645 Habitation debris
33-009727 Ceramic scatter
33-009728 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; burials
33-009733 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-009752 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-009895 Single-family dwelling
33-009896 Single-family dwelling
33-010795 Trash scatter
33-010797 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-010798 Isolate: cremation
33-010799 Fire hearth/pit
59
33-010800 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearths/pits
33-010801 Ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-010802 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-010803 Ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-010804 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-010805 Trash scatter
33-010806 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-010807 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearths/pits
33-010808 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-010809 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; fire hearths/pits
33-010810 Ceramic scatter; tortoise carapace
33-010811 Orchard
33-010814 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-010905 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-010975 Ceramic scatter
33-010996 Isolate: shell fragment
33-010997 Isolate: shell fragment
33-010998 Isolate: shell fragment
33-010999 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011000 Isolate: shell fragment
33-011001 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011002 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011007 Trash scatter; wall
33-011088 Isolate: mano
33-011114 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-011115 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-011116 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-011117 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-011118 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-011124 Ceramic scatter
33-011125 Lithic scatter
33-011127 Cairns/rock feature
33-011129 Highway/road
33-011179 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011180 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011181 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011210 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-011211 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-011212 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-011213 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-011214 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-011271 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-011272 Habitation debris; cremation remains
33-011273 Habitation debris
60
33-011274 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011337 Structural foundation; water conveyance system
33-011338 Structural foundation; water conveyance system
33-011339 Structural foundation; water conveyance system
33-011340 Highway/road
33-011341 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011342 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011343 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011344 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011345 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011346 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011347 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011348 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011349 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011350 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011353 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-011354 Isolate: mano fragment
33-011356 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-011362 Habitation debris
33-011363 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-011376 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011377 Ceramic scatter
33-011378 Ceramic scatter
33-011379 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-011380 Isolate: glass fragment
33-011381 Isolate: glass fragment
33-011382 Isolate: glass fragment
33-011413 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; glass fragments
33-011414 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-011437 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; animal bones; groundstone
33-011438 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-011439 Trash scatter
33-011440 Ceramic scatter
33-011476 Commercial building
33-011570 Lithic scatter
33-011573 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-011583 Farm/ranch
33-011584 Trash scatter
33-011594 Ceramic scatter
33-011636 Ceramic scatter
33-012188 Ceramic scatter
33-012259 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-012267 Ceramic scatter
33-012280 Ceramic scatter
61
33-012281 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-012283 Ceramic scatter
33-012284 Ceramic scatter
33-012285 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012286 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012298 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012299 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012300 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012301 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012302 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012317 Isolate: flake
33-012320 Ceramic scatter
33-012321 Ceramic scatter
33-012404 Ceramic scatter; hearths/pits; habitation debris
33-012430 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012431 Ceramic scatter
33-012526 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris; glass fragments
33-012527 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012528 Isolate: mano fragment
33-012529 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-012673 Ceramic scatter
33-012674 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-012675 Isolate: flakes
33-012676 Isolate: flakes
33-012677 Isolate: flakes
33-012678 Isolate: flakes/mano fragment
33-012680 Ceramic scatter
33-012681 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-012692 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012702 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012703 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-012704 Isolate: flake
