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1993 02 08 CSC4��cV 78-105 CALLE ESTADO — LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA 92253 - (6191 564-224E FAX (619) 564-5617 C OMMUN ='1'Y S E RV I C E S C OMM = S S= ON LA QUINTA COUNCIL CHAMBERS 78-105 CALLE ESTADO LA QUINTA, CA 92253 MONDAY FEBRUARY 8, 1993 7:00 P.M. I. CALL TO ORDER A. Pledge of Allegiance B. Roll Call II. APPROVAL OF MINUTES - JANUARY 25, 1993 III. PUBLIC COMMENT -- The Community Services Commission reserves the right to limit discussion on any topic to five minutos or less. IV. CORRESPONDENCE AND WRITTEN MATERIALS 1. February Reading Packet 2. YMCA Grant Reconciliation 3. Attendance Roster w/ Term Expiration 4. BSA Jensen letter (Dickens) 5. Cable Advisory Committee Minutes 1-20-93 (Best) V. STAFF REPORTS - NONE VI. COMMISSION BUSINESS A. Culture and Fine Arts NONE B. Parks and Recreation NONE C. Human Services NONE MAILING ADDRESS - P.O. BOX 1504 LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA 92253 Community Services Commission Meeting - February 8, 1993 Agenda continued D. General 1. Presentation by Friends of the La Quinta Library Sherry Pena 2. Ad Hoc Committee Assignments A. Grant Committee (Nard, Kennedy, Francis) B. Travel Policy Committee (Dickens, Best, Seaton) VII. NEXT MEETING DATE, TIME AND TOPICS Monday, February 22, 1993 at 7:00 P.M. • NRPA Risk Management School Report on Content (Bohlen/Dickens) • Public Forum Location and Dates for Palm Royale Park • Discussion of Community Services Grant Process for 1993-94 • Final Review of Parks and Recreation Master Plan VIII. ADJOURNMENT r 01-22-93 City of La Quinta PO Box 1504 La Quints, CA 92253 Dear Clint, Enclosed is our Grant Reconciled Report. recognition and award of $5,000. Family YMCA of the Desert 43-930 San Pablo Ave. Palm Desert, CA 92260 619341.9622 619-779-9651 FAX We appreciate your we have attached a financial report of scholarships awarded for the year 1992, at the Adam Truman School, by program. The names of the awarded are kept confidential. If you should need to view the names and amounts please contact my office . Again, thank you for the recognition. Sincerely, Gerald A. Hundt General Director YMCA Mission: To put Christian principles into practice through programs that build healthy body, mind and spirit for all. 10 United Way of the Desert as 90®� AL �9 O� I:a �uintd NB2 - i Jag Ten Tara[ Decade City of La Quinta Community Services Grant Grant Reconciliation Report Organization Name: Family YMCA of the Desert Name of Person Completing Report: Gerald A Aundt Address: 43-930 San Pablo Ave, Palm Desert Phone (619) 341-9622 Period of Report (mo/yr to mo/yr): 1/92 to 2/92 Date Your Organization Received Funds: August 1992 Describe Your Expenditure of Grant Funds: $1500 utilized for Summer Day Camp Scholarships, at Adam Truman School. $3500 utilized for School Age Child Care Scholarships, at Adam Truman School. A Report of 1992 Scholarships awarded for these programs is attached. Reconciliation Grant Amount $ 5000.00 Funds Expended $ 200.00 Balance $ -0- (return unspent funds to "City of La Quinta" by check with this form) Attach supporting documentation (receipts for purchases, cancelled checks, payroll records, copies of billing statements) that is in accord with the original grant request. Any questions regarding this form or the grant process should be directed to the Parks and Recreation Manager, Clint Bohlen, 564-2246, Ext. 204. Mailing Address: Parks and Rec- reation, City of La Quinta, P.O. Box 1504, La Quinta, CA 92253. Adam Truman Scholarship 1992 Summer All Day Camp Summer Half Day Camp All Day Child Care Before School Child Care After School Child Care $1955 $ 20 Total Day Camp $1975 $4043 $ 218 $7846 Total Child Care $12107 C OMMUN I T Y S E RV S C E S C OMM S S S= ON ATTENDANCE ROSTER 13 • • i 1 1 P P P P P P P P P is P P A* P P A P P A .s P P P P P P A* P P iy P P P P P A* P P P P P P P P P P P P i A* A* P P P P P A* P Son P P A* P(Resigned) ised Absence 193 continued) P P 1s P P Ls A* P iy P P :.ney P Resigned P A* Z P P ised Absence Expires 6/30/94 Expires 6/30/95 Expires 6/30/94 Expires 6/30/95 Expires 6/30/93 Expires 6/30/94 Expires 6/30/93 CAL)9=C RNiA INLIANO EMPIRE s.C3l NCIL 1230 Indiana Court e Redlands, California 92374-2896 (909) 793-2463 or 825-8844 WR 4 ;,45 January 25, 1993 Mayor John Pena City of La Quinta 78-105 Calle Estado La Quinta, CA 92253 Dear Sir: I am writing in reference to the Community Services Commission Meeting January 11, 1993. During the meeting we were asked by one of the memb to prepare a statement on the procedures for the Boy Scouts to apply f funding. We submit the following as our recommendations for future administration of funds from the Community Services Commission. STATEMENT OF PROCEDURES I. All request for grants are to be approved by the California Inlan Empire Council prior to the application being submitted. II. All funds provided under the grant request will be distributed by Council office in Redlands, to the Units in La Quints. III. Upon receipt of the actual funds, the Units that are to benefit f these funds will be notified that they may request funding under guidelines of the grant from the Council office. IV. Accounting for the use of the funds will come from the Council of to the city of La Quinta. If I may be of further assistance, please contact me at (909) 825-8844 (909) 793-2463, ext. 124. Sincerely, ar en Di a or of Field Services GJ/kp A program for C uh Sru ul s, Bop Sro uis, end r;plu ren Supported by Sustaining Members, rndow men: I unds, Uirerl Givers, and UniI ed Wep. 4"�/ Ct 4*4(4 64" N C* 1 r S �� •�Nw:ww .r� MEMORANDUM ---------- TO: COMMUNITY SERVICES COMMISSION FROM: LAWRENCE BEST, VICE CHAIRMAN DATE: JANUARY 26, 1993 SUBJECT: CABLE ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING - 1/20/93 I. Change to Colony Cablevision of Californiac A. Official as of 12/31/92 B. All cities have approved transfer except Coachella and Indian Wells II. Rebuild Update: A. 1992 - Rebuilt 118 miles of coaxial cable B. 1993 - Will rebuild 250 miles of coaxial cable C. Expanding to 78 channel capacity D. These are now fiber trunks from Colony to Cove and PGA.West. Eventually fiber will extend into these areas: 1. These areas should see some picture improvement. 2., There should be much improvement in reliability. III. Digital Music Express: A. 30 Channels B. No commercials; no DJ's C. CD quality sound D. Uses standard cable outlet E. $9.95/month IV. Rate Increase: A. General Increase 3/l/93 B. Basic Rate (Channels 2-13) will go from $16.75 to $16.95/month C. Preferred Rate (Channels 14-40) will go from $3.00 to $5.00/month D. C Span will shift to channel 37; KECY will go to channel 10. Federal law requires local programming be on channels 2-13. �� J 'almer`�_ � :� )iSion W. COLONY CABLEVISION CABLE ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING AGENDA DATE: January 20, 1993 TIME: 10:00am to Noon PLACE: Colony Cablevision of California Operations Conference Room 41-725 Cook Street Palm Desert, CA 92260 ATTENDING: Coachella Councilman Frank Duran Raymond Morales Indian Wells Linda Furbee Indio Lee Ellis Wendell Ford La Quinta Lawrence Best Palm Desert Ray Janes Rancho Mirage Bruce Williams Colony Cablevision Stephen Merritt Mark Merritt EXCUSED: Cathedral City Dudley Haines I. Change to Colony Cablevision of California II. Rebuild Update III. Digital Music Express (DMX) IV. Rate Increase V. 1993 Meeting Schedule: 2nd Quarter - April 21, 1993 3rd Quarter - July 21, 1993 4th Quarter - October 20, 1993 41 725 Cook Street, P.O. Box 368 Telepnone (619) 340-1312 Palmer Cable Vision/Channel 10 Palm Desert, CA 92261 Telecopier: (619) 340.2384 Services of Palmer Communication, Inc. 0 • PALMER CABLEVISION CABLE ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 21, 1992 MINUTES Attending: Cathedral City Dudley Haines Coachella Councilman Frank Duran Raymond Morales I+,dt,) Lee Ellis Wendell Lord Rancho Mirage Bruce Williams Palm Desert Janet Underwood Palmer CableVision Stephen Merritt Mark Merritt Excused: Indian Wells Councilman Bill Arenstein Linda Furbee Indio Lee Ellis_ Wendell Ford La Quinta Lawrence Best Palm Desert Ray Janes Barbara Bowie This quarterly meeting was kicked off by Steve Merritt at 10:1`. A.M.. Steve presented the agenda to be followed. Palmer transfer to Colony - Steve Merritt reviewed the transitior being made from Palmer CableVision to Colony Communications. He reviewed the history of Colony and it's parent company, Providenrr Journal Company. He discussed the various business holdings o Providence .journal, and assured the members_ that the colon, takeover was, good news for the entire CoaChell,; S*rvF ,eviewed the ownership (**** need to till in hrr�- ** name- J .owners ..-;nd rp l.;tionship-, to hn!on, ) Stever r-.-� iew-mod �'�� '+r �•7 r'.�s -�� 1h, transfer- within the different francr,i=_, .arl +.;tat it w•a going very well. We received approval already from the City of Beaumont and in the next 4 weeks we have approval hearings scheduled for most of the other cities. ##XXX#XXX THE REMAINDER OF THIS TAPE CAN NOT BE TRANSCRIBE❑ BECAUSE IT'S CONTENT CANNOT BE HEARD X#Y#X##### Cable Television Consumer Protection & Competition Act of 1992. Rebuild Update Access Programming Update 1993 Meeting Schedule This meeting adjourned at 11:30 a.m. and the next quarterly i'neet1nq is scheduled for Wednesday, January 20, 1993 at the Offices of Palmer CableVision. City of La Quinta Memorandum To: Community Services Commission From: Clint Bohlen, Parks and Recreation Manager Date: February 5, 1993 Subj: Presentation by Friends of the La Quinta Library BACKGROUND As the Commission will recall the Friends of the La Quints, Library were grant applicants for the 1992-93 Community Services Grant cycle. The "Friends" were awarded $3,500.00 for the purpose of expanding the selection of books at the Riverside County Library - La Quinta Branch. RECOMMENDATION FYI. Y,L.t.1. CITY OF LA QUINTA APPLICATION FOR A COMMUNITY SERVICES GRANT Name of Organization Requesting Grant: Friends of the La Ouin a Branch Ijbr= Amount Requested: S 3,500.00 Contact Person: Sherry Pena Address: 51-910 Navarro. La OuiL nta Phone: 564-4184 Date Submitted: April 20. 1992 501(C)3 TAXPAYER I.D. #: 953-86-8737 1. What is the overall purpose/goal of your organization? To supplement funding and make up short falls which the library does not receive through the County budget. 2. How long has your organization been in existence: _3 years 3. Describe the activities of your organization: We participate in book sales and small fund raising activities. We also assist library personnel in various activities through the year. Those activities include reading programs for children and holiday celebrations. 4. Describe the population served by your organization: The City of La Quinta 5. How many paid employees/volunteers does your organization employ: 0 paid employees ____20----- volunteers 6. How many months each year does the organization serve? _12 months: from: to: 7. Do you charge admission, membership fee, dues, etc. (X )YES ( )NO There is a membership fee. 9. What are your sources of funds? (List all sources and indicate what percent each source represents. You may summarize by categories.) SOURCE AMOUNT PERCENT On Going Book Sale $ 400.00 Memberships $ 300.00 Community Grant $ 2500.00 TOTAL FUNDS RECEIVED: $ 3200.00 100% CARRY-OVER FUNDS: $ 600.00 FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR YEAR: $ 1348.10 10. What do you plan to accomplish during the coming year? We would again like to increase the number and selection of books available to the youth and seniors of our community. It has also become very important to include reference material. 11. How many persons do you expect to serve during the coming year: 54.000 Total persons These are: 40010 Number of youths 60% Number of general adults _Included —Number of senior citizens Other classifications: 12. Describe how your organization is managed/governed: We have a 7 Member Board of Directors. We meet on a semi-annual basis or as the need arises. 13. Need for Grant Statement: Funds are needed because of the lack of funds at the county level. In order to make our library program viable we must increase and maintain book circulation. We attempt to meet these needs by providing and maintaining a diverse book selection available to the community. There are no funds available through the county to help provide reading programs to the children. 14. Grant Use Goal Statement: Residents of the City of La Quinta will benefit by having an expanded book selection. 15. Method Statement: Funds will be turned over to the Riverside City & County Public Library Gift Fund which in turn will be credited to the La Quinta Branch which allows us to purchase books. 16. Impact Statement: Through the investment of Grant dollars, our City will be helping young people toward greater self-esteem, personal responsibility in the use of library cards and borrowed books. We hope to get children interested in reading in hopes that reading and going to the library will reduce the chance that these children and their friends will participate in Juvenile crime. As role models, these young people demonstrate how children can be productive and helpful in their community. 17. Evaluation Method: By the number of books in circulation. 18. Executive Boardmembers: Sherry Pena Chair Kristy Franklin Myra Bohenberger Eleanor Newton Nancy Krause Judie Melkesian Joyce Thacker 51-910 Navarro 564-4184 Sec.lTres. 55-900 Riviera 771-1250 Member 51-100 Obispo 564-6006 P.O. Box I11 564-4496 79-915 Fiesta 347-5580 54-066 Obergon 564-1986 19. Describe in detail your organization's accounting practices. We have a checking account and savings account. They require two signatures and board approval for all expenditures. 20. Has your organization been funded by the City of La Quinta previously? (X) Yes 21. Is your organization a registed California nonprofit? Yes • j•, City of La Quinta �1' Ql tnta Community Services Grant (�`/ , , °LJtJLD°La°r Grant Reconciliation Report Organization Name:, ''v" S v� kk-e LO L i)/-- , Name of Person Com Sl-qi/v Phone G�- " - ",� 5/ Period of Report (mo/yr to mo/yr): to Date Your Organization Received Funds: Se /,-, / Gl Describe Your Expenditure of Grant Funds: ,F Reconciliation Grant Amount crt) Funds Expended $ X 0. 60 0 Balance $ /!?�-6 eturn unspent funds to "City of La Quint by check with this form) Attach supporting documentation (receipts for purchases, cancelled checks, payroll records, copies of billing statements) that is in accord with the original grant request. Any questions regarding this form or the grant process should be directed to the Parks Recreation Manager, Clint Bohlen, 564-2246, Ext. 204. Mailing Address: Parks and Re reation, City of La Quinta, P.O. Box 1504, La Quinta, CA 92253. 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(_.^ ,'If ^ l e'.e ,liti •'\II (Ir'r4i i r:,, k �� `.�!I�r�,l�li(U- � � c`c �•%'— .: .,' �� r' as �4 Z �J 9 -1 M City of La Quinta Memorandum To: Community Services Commission From: Clint Bohlen, Parks and Recreation Manager Date: February 8, 1993 Subj: Ad Hoc Committee Assignments BACKGROUND At the last Commission meeting, during a presentation by Finance Director Tom OReilly regarding the new Travel Policy, several Commissioners expressed concern over a few of the elements of the new policy as it was explained to them. The issues of concern centered on three points: alcohol consumption with City money; spouse attendance at Conferences, etc. and City covering costs associated with the spouse's attendance; and the $30/day daily allowance above and beyond normal per diem associated with conference attendance. As Mr. O'Reilly explained the policy, Council person Sniff offered his views on the Travel Policy, and encouraged the Commission to develop a recommendation for the Council regarding this policy, as the Council would be revisiting the issue in the near future (See Minutes of January 25 meeting of the Commission. Since that meeting, staff has been informed that the issue will be revisited at the February 16 meeting.). Chairperson Kennedy suggested that the Commission devote it's normal first of the month, Committee business meeting to two issues: a Travel Policy recommendation, and a review of the Community Services Grant process in anticipation of the 93-94 grant cycle. Sharon Kennedy, Nancy Nard, and Susan Francis were assigned to the Community Services Grant ad -hoc committee, and Larry Best, B.J. Seaton, and Aldene Dickens were assigned to the Travel Policy ad hoc committee. New Commission member Norris Bernard was given a packet for tonight's Commission meeting, and can be assigned to one of the ad hoc committees at the Chairperson's descretion. RECOMMENDATION It is recommended that: The Travel Policy Committee develop a recommendation for the Council which can be forwarded to the Council for their February 16 meeting as a part of the agenda item presented be Council persons Sniff and Bangerter. \11. �. Z . page 2 2/8/93 CSC Travel Policy/CS Grant (con't) The Community Services Grant Committee prepare a recommendation for Commission discussion for the Commission's next February meeting. ATTACHMENTS Travel Policy of the City of La Quints Other Cities Travel Policies City of La Quints Community Service Grant forms from 1992-93 Other Cities Grant forms and policies Vi.U.z CITY OF LA QUINTA TRAVEL AND EXPENSE POLICY PURPOSE: To establish uniform guidelines for City officials and designated staff to follow with regard to travel and expense reporting that arises in the course of conducting City business. BACKGROUND: The City recognizes that attendance at meetings and conferences serves a vital forum for the exchange of ideas and methods in all areas of municipal administration, presenting and receiving information, and advocating legislation of benefit to the City. The governing factor in authorizing attendance at these functions is the tangible benefit to accrue to the City as a result of such attendance in relation to the overall expense to the City. To that end City employees and officials are occasionally required to expend City funds. This is accomplished either by requesting city funds in advance, city issued credit cards, or by spending one's own funds and requesting reimbursement from the City. Government Code Section 36514.5 authorizes reimbursement for actual and necessary expenses incurred in the performance of official duties. The following policies are intended to cover what should be reasonable expenses of business meetings and travel and the reporting thereof and may not be all inclusive. The reasonableness of any unforeseen situations will be decided upon by the City Manager for staff expenditures and by the City Council for elected and appointed officials expenditures. PnT.TCY e 1. RESPONSIBILITY Authorizing officials have the administrative responsibility to determine the reasonableness of travel costs, as justified by the nature of travel. The intent is to adequately account for reimbursable expenses while each employee or official accomplishes essential City Travel as reasonably as possible. The City Manager shall administer the expenditure of travel funds in accordance with appropriations made by the City Council in the annual adopted budget, with the exception of the appropriations made for City Councilmember's travel. 1 It is the duty of each employee and official to exercise sound and reasonable judgement in the conduct of city travel. Personal and city travel must not be commingled in such a manner as to increase allowable expense or otherwise affect adversely the interest of the City. 2. TRAVEL AUTHORIZATION Official travel by City employees requires prior written authorization by the appropriate approving authority. The City form, "Travel Request and/or Advance", shall be used to document authorization. Travel trips of one -day or less shall not require a pre -approved "Travel Request and/or Advance" if no advance is requested, but the second part of the form covering conference update reporting must be completed, if applicable, upon return. Out-of-state travel, round trips over 300 miles, or trips involving overnight stay must be approved by the City Council. Upon return, the "Conference Update Report" section of the "Travel Request" form must be completed. 3. TRAVEL EXPENSES Employees and officials may provide their own funding and file claims for reimbursement, or may apply for an advance of public funds by utilizing the "Travel Request and/or Advance" form. All requests for advance of travel funds are to be submitted through the approving authority to the Finance Department at least five(5) working days before the intended date of departure. All advances must be properly accounted for upon termination of travel for which the advance was made. Advance payments do not constitute approval to spend the entire amount advanced. 4. ADVANCE RESERVATIONS --CANCELLATION Employees and officials are encouraged to make reservations for any meeting, convention, or dinner for which the City would bear the cost, which he or she is planning to attend, in sufficient time to allow for lower airfare or reservations costs to be obtained. Cancellations that result in expenditure of City funds will be reviewed on a case -by -case basis by the City Manager to determine whether the employee may be held responsible for the cost. The full Council will make that determination for any canceled public official travel. 2 5. TRANSPORTATION Individuals requesting official travel should attempt to travel by the means most economical to the City. In selecting a particular method of transportation, consideration shall be given for the total cost to the city which will result; including overtime, lost work, and actual transportation costs. A. Automobile Travel Transportation by car may be done either with a personal vehicle or city vehicle. If a personal vehicle is used, net mileage will be reimbursed at the current city reimbursement rate. Net mileage equals roundtrip mileage minus any commute miles. Those persons using their own vehicle and receiving a monthly auto allowance, will be reimbursed only for the net mileage in excess of 60 miles. In any case, mileage will not be reimbursed for portions of the trip made for non -business related matters. When the use of public air carrier transportation is approved, private automobile use to and from the airport shall be reimbursed for all allowable miles at the city rate. Commercial auto rental will be allowed if necessary and alternative personal or public transportation is unavailable or unreasonable. B. Air Travel Air transportation will be acquired at the most economical fare available from the nearest airport. The advance purchase of airline tickets may be handled via a travel agent or directly through the individual airline. Airport parking is an allowable expense. Ground transportation, such as courtesy shuttle service, buses, taxis, or limousine service may be utilized to and from airports. Any costs for such services are reimbursable. 6. LODGING Lodging shall be obtained at the most economical rate available for safe, clean, convenient, and quality accommodations. Factors such as proximity to destination and prevailing rates should be considered for reasonableness. Overnight stay is allowable if one day's travel time is burdensome. Conference headquarters hotels are encouraged as they reduce the costs of other modes of transportation between meetings and conference sites. 3 A. Regular Lodging An employee is expected to make reservations well in advance whenever possible and to take other actions to ensure that lodging is secured at moderate rates. Lodging shall be limited to the minimum number of nights required to conduct the assigned city business. If an employee or official chooses to arrive earlier or stay later than the length of City business, the additional lodging and other expenses related to this decision are the individual's personal expenses. B. Family Member Accompaniment There is no objection to a spouse and/or other family member(s) accompanying an employee or official on a city business trip, provided that their presence does not detract from the performance of city duties. The attendance at the meetings and conferences by such family members of city employees and officials is to be considered a sole expense of the individual employee and/or official, and all differences in costs brought about by the attendance and/or accompanying travel of a family member shall not be borne by the City, except as provided by Section 8 (E). 