33-012705 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012706 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012707 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012708 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012709 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012710 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012711 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012712 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012713 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012714 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012715 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012716 Isolate: ceramic sherd
62
33-012717 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012718 Isolate: flakes
33-012719 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-012756 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; trash/dump scatter
33-012757 Well
33-012758 Well
33-012923 Ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-012924 Ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-012951 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012952 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012953 Ceramic scatter
33-012954 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012956 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-012974 Trail
33-012975 Ceramic scatter; trail
33-012976 Ceramic scatter
33-012977 Ceramic scatter; cobble mounds
33-012978 Ceramic scatter
33-013064 Farm; water conveyance system; trash scatter
33-013065 Structural foundations/structure pads; trash scatter
33-013086 Trail
33-013098 Isolate: groundstone
33-013099 Isolate: flake
33-013100 Isolate: groundstone
33-013101 Isolate: groundstone
33-013102 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-013103 Lithic scatter
33-013104 Ceramic scatter
33-013108 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-013165 Foundations/structure pads
33-013204 Farm/ranch
33-013250 Cremation remains
33-013251 Farm/ranch
33-013271 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-013278 Hearths/pits
33-013279 Hearths/pits
33-013283 Ceramic scatter
33-013296 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; cremation remains
33-013297 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; cremation remains
33-013306 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; trash scatter
33-013315 Ceramic scatter
33-013316 Ceramic scatter
33-013317 Ceramic scatter
33-013318 Ceramic scatter
63
33-013349 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-013350 Structural foundations/pads; water conveyance system
33-013351 Structural foundations/pads; orchard
33-013352 Structural foundations/pads; orchard
33-013353 Trash scatter
33-013400 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-013461 Ceramic scatter
33-013636 Ceramic scatter
33-013637 Ceramic scatter
33-013638 Ceramic scatter
33-013639 Isolate: mano fragment
33-013754 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-013755 Ceramic scatter
33-013756 Ceramic scatter
33-013757 Ceramic scatter
33-013758 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-013826 Single-family dwelling
33-013834 Ceramic scatter
33-013837 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-013894 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; trail; quarry
33-013926 Trash scatter
33-013975 Single-family dwelling
33-014224 Single-family dwelling
33-014225 Single-family dwelling; ancillary buildings
33-014226 Single-family dwelling; ancillary buildings
33-014270 Trash scatter
33-014271 Trash scatter
33-014274 Orchard; trash scatter
33-014276 Foundation, trash scatter; well
33-014277 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-014278 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-014280 Ceramic scatter; burial; shell beads; charcoal
33-014359 Single-family dwelling
33-014360 Single-family dwelling
33-014361 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-014362 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-014364 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-014365 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-014376 Single-family dwelling
33-014377 Ancillary building
33-014398 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-014735 Ceramic scatter
33-014738 Single-family dwelling
33-014744 Isolate: glass fragment
64
33-014844 Bedrock milling feature
33-014845 Bedrock milling feature
33-014846 Bedrock milling feature
33-014847 Bedrock milling feature
33-014853 Isolate: flake
33-014854 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-014856 Ceramic scatter
33-014857 Lithic scatter
33-014858 Cairns/rock feature
33-014903 Single-family dwelling
33-014904 Isolate: mano
33-014940 Single-family dwelling
33-014985 Ceramic scatter
33-014986 Ceramic scatter
33-014987 Cairn/rock feature
33-014988 Bedrock milling feature
33-014989 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-015014 Single-family dwelling
33-015038 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-015039 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-015040 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-015041 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-015042 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-015043 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-015058 Village site
33-015059 Fire hearths/pits
33-015062 Ceramic scatter
33-015063 Ceramic scatter
33-015064 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-015065 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-015066 Isolate: fired clay
33-015077 Lithic scatter
33-015078 Lithic scatter
33-015152 Ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-015303 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-015327 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-015328 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; habitation debris
33-015433 Isolate: groundstone
33-015451 Isolate: flake
33-015452 Isolate: flake
33-015453 Single-family dwelling
33-015456 Single-family dwelling
33-015457 Single-family dwelling
33-015458 Single-family dwelling
65
33-015459 Single-family dwelling
33-015460 Single-family dwelling
33-015461 Single-family dwelling
33-015462 Single-family dwelling
33-015463 Single-family dwelling
33-015464 Single-family dwelling
33-015465 Single-family dwelling
33-015466 Single-family dwelling
33-015467 Single-family dwelling
33-015468 Single-family dwelling
33-015469 Single-family dwelling
33-015470 Single-family dwelling
33-015471 Hotel//motel
33-015472 Hotel/motel
33-015473 Hotel/motel
33-015474 Single-family dwelling
33-015475 Single-family dwelling
33-015476 Single-family dwelling
33-015477 Farm/ranch
33-015478 Single-family dwelling
33-015479 Commercial building
33-015480 Commercial building