7. MEALS Meals, except for those included in the cost of the registration, are allowable at actual costs including reasonable tips and room service charges. Expense claims for meals including people other than the claimant shall include the following information: 1. Date expense incurred 2. Parties participating 3. Purpose of the meeting 8. OTHER ALLOWABLE EXPENSES A. Incidental transportation expenses; such as street car, bus, taxi and ferry fares; bridge, toll road and vehicle parking fees; B. Telephone and telegraph charges for official business; C. Up to 10 minutes of personal telephone calls per day; D. Fees and tips paid to waiters, porters, baggage handlers, bellhops, hotel maids, and other service personnel; E. Although the City of La Quinta, as every other general law City in the State of California, has no responsibility for expenses incurred by the spouse of City Council members, or employees, the City of La Quinta recognizes that spouse 4 accompaniment at specific City business functions and training programs/workshops is beneficial in some cases. Therefore, City Council may exercise discretion as to the reimbursement of the spousal expenses only as they relate to registration and meals at events that specifically extend such invitations, or upon Council approval. F. Business related entertainment functions that are attended to promote City related business objectives are allowable, as long as detail is provided stating who attended and what subjects were discussed. G. Up to $30.00 per day will be allowed as reimbursement(with receipts)for incidental on -the -road expenses that are incurred as a result of being away from your home. On the road expenses may include, but not limited to: in -room video, honor bar, newspaper,(necessary dry cleaning, snacks and refreshments. 9. NON -ALLOWABLE EXPENSES Personal expenses are not allowable. These may include, but are not limited to: A. Barber and/or beauty shop charges B. Fines for traffic violations C. Private automobile repairs D. Expenses of any persons accompanying the employee or official on the trip(except as noted in Section 8(E)) E. Personal telephone calls (except as allowed in Section 8(c)) F. Purchase of personal items G. Fitness/Health Facilities 10. SETTLEMENT OF TRAVEL EXPENSES Travelers are responsible for the accurate preparation of their claims, and the responsibility of omission or commission cannot be shifted to another individual. A "Travel Expense Report" substantiated by receipts which verifies the claimed expenditures, must be submitted to the City Manager within five (5) work days after returning from the conference and/or trip. If an employee or official has drawn expense money in advance, a settlement must be made on the basis of actual expenses. If actual expenses exceed the advance, upon approval by the City Manager, said expenses will be reimbursed to the traveler by the Finance Department. If actual expenses do not exceed the expense advance received, said traveler shall return all unused portions of the expense advance to the Finance Department. 19 To be reimbursed for travel expenditure, an employee or official must sign and submit a "Travel Expense Report" form and the "Conference Update Report" section of the "Travel Request" form. No reimbursement shall be made until the "Travel Expense Report" form and the "Conference Update Report" section of the "Travel Request" form has been properly executed and approved by the City Manager with the exception of City Councilmembers. Elected and appointed officials' travel expenditures will be reimbursed if they are within budgetary constraints, all proper forms have been completed and signed, and receipts are attached. The decision of the City Manager shall be final in all cases where conflicts of opinions on reimbursement or allowable expenses exist. For City Council Members and appointed officials, the decision of the council shall be final. PROCEDURES: There are two forms to be utilized for travel and expense reporting (see the examples following this section). The first form is the "Request for Travel and/or Advance" form. This form is comprised of two basic parts; Part 1 covers the authorization for travel and/or an advance, and Part 2 provides follow-up information on the event attended. The second form is the "Travel Expense Report" and is needed in order to create the proper audit trail necessary for recording the expenditure of City funds. "Request for Travel and/or Advance" form: out of state travel, trips in excess of 300 miles, or trips that involve overnight stay must be approved by the City Council. Trips or conferences that do not fall into the above category may be approved by the appropriate department head, or by the City Manager in the case of department head or non -elected officials' requests. The City Manager authorizes his own travel or conferences when they do not fall into the Council approval category mentioned in the first paragraph. Part 1 of this form, "Authorization", must be completed prior to the trip or conference. Requests for cash advances are included in this part of the form. If no advances are requested and Council approval is not needed, this part of the form may be filled out upon completion of the trip or conference if the appropriate verbal authorization has been granted. All approved advance requests are to be submitted to Finance at least five(5) working days before being needed. The 2nd NCR copy of this form will remain with Finance as payment backup documentation. The original will be retained by the traveller until Part 2 is completed and submitted with the Expense Report. L 0 • Advances and all other expenses must be reconciled and approved on the "Travel Expense Report" and submitted to Finance within five(5)working days after completion of the trip or conference. Part 2 of this form, "Conference Update Report", is to be completed with a short narrative highlighting the subject of the conference and its relevance to City operations. This section must be completed when any conference expenses are incurred. The original "Request for Travel and/or Advance" form must be attached to the "Travel Expense Report" when that form is submitted. "Travel Expense Report" form: The "Travel Expense Report" (referred to as the "expense report") is required to track all travel expenditures of the City. A proper audit trail, which includes supporting receipts, is necessary to comply with travel reporting requirements. The expense report that must be filled out is designed to be a logically grouped over -view of the total expenditures incurred while traveling. Detail and supporting documentation, including receipts and the "Request for Travel and/or Advance" form must be attached as backup to this expense report. There is some space provided on the form itself for explanation detail for any circumstances or situations that may need to be addressed. Meal and business entertainment receipts must identify names of who attended and what business matters were discussed. Itemized hotel bills are needed rather than, or in addition to, lump sum receipts. Monthly credit card bills are not to be used in lieu of the actual charge receipts. Expense items for which no receipts are available must be identified as such. The expense report is divided into three columns to cover whatever spending situations may occur. Column 1 is to contain allowable business expenses that the claimant has paid for personally, whether by personal credit card, check or cash. Cash advances become personal cash as soon as they are received from the City. Therefore, column 1 should be used when spending cash even if it was received from a City advance. The advance in such cases will also be listed in column 3 as a non - business expense of the City. When columns 1 and 3 are netted together the refund amount will be determined. The Expense Report should also be used for all mileage reimbursement claims whether conference related or not. Column 1 of the form shall be completed with appropriate detail. 7 0 • Column 2 is to contain all City paid expenses. These will primarily be City credit card expenses but may also include any checks or cash that were paid directly to the provider and were not received by the claimant as an advance. Such checks or cash paid directly may not always be readily determined, but the claimant needs to include these amounts to better reflect the total cost to the City. Totals from columns 1 and 2 should be added and the result placed in the "Total Trip Expense" box. Column 3 is to contain the amounts which were paid by the City either on check, cash, or credit card for items which are not reimbursable expenses. All efforts should be made not to use City funds for unallowable expenditures, but such situations are sometimes unavoidable. Any advances that the claimant receives, whether check or cash, must be picked up in this column. Advances are considered non -business expenditures by the City and are the property of the recipient. Allowable expenditures that occur in such cases are listed separately in column 1. The total from column 1 is subtracted from the total of column 3 and the balance is due the City. If that result is a negative balance, it is a balance due the claimant. The claimant must sign the expense report certifying its correctness. Council member reports need only Council member signature. All other reports require City Manager and the appropriate department head signature approval. All expense reports will be kept in a segregated payable file whether money is due the claimant or not. Finance will verify credit card receipts with the expense report and then attach the receipts to the credit card billing as backup documentation. Any credit card billing received without receipts is not a reimbursable expense. Any personal charges incurred, or advances not reconciled, are considered a receivable to the City and may be deducted from any checks issued by the City to that individual after the five(5) day report filing deadline has expired. I 0 r1 ►.J LA QUINTA LIBRARY COMMUNITY SERVICE GRANT FUND Provided by THE FRIENDS OF THE LP_ QUINTA LIBRARY Community Service Grant Spent to date (February 4, 19993) Juvenile materials $ 707.52 Adult materials 236.75 Spanish materials 319.60 $3500.00 1263.13 Balance $2236.13 MEMORANDUM TO: CLINT BOHLEN, PARKS & RECREATION MANAGER FROM: SAUNDRA JUHOLA, ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES DIRECTOR DATE: FEBRUARY 3, 1993 SUBJECT: APPOINTEE TO COMMUNITY SERVICES COMMISSION ON FEBRUARY 2, 1993, THE CITY COUNCIL APPOINTED NORRIS BERNARD (APPLICATION ATTACHED) TO THE COMMUNITY SERVICES COMMISSION TO REPLACE MICHAEL MCCARTNEY. HIS TERM WILL EXPIRE JUNE 30, 1993. D'Re December 9, 199: CITY OF LA QUINTA APPLICATION TO SERVE 110 ON ^ COMMUNITY SERVICES COMMISSION NAME; Norris S. Bernard 1 HOME ADDRESS: 44-550 Marguerite Court La Quinta, Ca 92253-4830 (MUST BE A LA QUINTA RESIDENT AND ELIGIBLE TO VOTE IN THE CITY BUSINESS ADDRESS: None ( Retired)* TELEPHONE - - - HOME:(619) 360-1841 BUSINESS none IF EMPLOYED, WHERE DO YOU WORK AND POSITION YOU HOLD: Not emplc However, I am a volunteer at the Eisenhower Immed-Care Center La Quinta, 611= J04111 enne y memorial Hospital, the La Quinta Chamber of Commerce where I am also an Ambassador, and i am or the Board of Directors, Eastern Valley Div.of the Americ n Hea LENGTH OF RESIDENCE IN LA QUINTA: one year and five montis. The following information will be used by the La Quints. C Council.as a screening process to determine which applicants w. be interviewed for appointment to La Quints, Community Servi, Commission. Biographical sketch, including education, work experience, ci, involvement and other background. Please be sure•to incl, experiences relevant to duties of the position you seek. An AS degree in Industrial Safety & Health, retired from the C ea ror several other large firms, such as General Electric, C Astronautics, and University Mechanical En ineers. Have worked ly with the Parks & Recreation Dept., County of San Diego on t utility layout of new and existing park improvements. I am int in the happenings in La Quanta and recently worked the f rst t 'Fine Crafts, Wine and Jazz festival. I've attended all of the p anning mee ings o ommuni y Fdric-North as it is very clos where we live. As an Associate Member of the La Quinta Chamb better informed of what is happening in La- Quinta. �I�have ay ing knowledge of budgets, utilities, safety and health needs government and feel I could hava an ;,e,.,,, �- ,u--------- ,-- -• -•-••-•-- �•-�..� acaarUr4bZ TU THE QUESTIONS ON ' REVERSE SIDE WILL WEIGH HEAVILY IN DETERMINING WHETHER YOU WILL SELECTED FOR AN INTERVIEW. (*) I retired from the County of San Diego in 1988 and later m to La Quinta-Since I am not in a business venture I would n a conflict of interest with the city. APPLICATION, &UNITY SERVICES COMMISSIR PAGE 2 COO C Describe your knowledge of the functions, regulations a procedures of the La Quinta Community Services Commissior I have attended several meetings of the La Quinta Commu.ity Services Commision as they discussed Fritz Burns Park r the Community Park -North and I feel that I have the time a i feel I could capably serve your City Council. I understanc he neec citizens of all ages within your city. What specific issues or problems face the La Quinta Communi Services Commission and do you have any suggestions to addre those issues or problems? As I see the current problem in La Quinta is to provided more space parks at wi serve the young, middle aged and our ser citizens with walking trails, ball fields, tennis courts, cove play areas tar little tots, a place where it will be safe for families to gather to enjoy gereen lawns and picnic areas. The - Foundation should a con ac o see it the City of La u nt- received monies to pay for a portion of the construction of Cc y ar - or enior en er building. As a retired a e y I feel that I have first hand knowledge of what types of Placc What specific attitudes, skills and/or expertise do you think y have which would enhance the work of the Community Servic Commission. One of the maior narks *hn* T vw. _A ..- !- rarx, iocatea near 'old Town', the county made the mistake of stalling one master domestic water meter to serve the intire F Later it was deceided to permit a restaurant in one of the mar on to the leasee, in other words, ons. I -understand the safety didn't plan ahead. I as rements of CAL-0: we maintained several pools and recreational areas. I know hov work with the public. I know the meaning of the word 'compromi Your name will be considered by the City Council upon receipt your application. It is expected that the council will appoi members to fill existing vacancies at their meeting to be held May. PLEASE RETURN APPLICATION NO LATER THAN 12-15-92 TO: ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES 78-105 CALLE ESTADO P. O. BOX 1504 LA QUINTA, CA. 92253 THANK YOU FOR YOUR WILLINGNESS TO SERVE YOUR LOCAL GOVERNMENT. norris S. ernard 44-550 MARGUERITE COURT La Quinta CALIFORNIA 92253 November 29, 1992 La Quinta City Council P.O.Box 1504 La Quinta, Ca 92253 Dear Council Members: I am aresident of La Quinta and I am seeking appoint- ment to the Community Services Commision. Having lived in La Quinta for the past year and a half I am involved in several local organizations. Currently I am a member of the La Quinta Chamber of Commerce, serving as an Ambassador and a volunteer in the chamber office. I also volunteer four half days a week at the John F. Kennedy Memorial Hospital, one half day at the Eisenhower Immed- iate Care Center (La Quinta) and I am on the Board of Directors of the Eastern valley Branch (includes La Quint of the American Heart Association, serving as Secretary/ Treasurer. I am an Emeritus Member of the American Sociel of Safety Engineers and in San Diego I completed a twelve week course at the San Diego Police Awareness Academy. Prior to moving to La Quinta I retired from the County of San Diego (1988) then became a volunteer at the Sharp Memorial Hospital. I also served on the Cambridge Home Owners Association. My wife, a homemaker of forty six years and I are not in- volved in any business in the Coachella valley, thereforf there should bever be any conflict -of -interest with the city. I have attended several Community Services Commision meet ings during the past year and I believe I was present at all of the pre -planning meetings of the Community Park - North since we will be located within a mile of that par; and we live one mile North of the La Quinta High School, just starting construction. I have the time and feel I could capably serve your City Council on the La Quinta Community Services Commision.My telephone number is (619) 360-1841 and should you have any questions, please give me a call. ..� iAcerely' Norris S. Bernard 78-105 CALLE ESTADO — LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA 92253 - (619) 564-224E FAX (619) 564-561, February 3, 1993 Norris Bernard 44-550 Marguerite Court La Quinta, California 92253 Dear Mr. Bernard: It's a pleasure to welcome you to La Quinta's Community Services Commission. On behalf of the entire City Council, please let me express our appreciation for your willingness to accept this responsibility. We know that the appointment of a member with your background and knowledge of the community will prove to be a great benefit to the Commission and to the City as a whole. Your term of office begins immediately and will expire on June 30, 1993. We hope that you will find the work of the Commission to be both interesting and rewarding. You are to be commended for your interest in serving our community in this manner. Sincerely, JOHN J. PENA, Mayor City of La Quintal California MAILING ADDRESS - P.O. BOX 1504 - LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA 92253 �oF TnE� 78-105 CALLE ESTADO — LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA 92253 - (619) 564-2241 FAX (619) 664.561 February 3, 1993 Norris Bernard 44-550 Marguerite Court La Quinta, California 92253 Dear Mr. Bernard: Congratulations on your appointment to the Community Services Commission. I'm sure you will find the work of the Commission to be both enjoyable and rewarding. The staff liaison to the Commission is Clint Bohlen, Parks and Recreation Manager, who will be contacting you shortly. I have enclosed a Statement of Economic Interests which must be filed within thirty days (March 5, 1993) with my office. This requirement is set out in the City's Municipal Code. If I can be of any assistance in filling out this form, please contact me. Slir1g.erely, SAUNDRA L. JUHOLA Administrative Services Director MAILING ADDRESS • P.O. BOX 1504 • LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA 92253 CITY OF CARLSBAD Policy No. 2 (Pape COUNCIL POLICY STATEMENT Date Issued 12ii9ii Effective Date 12i1M General Subject: TRAVEL POLICY Cancellation Date Supersedes No Specific Subject: Copies to: City Council, City Manager, City Attorney, Department Divisions Heads, Employee Bulletin Boards, Press, File To establish a policy to be followed by Council Members, other electe, officials, commission/board members, and all City employees when travel Iin( on City business, to attend conferences, seminars, or training sessions BACKGROUND: Occasionally, it is necessary for City personnel to attend meetings ani to travel outside the City to conduct City business, attend conference and seminars. Various modes of transportation are available and other costs involved vary considerably. To control the costs involved and ti compensate individuals for actual necessary expenses, the City Counci has adopted a policy on travel and meetings. DEFINITIONS: Local Travel shall be defined as travel within the Counties of San Diego Orange and Los Angeles to conduct city business, attend meetings conferences, seminars or training sessions that are primarily for ttil educational or professional enrichment of the participant. Out of Town Travel shall be defined as travel outside the limits of thl Counties of San Diego, Orange and Los Angeles to conduct City business attend meetings, conferences, seminars or training sessions that ar' primarily for the educational, or professional enrichment of thi participant. City Business Travel shall be defined as travel which requires th attendance of the participant to conduct specific items of City business City Emolovee means any person regularly employed by the City, excludin, elected officials and members of commissions, committees, authorities, o boards. Commissioner shall mean any person appointed by the City Council to a established board, committee, authority, or commission. 1] CITY OF CARLSBAD COUNCIL POLICY STATEMENT General Subject: Specific Subject: Copies to: TRAVEL POLICY Policy NO. 2 (Pape z Date Issued 12 / 19 / Effective Date 12i 1Q Cancellation Date Supersedes No. , City Council, City Manager, City Attorney, Department Divisions Heads, Employee Bulletin Boards, Press, Fil POLICY IN GENERAL: Requests for travel shall in all cases be limited to City businf conferences, seminars, training sessions, and meetings from which the 1 will derive a benefit through the attendance of a representative. t membership in an organization is not of itself a justification for tr; authorization. For City Council Members, all travel involving more than five days shl be approved in advance by the Council. Travel of five days, or less, i not have prior approval if funds are available in approved budget. Mayor is authorized to approve extended travel involving an overnight in emergency cases. Except for elected officials, commissioners and board members, and Coui appointed employees, attendance at conferences should be limited. number of elected officials, commissioners, or Council appointed emplo: may attend conferences provided that funds for such purposes specifically provided and included in the annual budget. The City Man; may authorize the attendance of additional employees if deemed appropr by the Manager and travel funds are available. Conference travel for employees shall be limited to department tie assistant department heads, division heads or positions of highly techn or professional nature as designated by the City Manager. The simul tan, absence of both the department head and assistant department head wil minimized. Business or conference travel requests for all City employees estim to exceed $100 shall be submitted with the annual budget request. Tr requests approved during Council budget review do not require fur Council authorization at the time the travel is taken; however, the Manager must still authorize prior to the trip. All other travel requ are considered to be unscheduled and must be authorized by the City Cou if out of State, or the City Manager if within the State. CITY OF CARLSBAD Policy NO. 2 ( Paoe l COUNCIL POLICY STATEMENT Date Issued 12/19/89 Effective Date 12 / 19 General Subject: TRAVEL POLICY Cancellation Date Supersedes No 2 ro Specific Subject: Copies to: City Council, City Manager, City Attorney, Department Divisions Heads, Employee Bulletin Boards, Press, File Each officer, employee, advisory commissioner, and board member of the City is expected to be as thrifty and prudent as possible when travelling at City expense. The City has only a limited amount of funds available for travel expenses. To ensure that City officers, employees, commissioners and board members are able to travel when necessary to accomplish essential City business, travel funds must be expended in the most economical anc efficient way possible. Unnecessarily lavish or expensive meals or accommodations are not justified and all persons travelling at City expense should carefully control expenses to minimize the cost to the City. Be conservative in your expenditures. TRANSPORTATION: Use of air, train, private car, or bus shall be selected on the basis of the least total cost to the City after all expense items are tabulated, including travel time salary costs. When the use of private automobile to points within 200 miles of the City limits is approved, reimbursement shall be at the rate of 25 cents per mile, except those individuals with an auto allowance. If use of privat( automobile to points beyond 200 miles is approved, including thosE individuals with an auto allowance, reimbursement shall not exceed the cost of a round trip coach or equivalent class air fare. Those individuals witf an auto allowance cannot use City vehicles for the trips identified in thi! paragraph. When the use of public air carrier transportation is approved, travel foi all personnel shall be in coach class, lowest available (alternative class, or equivalent service. Authorized travel time shall be based on that required by the "s appropriate mode of public transportation. Should an employee desir, travel time in excess of the above, such time shall be considered any accounted for as vacation leave, or leave without pay. CITY OF CARLSBAD Policy No. z c eagi COUNCIL POLICY STATEMENT Date Issued 12i19i� Effective Date 1 z i 1 General Subject: TRAVEL POLICY Cancellation Date Supersedes No. Specific Subject: Copies to: City Council, City Manager, City Attorney, Departmen Divisions Heads, Employee Bulletin Boards, Press, F While travelling, the use of rental vehicles is discouraged. Cour shuttle service, buses, taxis, or limousine service should be util between airports and meeting locations. Rental vehicles should onl permitted when other transportation is unavailable, or a rental veh is the most economical mode