33-015481 Single-family dwelling
33-015482 Single-family dwelling
33-015483 Single-family dwelling
33-015484 Single-family dwelling
33-015485 Single-family dwelling
33-015486 Farm/ranch
33-015487 Single-family dwelling
33-015488 Single-family dwelling
33-015489 Single-family dwelling
33-015490 Single-family dwelling
33-015491 Single-family dwelling
33-015492 Multiple-family dwelling
33-015493 Single-family dwelling
33-015494 Single-family dwelling
33-015495 Multiple-family dwelling
33-015496 Single-family dwelling
33-015497 Single-family dwelling
33-015498 Single-family dwelling
33-015499 Single-family dwelling
33-015500 Single-family dwelling
33-015501 Single-family dwelling
33-015502 Single-family dwelling
66
33-015503 Single-family dwelling
33-015504 Single-family dwelling
33-015505 Single-family dwelling
33-015506 Single-family dwelling
33-015507 Single-family dwelling
33-015508 Single-family dwelling
33-015509 Single-family dwelling
33-015510 Single-family dwelling
33-015511 Single-family dwelling
33-015512 Single-family dwelling
33-015513 Single-family dwelling
33-015514 Single-family dwelling
33-015515 Single-family dwelling
33-015516 Single-family dwelling
33-015517 Single-family dwelling
33-015518 Single-family dwelling
33-015519 Urban design feature
33-015520 Single-family dwelling
33-015521 Single-family dwelling
33-015522 Single-family dwelling
33-015523 Single-family dwelling
33-015524 Single-family dwelling
33-015525 Single-family dwelling
33-015526 Single-family dwelling
33-015527 Single-family dwelling
33-015528 Single-family dwelling
33-015529 Single-family dwelling
33-015530 Single-family dwelling
33-015531 Single-family dwelling
33-015532 Single-family dwelling
33-015533 Single-family dwelling
33-015534 Single-family dwelling
33-015535 Single-family dwelling
33-015536 Single-family dwelling
33-015537 Single-family dwelling
33-015538 Single-family dwelling
33-015539 Single-family dwelling
33-015540 Single-family dwelling
33-015541 Single-family dwelling
33-015542 Single-family dwelling
33-015543 Single-family dwelling
33-015544 Single-family dwelling
33-015545 Single-family dwelling
33-015546 Single-family dwelling
67
33-015547 Single-family dwelling
33-015548 Single-family dwelling
33-015549 Single-family dwelling
33-015550 Single-family dwelling
33-015551 Single-family dwelling
33-015552 Single-family dwelling
33-015553 Single-family dwelling
33-015554 Single-family dwelling
33-015555 Single-family dwelling
33-015556 Single-family dwelling
33-015557 Single-family dwelling
33-015558 Single-family dwelling
33-015559 Single-family dwelling
33-015560 Single-family dwelling
33-015561 Single-family dwelling
33-015562 Single-family dwelling
33-015563 Single-family dwelling
33-015564 Single-family dwelling
33-015565 Single-family dwelling
33-015566 Single-family dwelling
33-015567 Single-family dwelling
33-015568 Single-family dwelling
33-015569 Single-family dwelling
33-015570 Single-family dwelling
33-015571 Single-family dwelling
33-015572 Single-family dwelling
33-015573 Single-family dwelling
33-015574 Single-family dwelling
33-015575 Single-family dwelling
33-015576 Single-family dwelling
33-015577 Single-family dwelling
33-015578 Single-family dwelling
33-015579 Single-family dwelling
33-015580 Single-family dwelling
33-015581 Single-family dwelling
33-015582 Single-family dwelling
33-015583 Single-family dwelling
33-015584 Single-family dwelling
33-015585 Single-family dwelling
33-015586 Single-family dwelling
33-015587 Single-family dwelling
33-015588 Single-family dwelling
33-015589 Single-family dwelling
33-015590 Single-family dwelling
68
33-015591 Single-family dwelling
33-015592 Single-family dwelling
33-015593 Single-family dwelling
33-015594 Single-family dwelling
33-015595 Single-family dwelling
33-015596 Single-family dwelling
33-015597 Single-family dwelling
33-015598 Single-family dwelling
33-015599 Single-family dwelling
33-015600 Single-family dwelling
33-015601 Single-family dwelling
33-015602 Single-family dwelling
33-015603 Single-family dwelling
33-015604 Single-family dwelling
33-015605 Single-family dwelling
33-015606 Single-family dwelling
33-015607 Single-family dwelling
33-015608 Single-family dwelling
33-015609 Single-family dwelling
33-015610 Single-family dwelling
33-015611 Single-family dwelling
33-015612 Single-family dwelling
33-015613 Single-family dwelling
33-015614 Single-family dwelling
33-015615 Single-family dwelling
33-015616 Single-family dwelling
33-015617 Single-family dwelling
33-015618 Single-family dwelling
33-015619 Single-family dwelling
33-015625 Single-family dwelling
33-015626 Single-family dwelling
33-015628 Commerical building
33-015629 Single-family dwelling
33-015630 Single-family dwelling
33-015631 Single-family dwelling
33-015632 Single-family dwelling
33-015633 Single-family dwelling
33-015634 Single-family dwelling
33-015635 Single-family dwelling
33-015636 Single-family dwelling
33-015637 Single-family dwelling
33-015638 Single-family dwelling
33-015639 Single-family dwelling
33-015641 Habitation debris; cremation remains
69
33-015733 Single-family dwelling
33-015997 Single-family dwelling
33-016129 Automobile
33-016145 Isolate: ceramic sherds
33-016152 Isolate: metate
33-016165 Isolate: metal can
33-016166 Isolate: metal can
33-016167 Fire hearth/pit
33-016172 Isolate: ceramic sherd
33-016197 Trail
33-016198 Lithic scatter; quarry; mine
33-016201 Cairns/rock feature
33-016202 Cairns/rock feature
33-016216 Trail
33-016252 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter; other (burials)
33-016777 Lithic scatter; ceramic scatter
33-016778 Trash scatter
33-016780 Ceramic scatter
33-016781 Ceramic scatter
33-016782 Trash scatter
33-016785 Utility poles
33-016786 Single-family dwelling
33-016787 Single-family dwelling
33-016950 Ceramic scatter; cairn/rock feature
33-016995 Isolate: flake
33-016996 Isolate: flake
33-016997 Isolate: mano
33-016998 Isolate: flake
33-017159 Water conveyance system
33-017247 Ceramic scatter
33-017248 Ceramic scatter
33-017249 Ceramic scatter
33-017259 Water conveyance system
33-017348 Multiple-family dwelling
33-017358 Hotel/motel
33-017359 Hotel/motel
33-017360 Hotel/motel
33-017384 Single-family dwelling
33-017385 Single-family dwelling
33-017551 Single-family dwelling; commercial building
33-017574 Single-family dwelling; gallery
33-017751 Isolate: mano
33-017753 Isolate: mano
33-017754 Isolate: pumice
70
33-017755 Trash scatter
33-017756 Isolate: groundstone
33-017757 Isolate: ceramic sherds; flakes