of transportation. LODGING: Lodging shall be obtained at the most economical rate available for quality lodging. Lavish or oversized accommodations are not justif At certain approved conferences, such as the annual meeting of the Le of California Cities, there is an officially designated conference h or lodging, which may be arranged through convention or housing bure Lodging expenses for spouses are not reimbursable, and any additi expenses must be paid by the City officer or employee. Business related telephone charges which are added to the lodging bill be reimbursed. Reimbursement of one personal call per day will be all in an amount not to exceed $5.00 per day. MEALS AND INCIDENTAL EXPENSES: Each appointed officer or employee authorized to travel may submit actual cost of meals, tips and incidental expenses for reimbursemen to a limit of $45 per day if receipts are presented supporting expenses. If it is anticipated that this limit will be exceeded, prior approval by the City Manager is required. The City Council wil reimbursed the actual costs of meals, plus tips and incidental expe while on official City business. The City will not reimburse the cos any alcoholic beverages. Appropriate expenses, while on City busi may be approved by the City Manager. Reasonable amounts for tipping may be reimbursed. However, reimburse for tips should not exceed 15%. CITY OF CARLSBAD COUNCIL POLICY STATEMENT General Subject: TRAVEL POLICY Specific Subject: Policy No. 2 (Page Date Issued 12/19/e Effective Date 1.2i1s Cancellation Date Supersedes No. 2 Copies to: City Council, City Manager, City Attorney, Departmeni Divisions Heads, Employee Bulletin Boards, Press, Fil For out-of-town travel, no reimbursement shall be made for breakfast unle such travel commences from office, or residence, prior to 6 a.m. reimbursement for lunch shall be made unless such travel commences pri to 11:30 a.m. No reimbursement for dinner shall be made unless such trav commences prior to 5 p.m. Actual amounts spent, up to the per diem limitation, shall be required be shown on the travel report form (attached). LOCAL TRAVEL: Reimbursement for the actual cost of meals will be made for breakfas luncheon or dinner meetings attended to conduct City business, or for loc conferences. Local travel is to be accomplished by the most economical available mean If private vehicles are utilized, reimbursement shall be at the rate 25 cents per mile. For employees, use of private vehicles must authorized in advance by the department head. Local travel expenses shall be reported on the Monthly Mileage a Miscellaneous Expense Form, or reimbursed through petty cash. 5 TRAVEL REOUEST&D —XPENSE REPORT CITY OF NO. (OFFICIAL MEETING CIFY BENEFITS TO BE DERWED BY THE I,,, �.aan.anan Off of meeting Data of Oapertun Data of Return Metle of Travel: IChi N tu ( ( Private Aum ( (City Vehicle lU ESTIMATED EXPENSES REQUEST FOR CASH ADVANCE AND/OR PREPAID EXPENSES 2 'j CONFERENCE PREPAID EXPENSES W ] REGISTRATION S PAY TO: FOR AMT. Q Imo„ TRANSPORTATION S f f LODGING f ! MEALS f f OTHER f CASH ADVANCE TO TRAVELER TOTAL EST. f jjS TOTAL CASH ADVANCE/PREPAID EXPENSES If CITY MON I TUE! DATE TRANSPORTATION TAXIS/GARAGE/AUTO RENTAL LODGING TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH ~ BREAKFAST 2 O t/1 6 � W Q LUNCH Q W to i H DINNER Z W 6 W REGISTRATION FEES J W OTHER > Q f H I TOTALS � S 1 certify that the foregoing claim is correct TOTAL EXPENSE LESS CASH ADVANCED AND/OI Signature of Traveler Date PREPAID EXPENSES DUE CITY DEPOSIT RECEIPT NO. TOM OF MAMMOTH LAKES Travel Policy 't is the policy of the Town Council to reimburse Town officials and staff for the expenses of travel related to Town business according to the statement of policy and the procedures set forth below. The purpose of this policy is to establish a travel policy for all elected officials, Commissioners, and all Town employees when traveling on Town business. Occasionally, it is necessary for Town personnel to attend meetings and to travel outside the Town to conduct Town business or attend conferences. It may also be necessary for a Town official and/or employee to use automobiles for Town business within the town. Pool vehicles are the preferred mode of travel. The use of a private automobiles on Town business is discouraged. Private automobiles may only be used on Town business when: a) A pool vehicle is not available and the business is of such urgency, in the opinion of the department head, that it cannot wait until a pool vehicle is available, and, b) the officer or employee has a current Verification of Insurance form, which has been approved by the Town Manager, on file with the Town. It is the policy of the Town Council to review all requests for travel expense reimbursement from Councilmembers, the Town Manager, the Town Attorney, and the Town Treasurer for non -budgeted, out -of -county travel, prior to such travel. A. Authorized Travelers 1. Except for elected officials, Commissioners, and council - appointed employees, conference travel for Town employees shall be limited to department heads, assistant department heads or positions of a highly technical or professional nature as designated by the Town Manager. If the travel has not been previously budgeted, approval of the Town Council is required. 2. Travel within town boundaries which has been authorized by a department head or Town Manager is subject to reimbursement at the rate set by this policy. Said mileage must be docmnegted. • 0 B. Transportation Use of air, train, car or bus shall be selected on the basis of the least total cost to the Town after all expense items are tabulated, including travel time and salary costs. Because of the Limited commercial transportation available to the Eastern Sierra, the use of a pool vehicle will be approved in most instances of travel within the State of California. When the use of private automobile is approved, reimbursement shall be at the effective IRS mileage reimbursement regulation. When the use of public air carrier transportation is approved, travel for all personnel shall be in coach class or equivalent service. Private automobile use to and from the airport shall be reimbursed for all miles at the current rate in existence per mile. Parking at the airport is reimbursible subject to Council apprOV`a1- Authorized travel time shall be based on that required by the most appropriate mode of public transportation. While traveling, the use of rental vehicles is to be discouraged. Courtesy shuttle service, buses, or limousine service should be utilized between airports and meeting locations. Rental vehicles shall only be permitted when no other transportation is available, or when alternate transportation would be more expensive or impractical. When rental vehicles are used, the least expensive vehicle practical will be used. C. Lodging Lodging shall be obtained at the most economical rate available for•good quality. lavish or oversized accommodations are not justified. Convention or housing bureau reservations are permissible. Conference headquarters are encouraged when not unnecessarily expensive. Lodging expenses and meals for spouses or other family members are not reimbursible and any such additional expenses must be paid for by the Town officer or employee. Business -related telephone charges which are added to the lodging bill may be reimbursed. The name of the party called should be indicated. No reimbursement shall be made for telephone calls of a personal nature. Reimbursement for lodging shall be at the actual cost of lodging for the Tarn officer or employee and their spouse. D. Other Expenses 1. Registration: Actual cost of registration will be reimbursed if borne by the Town officer or employee. To the extent possible, 0 1 a pre -registration should be used and cost paid for directly by the Town. 2. Per Diem: A per diem of up to $50 per day for each full day involved in travel on Town business for distances over 60 miles from the Town limits is authorized. A per then of $50 per day for each full day while attending conferences or meetings is authorized. A "full day" is defined as travel involving more than five consecutive hours. A per diem of $25 is authorized for each partial day of travel. A "partial day" is defined as travel involving less than five consecutive hours. Per diem will cover all expenses other than registration, transportation and lodging. E. Forms required The TOM Manager will establish such forms as are necessary and appropriate to provide accurate records of travel requests and travel expense reimbursement. DEFI=ONS Town when used shall mean the Town of Mammoth Lakes. Conference Travel shall be defined as travel to attend meetings, seminars or conferences that are primarily for the educational or professional enrichment of the participant and not to transact specific business of the Town, but for which the Town will receive a secondary or indirect benefit. Business Travel shall be defined as travel to a location at which attendance of the participant is required to conduct specific items of Town business. Elected official means a member of the Town C==il. Camussioner means any person appointed by the Town Council to an officially established advisory board or commission of the Town. Town Employee means any person regularly employed by the Town. Council -Appointed Employee means an employee appointed by and directly responsible to the Town Council. • City of Santa Cruz Administrative Procedure Order Section 1, R34 (Revised 10/10/89) TO: Department Heads SUBJECT: TRAVEL ALLOWANCES. BUSINESS AND CONFERENCE PURPOSE RECEIVED i-34 NOV 1 1991 CITY OF OCEANSIDE PERSONNEL To establish procedures to reimburse City employees for expenses incurred the conduct of approved City business, including travel and conferen expenses. POLICY Employees of the City of Santa Cruz will be reimbursed for their actu expenses for official travel. Official 'ezpenses should be reasonable a should not include items normally construed as personal expenses. 1. Meals Reimbursement will be provided for the actual cost of meals up to maximum of $28.00 per day for all three meals. If the travel is less th; one day, the following is the maximum per meal: Breakfast S 8.00 Lunch 10.00 Dinner 14.00 Normally, meal costs will be less than the maximum rate, except when high cost areas. (When justified, the City Manager may approve claims i excess of the above figures.) For one day out-of-town official trips, lunch will be paid for by the Cit} The coverage of breakfast and dinner expenses is at the discretion of the department head, depending upon the travel hours involved. 2. Organized Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner Meetings Checks may be issued in advance for fixed -price meals associated wit official meetings. A Cash Purchase Order requisition must be submitted i advance, payable to the organization and accompanied by brochure (flyer announcement, etc.) establishing price. 3. Accommodations Hotel bills should be for single rate only, not to exceed $75.00 (plus tax per day. aJMNUICITIES +a • City of Santa Cruz Administrative Procedure Order Section I, R34 (continued) Page 2 I-34 Requests for overnight accommodations at locations less than 50 miles frr Santa Cruz (including San Jose and Monterey) will not normally be granted 4. Vehicles If a private vehicle is used, reimbursement will be limited to twenty -or cents ($.21) per mile, or the equivalent of coach air fare, whichever less. S. P.O.S.T. Police Management employees attending P.O.S.T.-sponsored courses at meetings shall be reimbursed for expenses incurred at the P.O.S.T, established rates. PROCEDURES 1. Conference Attendance Prior to attendance "Conference Request Forms" must be approved by the Cii Manager for conferences that involve overnight accommodations. Se attachment B. Requests will generally be approved when: a. request is a budgeted item and/or b. request is of a nature to substantially benefit the department or City. 2. Cash Purchase Orders When requesting a check in advance for payment for breakfast, lunch, c dinner meetings, submit copy of brochure, flyer, or announcement whit establishes price of meal. Check must be made out to the organization; nc the employee attending meeting. Submit requisition in time to receive check in advance of the meeting. 3. Expense Account Reports The Department Head must authorize and route to the City Manager al expense account forms whenever an employee requests reimbursement. Receipts must be provided to support all expenditures. Hotel bills must t marked "Paid." Provide receipts for all other expenditures including be not limited to parking, taxis, meals, shuttles, etc. E i City of Santa Cruz Administrative Procedure Order Section I, R34 (continued) Page 3 I-34 The City Manager will review for approval and forward to Finance processing. 4. Vehicles A City vehicle may be used for City business when approved by department head and/or City Manager. The use of City pool vehicles is n recommended for trips of more than two days. If a City vehicle is used for long distances, a credit card can obtained from Purchasing for gasoline and oil supply. When claiming reimbursement for use of own car, the date, destination, a purpose of the trip should be indicated on the "Expense Account Report The number of miles should be stated as recorded on your vehicle speedometer reading. Use of private vehicle requires that the level insurance specified by the Risk Manager be carried. S. Expenditures in Excess of Guideline Rates Employees exceeding the maximum rate for meals or lodging should indica on the back of their expense report justification for expenditures ov the guideline limit. A conference with a fixed price meal in excess the guidelines would be an example. Approval of the City Manager and t Director of Finance is required for any expenditure in excess of guideline rates. Name _ Deportment Destination CITY OF SANTA CRUZ APO 1-34 ATTACF2AENT A Santa Cruz, California EXPENSE ACCOUNT REPORT Date Position Method of Travel (Show City Car No.) EXPENDITURES Exoended for s U N M a 4T U9 WEn 141,91WRI 9 A r Breoxfost Lunch Dinner• Travel Ticket•• Hotel• Miscellaneous (explain below) ' If meals are for other than City employee filing this form, show names and affiliations of other persons _ _— Cost of ticket does not include Federal tax. Furnish exemption certificate. Department Head Approval CITY MANAGER REMARKS GRAND TOTAL SIGNATURE OF EMPLOYEE VENDOR NO. ACCOUNT No. CITY OF SANTA CRUZ APO I-34 SANTA CRUZ, CALIFORNIA ATTACEMENT CONFERENCE REQUEST FORM Name Date Department Position Destination Purpose Dates of Conference Method of Travel ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES Meals $ Hotel $ Travel Ticket $ Gasoline Expense $ Miscellaneous $ Estimated Total Expense $ Signature of Employee Signature o eportment Signature. of City Manag 11 CITY OF COACHELLA FINANCE DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM TO: All Departments FROM: Finance Department SUBJECT: Travel Policy DATE: June 24, 1991 Enclosed are the new "Travel Request and Expense Report" forms. I have also enclosed a copy of the Travel Policy with the areas highlighted which pertain specifically to the form. In cases where an advance is given the procedure will be as follows: I. Travel Request portion (Part 1) will be filled out completely and signed by Department Head and City Manager then sent to the Finance Department five (5) days before advance is needed. Please send both copies of the form. 2. A check will be issued from the Travel Revolving Fund and returned with the original "Travel Request and Expense Report". 3. Upon return and within five (5) days of return employee will complete Expense Report (Part 2) portion of the form and return to the Finance Department with receipts and any unused portion of the advance. If receipts equal more than advance a check for the overage will be issued on the next regular expenditure run. PLEASE OBTAIN ALL NECESSARY SIGNATURES Purchase orders to reimburse Travel Revolving Fund will be issued by the Finance Department using accounting codes given on original "Travel Request and Expense Report". "Travel Request and Expense Report" forms are not to be used for lunches or local meetings. These reimbursements will be made on "Purchase Requisition form and checks issued from Accounts Payable on the next regular expenditure run. CIT`_' or COACEELLA TRAVEL POLICY SECTION 1. PURPOSE The purpose of this policy is to provide uniform procedure, relating to the performance of travel on City business by employee: and other officials. It is issued to advise and assist employee: in the performance of their official duties and in obtaininc advancement and/or reimbursement for traveling expenses The City recognizes that attendance at lqagetings and conference., serves a vital forum for the exchange of ideas an m-e tis in ai areas of municipal administration, presenting and receivinc information, and advocating legislation of benefit to the City. The governing factor in authorizing attendance at these function: is the tangible benefit to accrue to the City as a result of suc: attendance in relation to the overall expense to the City. SECTION 2. RESPONSIBILITY Authorizing officials have the administrative responsibility tc determine the reasonableness of travel costs, as justified by the nature of travel. The intent is to limit reimbursable expenses to the extent that each employee and official accomplishes essential City Travel as economically as feasible by: A. Critically examining each trip to determine necessity. Do not permit travel when the matter can be handled by mail or telephone. B. Minimize the nur..ber of people who must travel for a single purpose. C. Authorizing itineraries which are the most cost- effective. D. Requiring use of air accommodations less costly than first-class unless there is a valid or unique reason. E. Requiring use Of available City -owned vehicles when car travel is officially necessary and advantageous to the City. F. Periodically reviewing these procedures with City staff. The City Manager shall administer the expenditure of travel funds in accordance with appropriations made by the City Council in the annual adopted budget, with the exception of the appropriations even.. shall nct_fy staff prc-.ptly upon _earning of the inability to attend. crC71O1: 6. MO:= OF IFANSPO-PIL-12N Individuals requesting official travel should attempt to _ravel by means most economical to the City. In selecting a particular method of transportation, consideration shall be given for the total cost to the City which will result, including overtime, lost work-, and actual transportation costs. A. Travel by Automobile. When vehicles, either private or City -owned or commercial, are approved for authorized travel, employees shall pool rides whenever possible. Members of the City Council may, at their own discretion and for their own convenience, travel by separate automobile. (1) City -Owned Vehicle. Travelers should use a City vehicle when available, in preference to a privately owned or rented vehicle, for _rip destinations of up to 1-50 miles from City of Coachella. Special approval for longer trips. may be granted by the City Manager. The use of -City vehicles shall be limited to official City business and travel. Transportation of persons other than employees or officials is authorized only in situations where it relates to City business. (2) Privately -Owned vehicle. The use of a privately - owned vehicle on City business is permitted when a City vehicle is not available, when a non -City employee is accompanying the traveler, when the mode of travel is more advantageous to the City, or _. when specifically authorized by the City Manager. No employee shall be authorized mileage allowance : for privately -owned vehicle travel in the _ performance of official business or approved function within the immediate vicinity of Coachella _ when a City vehicle is available, unless approved by the City Manager prior to the ,.ravel. mileage reimbursement for privately -owned vehicle use on City business shall be at the rate per mile determined by City Council Resolution. The mileace reimbursement rate covers costs of fuel, oii, depreciation, insurance and necessary repair of said vehicle while on City Business. When privately - owned vehicles are uses, total payment for mileace .:i'1 not exceed the cost of tourist class e'__ passage. (a) Personal Liability. When a privately -owned vehicle is used by personal preference in lies E A.=ecu_ar Lodcinc. An employee is expected to --a);e reservation well in advance whenever possible and to take other actions to ensure that lodging is secured at moderate rates. Reimbursement for lodging shall be limited to the minimum number of nights required tc conduct the assigned City Business. If an employee or official chooses to arrive earlier or stay later than the length of City business, the additional lodging and other expenses related to this decision are the individual'=_ personal expenses. B. Shared LodQin (1) Family Member*. Where expense for a family member is included on the receipt, the rate reimbursed will be the single occupancy rate. The single occupancy rate shall be noted on the receipt by the motel or hotel. (2) Fellow Employee. When a room is shared with a fellow employee, a duplicate receipt will be obtained and the amount claimed by each employee will be one-half the double occupancy rate. SECTION S. OTHER RE SONABLE EXPENSES A. Allowable Expenses. All charges for: (1) Meals, except for those included in the cost of the registration, will be reimbursed at actual costs. Expense Claims for meals including other than the Claimant shall include the following information: I. Date expense incurred. 2. Parties participating. 3. Purpose of the meeting. (2) Incidental transportation expenses, such as street car, bus, and ferry fares, bridge, toll road and vehicle parking fees; (3) Telephone and telecraph charges for official business; (4) Fees and tips paid to waiters, porters, baggage handlers, bellhops, hotel maids, and other service personnel; (5)=lthouch the City of Coachella nor any other aaneral law City in the State of California has no responsibility for expenses incurred by the sncuse of City Council Members, the City of Coachella recognizes that spouse attendance at specific City business functions and training programs/workshops which include spousal programs, are beneficial in City, except as provided by Sections 7A(5). SECTION 10. SETTLEMENT OF TRAVEL EXPENSES Travelers are responsible for the accurate preparation of their claims, and the responsibility of omission or commission cannot be shifted to another individual. A "Travel Request and Expense Report" for, substantiated by receipts which verify the claimed expenditures, must be submitted to the City Manager within five (5) work days after returning from the conference and/or trip. For City Council members "Travel Request and Expense Report" forms, substantiated by receipts which verify the claimed expenditures, must be submitted to the Council Finance Committee within five (5) work days after returning from the conference and/or trip. If an employee or official has drawn expense money in advance, a settlement must be made on the basis of actual expenses. If actual expenses exceed the advance, upon approval by the City Manager or Council Finance Committee, whichever is applicable, said expenses will be reimbursed to the traveler by the Finance Department. 'f actual expenses do not exceed the expense advance received, said traveler shall return all unused portion of the expense advance to the Finance Department. To be reimbursed for travel expenditures, an employee or official must -sign and submit a "Travel Request and Expense Report" form. No reimbursement shall be made until the "Travel Request and Expense Report" form has been properly executed and approved by the City Manager, with the exception of City Councilmembers, whose travel expenditures shall be submitted to the Council Finance Committee for reimbursement. The Director of Finance will reimburse only those expenses properly approved by the Council Finance Committee or City Manager, whichever is applicable. The decision of the City Manager shall be final in all cases where conflicts of opinions on reimbursement or allowable expenses exist. For City Councilmembers the decision of the Council Finance Committee shall be final. **Please submit one (1) "Travel Request and Expense Report" form for each employee. City/ of CoachoIa TRAVEL REQUEST AND EXPENSE REPORT 1: MUST BE FULLY COMPLETED & SIGNED BEFORE ADVANCES WILL BE ISSUED. RTMENT: EL BY: INATION: 'OSE OF TRIP: FIT TO CITY: ince ? ❑ YES ❑ NO Check(s) Needed: _ Request Submitted To ice: 71MATED EXPENDITURES TODAY'S DATE: DATE OF DEPARTURE: DATE OF MEETING. DATE OF RETURN: TRANSPORTATION ❑ COMMERCIAL ❑ PRIVATE CAR Q APPROVED X LJ REJECTED DEPARTMENT HEAL aAPPROVED X REJECTED CITY MANAGER -- _ EXPNSt 3 REPOR'P` .. _... � _, ..jt„ : -.;• AMOUNT ADVANCED ON Poi: - S S 'CES FROM TRAVEL FUND: Check.`_ Check: Check TOTAL ADVANCED TOTAL EXPENDED •DUE TO CITY DUE TO EMPLOYEE OR OFFICIAL CERTIFICATION: I hereby certify under penalty of p a true and correct claim for necessary expenses inct that no payment has been received by me on accoun for advance noted above. X Signature 's 's ;APPROVED 1�epanmenl head x ay Manager People Pride Progress January 9, 1990 League of California Cities 1400 K Street, Suite 400 Sacramento, CA 95814 ATTN: Lorraine Okabe, League Librarian Dear Ms. Okabe: Office of the City M C P.O. B 23119 Coa Bu Moreno Va 9231 (714) 24 Fax: (714) 24 In response to your request in the December City Manage Newsletter, attached please find a copy of the City of Moren Valley's Travel and Meeting policy. If you have any questions o If I can be of further assistance, please contact me at (714) 243 3031. Thank you. Sincerely, Laura Manchester Administrative Analyst LM/ddm ft TO: 'FROM: DATE: SUBJECT: APPROVAL CITY ATTORNEY FINANCE DIRE CITY MANAGER AGZXVA R= Q V s i T Honorable Mayor and City Council via David F. Dixon, City Manager Ann Marie Gallant Director of Finance July 110 1989 ADMINISTRATIVE TRAVEL POLICY - FY 1989-90 Staff Recommendation: That the City Council approve the subject administrative travel policy for FY 89-90. Staff Report: At the City Council Study Sessions of June 6 and June 20, staff reviewed the proposed administrative travel policy simultaneously with the expenditure policy for Hoards, Commissions Committees and Task Forces. Comments from these sessions have be: incorporated into this final draft. Staff would recommend revising this policy annually in conjunctio: vita: the annual budget. Prepared by."2t- Approved by: _ wX=N TO CITY C] Council Action Approved as requested Referred to: Approved as wended ?or: Denied Continued until: Other: Searing Set for: C. made based upon travel time versus actual salary costs lost by commuting. Authorized travel time shall be based on that required by the most appropriate mode of public transportation. When the use of private automobile is approved, reimbursement shall be at the established IRS reimbursement rate for that tax year. When the use of public air carrier transportation is approved, travel for all personnel shall be in coach class or equivalent service. Private automobile use, to and from the airport, shall be reimbursed for all miles at the current rate as stated above. Day parking as well as taxis to and from the airport will be reimbursed only with rece nts. overnight or "long-term" parking, (beyond 24 hours), is reimbursable subject to City Manager approval. while traveling, the use of rental vehicles should be limited. Courtesy shuttle service, buses, or limousine service should be utilized between airports and meeting locations whenever possible. Rental vehicles will be permitted when alternate transportation would be more expensive or impractical. when rental vehicles are used, economy vehicles should be utilized or those vehicle sizes adequate to seat multiple City travelers comfortably. Lodging shall be obtained at the most economical rate available for safe, clean and quality accommodations. Lavish or oversized accommodations cannot be justified. Conference headquartars hotels are encouraged, as they reduce the costs of other modes of transportation between meetings and conference sites. Lodging expenses and meals for spouses or other family members are = reimbursable. Any such additional expenses must be paid for by the City officer or employee directly, or in advance of scheduling, if the City makes travel arrangements. Business -related telephone charges which are added to the lodging bill may be reimbursed. The name of the party called should be indicated. No reimbursement shall be made for telephone calls of a personal nature. Reimbursement for lodging shall be at the actual cost of lodging for the City officer or employee only, including related taxes and service charges. 0 C. D. E. .17-:. No reimbursement will be provided without receipts. Compensation requirements with respect to time spent in attending lectures, meeting, training programs -or similar activities during work time shall be counted as working tin only if authorized in advance and in writing by;the City !tanager. No such authorization shall be give�mless the lecture, meeting, program or other activity ia�directly related to improving the employee's ability to perform his/her current job. Time spent in attending lectures, meetings, training programs and similar activities shall not be counted as working time where such attendance is outside of the employee's regular working hours gyggpt in situations where the employee is directed by his/her department head to attend such lecture, meeting, training program -or similar activity. In this case, employees, entitled to overtime shall be compensated in accordance with the approved Personnel Rules and Regulations with respect to overtime. Time spent by an employee traveling between the employee's residence and the regular work place is not work time and shall not be treated as hours worked. Where an employee is requested by his/her department head travel outside the City, time spent traveling between the employee's home and assigned destination shall be treated time worked only to the extent that it exceeds the amount time normally taken by the employee to travel between his/her residence and regular City work place. City when used shall mean the City of Moreno Valley. Conference Travel shall be defined as travel to attend meetings or conferences that are primarily for the educational or professional enrichment of the participant and not to transact specific business of the City, but for Which the City will receive a secondary or indirect benefi Business Travel shall be defined as travel at which attendance of the participant is required to conduct specific items of City business. Elected official means a member of the City Council. E E GENERAL INBTRUCTIONS 1. Utilize this form for All transactions involving training an travel requests in conjunction with approved training. 2. Utilize this form for All mileage reimbursements in conjunction with City business. 3. All mileage will be reimbursed at current IRs reimbursement rates. 4. Pre -paid column is for those expenses paid in advance throng the City Purchase Requisition/Purchase Order process. S. Cash allowance column is for those monies paid to traveler directly. 6. Receipts must accompany form if reimbursement is requested. 7. Reimbursement requests in excess of the designated "per diem" must include receipts for gu "per diem accounts". ez: "per diem" $50 advanced; actual expenses were $75; receipts for all $75 must be attached ez: "per diem" $50 advanced; actual expenses were $50; = receipts are required. S. Forms may necessitate completion before and after travel, depending upon nature and amount of reimbursements requested. 9. Authorized signatures must be secured prior to submittal to Finance. If not secured, forms will not be processed. 10. Department heads may approve travel expenses and reimbursements up to $100 without City Manager approval. 0 CITY OF MORENO VALLEY TRAVEL REQUEST FORM STATEMENT OF EXPENSES SCHEDULE A — TRAVEL AND MEETING EXPENSES (Itemize below In detail). REM OF EXPENSE LIST DATES AND EXPENSE ESTIMATES BELOW :GISTRATION IANSPORTATION IDGING GALS :R DIEM 'HER EXPENSES (EemroteEl 11LY TOTAL SCHEDULE B — MILEAGE ALLOWANCE (Itemize on reverse side). ( Total Miles x ¢) TOTAL AMOUNT REQUESTED (Schedules A and B combined). rertify that this claim Is a true record of expenses requested on official Approval ►ecommenc uslness for the City of Moreno Valley during the above period. DATE SIONATJRE DEPARTMENT MI Pproved for Payment o REGUMED PW City Adndnhtratlw Posoy O NOT REQUIRED DATE FRANCE OPECTOR CRY MANAGER 3ecial Instructions: 1. Submit this forth completed to Finance/Accounts Payable. 2. Upon audit and approval for payment, this form Will beretumed to employee with Ocash advance.' 3. All other expenses shown above must be itemized in detail in order to qualify for reimbursement. November 8, 1984 File 05.3 TO: ALL DEPARTMENT HEADS FROM: HOWARD L. REESE, CITY MANAGER SUBJECT: REQUEST FOR AUTHORIZATION TO TRAVEL AND 1 DnD DVDMIC DC TVMTDUL I. Policy Objective: Define authorized, reimbursable expenses incurred in travel on City business, and control the authorization and reimbursement for such expenses. II. Assigned Responsibility: All Department Heads III. Procedures: A. Department Procedures 1. Henceforth, each department head will now authorize city business travel for his/her staff. The department head will also be responsible for monitoring the type of transportation used, and the amount of business expense for travel and accommodation expenses. The department head shall enter the appropriate account code on the Travel Expense Report and the Travel Advance Request, and sign and date the travel forms. 2. The department head, prior to leaving on any business trip, shall notify the City Manager of the nature and dates of the proposed business travel. 3. All department travel requests, not previously approved during the budget process, must be forwarded to the City Manager for his approval using the appropriate supple- mental budget appropriation form if necessary. B. Finance Department Procedures 1. The Finance Department shall process all Travel Advance Requests (F-397) and Travel Expense Reports (F-398). 2. Cash Travel Advance Request: Both the Finance Director and the department head must approve any cash travel advance request. The approved cash advances will be made payable by check to the employee requesting the travel advance request, or as otherwise directed by the employee and the department head. C. Requesting Reimbursement for Expenses 1. The Travel Expense Report shall be used to request reimbursement for eligible expenses incurred, less any cash advance received, and/or substantiate any cash advances. One of the two approved copies may be used as a work sheet and retained in the department files. 2. On return from the business trip, and after reconciliating the Travel Expense Report, any balance due the City shall be immediately paid by the employee; any balance due the employee shall constitute a demand on the City. 3. Enter the expenses for each day in the appropriate columns and categories (use additional copies if the business trip exceeds one week). Expenses allowed are listed in Sections D-R of this memorandum. 4. Total the lines and columns and reconcile the total business trip cost; obtain the required signatures; submit the form to the Finance Director within five days of return. D. Expenses Approved for Reimbursement officials and employees are expected to show good judgement in the matter of travel expenses and have proper regard for economy in the conduct of business away from the City. The following list of expense classifications shall be a guide in determining expenses which are appropriate when traveling on City business. Discretion is allowed the City Manager in approving travel requests in order to provide for unusual circumstances. Specifically prohibited are reimbursements for the purchase of personal items, alcoholic beverages, and entertainment, unless such entertainment is necessary in the conduct of City business. Prohibited also are reimbursements for expenses of members of an employee's family who accompany him/her on a trip. Expense reports shall be filled out with only the expenses incurred by the employee. E. Transportation 1. The method of transportation selected by the employee is the employee's choice, but shall reflect reasonable consideration for the amount of time involved in taking the particular method of transportation. Regardless of the method of transportation selected by the employee, the City shall only pay for the cost of the least expen- sive method of transportation (i.e., air or car). 2. Air. Allowance for air travel shall be the actual round trip fare to the cities specified in the request. 2 3. a. For employees who do not receive a monthly car allowance: If the round-trip mileage is 400 miles or less between Davis and the point of destination, 25C a mile shall be allowed for use of a private car when authorized for transportation purposes. If the round-trip mileage is more than 400 miles between Davis and the point of destination, an amount not to exceed air coach, or if air travel is not regularly available to the location, rail fare shall be allowed, unless vehicle access is the only form of available transportation. If the destination can only be reached by first class rather than air coach, the first class rate shall be allowed. Local mileage incurred at the point of destination is reimbursable at the standard rate of 25C per mile. Additional lodging expenses shall not be allowed for enroute travel stops when using a private auto unless this is the only method of transportation available to the destination and the normal duration of the travel necessitates overnight lodging. Allowance shall be made only to the City's representative driving the private car and not to his passengers. City representatives are expected to share their vehicles with other employees on such trips. b. For employees who receive a monthly car allowance: If the round-trip mileage between Davis and the point of destination is 180 miles or less, there is no mileage reimbursement; if, however, the round-trip mileage between Davis and the point of destination is more than 180 miles but less that 400 miles, only that mileage which is in excess of 180 miles is reimbursed at the standard rate of 251; per mile; if the round-trip mileage between Davis and the point of destination is in excess of 400 miles, then that portion of Section III-E-1 of this Policy and Procedure Memo is applicable. Local mileage incurred at the point of destination is reimbursable at the standard rate of 25C per mile. Additional lodging expenses shall not be allowed for enroute travel stops when using a private auto unless this is the only method of transportation available to the destination and the normal duration of the travel necessitates overnight lodging. 4. City Vehicles. Personnel using City vehicles for travel shall note "City vehicle used" on the Expense Report. Fuel for City vehicles should be drawn from the Corpo- ration Yard tank whenever possible. Employee funds spent ` for fuel at out of town locations shall be reimbursed. 3 • • . 5. Taxi and/or Car Rental. Expenses for local transportation shall be allowed where such transportation is necessary in the conduct of City business. 6. Parking and Bridge Tolls. Any necessary charges for parking and bridge tolls will be allowed. F. Lodging. Expenses shall be allowed for adequate lodging, including double or twin rates, but not including additional rooms when an employee's family accompanies him/her. Hotel accommo— dations shall be appropriate to the purpose of the trip. Receipts for lodging must be provided to obtain reimbursement. G. Meals All meals purchased by the employee for himself/herself during the inclusive dates of the trip shall be allowed. Meals purchased in the course of transportation to and from the specified cities should be included in this category rather than in transportation expense. Expenses for meals shall be reimbursed at actual cost. Special convention banquet or dinner meeting rates should be substantiated by receipt or submittal of convention programs or documents. H. Baggage Charges and Tips Reasonable amounts for tips shall be allowed for meals, hotel, and transportation purposes. Tips for meals shall be included in the meal category and shall not exceed 15% of the total cost of the meal. I. Telephone and Telegraph Such charges shall be allowed only for official calls. J. Registration Fees Fees charged for registration at any convention or meeting are reimbursable. A receipt or conference program setting for the fee rate shall be provided with the expense report. R. Miscellaneous Space is provided at the bottom of the classified list in the Travel Expense Report form for the inclusion of all items of expense otherwise unclassified, but which are specifically necessary to successful completion of City business. HOWARD REESE City Manager HLR/sc 4 �1, L a „x 61,a°,zco a V3 A O m .y r-I �a W cn 0 i3 iZ y a a a M y � O .O O O I Z .a en O u �S c O o O I 0 0 M'i C �F d� �a u• v A a v R Q � y 0 � •A O A F C ¢ F -04 rdw b � a to < .. tr -P� 1 W. N y ti N_ 2 n O N �rD cN e. of°X.cam `° < my0o�� �rb °7O°� x °mo ���gc �°'O �°a !yD .`y .-. '"fi fD ? ... "J' O — N 'S N < ,� M Co 67 n w 1 d >< ? _ .N•. y R A n f0 ^' O fD (np fll mA �•ffo X 77 fpD C m 61 T R .w•t lRD DC CY 7 d CD C. rn -9 O ° 7 o < 61 tD fD "m n 'C7 67 ..� 00 CJ G]. fp a .�...� Co w " C CCDT 6t ^ryf^D 0 pCp�m y 01 �• tT ^ CD 00 ..t 61 .� .. y O fn O '2 G CD '=7 R .0 n �^t ?'% .Q N•.� (D .Ne p=p .�. W ai fD R M A < 0 7 t W" 5.�... 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Central Equipment will process your travel car expense reimbursement. Do not record fatal trip mileage these City car expenses on Line 12 Transportation. kir: Attach receipt for round trip air fare paid. Name of airline quoting (Note 7a) S Shared ride/other: Record details under General Comments Line 8. $ ?ersonal car: Traveler receives car allowance: C yes G no. If yes, compute Line 5 and deduct 180 miles (Box B) from Box A. If no, tins 5 Box.•C twill, be the same as Box A. If Box A on Line 5 is over 400 miles, all travelers must compute Line 6 for reimbursement (see Note 7a) Net round Deduct 180 trip mileage miles if to and from employee has destination car allowance Q (A) (B) Qx 50.25 (A) (B) Lowest Air Quote = Accountable Personal round trip car local mileage mileage at onlv destination Q (C) [� 0 (D) VOTES: (C) a) If the net round trip mileage to and from the point of destination (Box A) is mot .than 400 miles, all travelers must obtain the lowest air fare quote (if air Crave is available to this destination) and post on Line 6, Box C. Under this conditic all travelers will be reimbursed the lowest of the two amounts: Line 6, Box A x 11 or the lowest air fare quote amount. Travelers will also receive local mileage c at destination (Line 6, Box D x $0.25). Total transportation reimbursement will lowest Box C + Box F. Total reimburseable mileage for tr�x (E) Tot¢ persc car 1 for 50.25 = $ (F) x $0.25 - Q E (E) (F) (lowest 7) Additional lodging expenses shall not be allowed for enroute travel stops when ut a private auto unless this is the only method of transportation available to the destination and the normal duration of the travel necessitates overnight lodging. e) If available attach a final convention/meeting program received at conference. A copy of the preliminary program may be attached if no final program is available. d) See Policy File 05.3 for complete travel and reimbursement policy. General Comments For explanations, listing additional travelers included in these expenses or othe miscellaneous expenses not clearly defined. to 0 by George A. Caravalho Wlth 42 major fault lines criss-crossing the Southland and the chances for a major earthquake increasing, being prepared for a major disaster must be a top priority for very Southern California city. In the 42-square-mile City of Santa larita, an innovative, grass -roots approach to emergency pre- aredness has brought hundreds of residents into a neighborhood reparedness program that utilizes volunteers and the skills of indi- dual neighborhoods. Santa Clarita's SECURE program (Santa larita Educated Communities United in °sponse to Emergencies) is entirely affed by volunteers who stimulate pre - redness action by individuals, households A neighborhoods, so they will be sel(- fficient in responding to and recovering )m the effects of a major earthquake or her natural disaster. Preparation, planning. A action are the keys to successfully sur- Ang any emergency. Having worked in several other cities and tving been involved in response to four ajar disasters, I have direct experience garding the importance of being prepared d remaining self-sufficient during the crit. d first 72 hours when emergency person- wrge A. Caravalho is the City Manager of into Clarita. net are busy handling only the most press. ing and immediate problems. The SECURE program, based on the con- cept of self-help• is designed to train individ- uals to be ready to respond to the effects of a disaster wherever they are. Reaching a community of 1.10.000 people, many of whom commute out of the area to work, is no easy task. No one knows where they will be when a disaster strikes, so preparation must include training in the event residents are home• but also if they happen to be at work, in school, shopping or in transit. The program itself works upon the domino theory whereby those that are trained be- come trainers, and the program continues. The SECURE program began with recruiting individuals from the community with an inter- est in emergency preparedness and a willing- ness to volunteer their time and expertise to train their neighbors. It is the technical cc IvirticT of thesc, vnlunteers that i<'ht cart iltr SECURE program. Dormg thr first six mural:,. the ,,n v able to train 54 Sf-.Cl'Rh: -1 runt r, and G SECURE Advisors. 'fhr,i %wuntet brt'ameCt•rtilicd kod Uro,.lmttuto L arning fhr keel Urn,, pn�gr:uu In,ng A Fault I ine". Further trunnic was provit regarding the roles and rc• punsdn;nu•v emergency service agenctr, ,m h a, fi police, and government; the psychology aspects of disaster for both adult and cl dren; and local hazards specific to the Sai Clarita Valley. Trainers also received a p, shirt to identify them as SECURE. tramen name badge, a Certificate of Rarticipau, mileage reimbursement, a flashlight, a newsletters. To help them prepare for th presentations, audio-visual equipment su as TVs and VCRs are provided, as well handouts and other supplies. Following the training of the voiuntee the city sought out interested neaghbuncc groups, clubs, organizations. home- and d care providers, civic organizations. busat groups and the like to be trained by t ctty's volunteer trainers. The concept of utilizing volunteers w are residents of the community puts own Connnu WESTFRN C11Y, JANUARY 1993 Ambitious Program Aims To Make Santa Claritans SECURE, Continued 0 ship in the hands of the people and accounts for much of the program's success. It is the goal of the city to train each and every household in the basics of emergency preparedness during this decade. In just two -and a -half months, more than 500 resi- dents received training. Today, the city boasts 2.000 trained residents and 96 pre- • ASSESS • FORMULATE is IMPLEMENT THREE STEPS, ONE CONTRACT. For the first time, Audrey Tavlor The Right Source provides a team and Jack Tomasik,featured speak- I of experienced individuals to ers at the League's 1992 Annual address all of your economic Conference, are offer- development ing a new concept — needs. Call 916- turn —key economic Right Source 345-0364 for development. Tu.wrarrcoeosaaanonuNr \ information. dCheck the Difference Before you entrust your retirement plan's assets to other providers, compare their plan with the ICMA Retirement Corporation's deferred compensation plan. j(Dedicated Corporation Independent, not owned by an insurance company , Created by public employees solely for public employees • Full-time representatives .11 Diversified Investments Multi -manager approach, where appropriate • Takes advantage of varied investment styles and controls managers lCompetltive Fees and Expenses No penalties • No deferred sales charges • No charge for exchanges between funds siFlexlble Withdrawals Payout options as nexible as law provides • Investment control during withdrawal • Total account value paid out to employees and beneficiaries under all circumstances Adquality Service Monthly employer bulletins & easy - to -read statements • Toll -free service & 24-hour rate lines ICemunl Corponillun 777 Notch Capitol Simi. S F. Suite 64M • WmhungWn. n C ICNIA 20002.4240.(202) 962-4600 m Rxewurt T91tFnx I•800.669.7100 coaroxArroa sentations community -wide. If these cl bring the message home, the city has tically reached 4,000 people in a shore Continuing on this schedule, it is not t istic to assume that within ten year entire community will be trained an pared to be self-sufficient for the fi hours of any major disaster. The actual training of citizens invc formal presentation on preparedness, opment of family and neighborhood gency plans, identification of neighbo and household hazards, support mid of nonstructural risks, and compilatit "special skill and emergency equip inventory for individual neighborhoo In the course of the SECURE pro citizens receive the preparedness in "A Guide to Being SECURE," as well a of action items showing the steps t before, during and after an earthquak sample forms to personalize the gui help residents make their homes secu city provides safety devices such as heater straps and Lbrackets for sh Installation procedures for the safety d is also part of the training. In addition, paredness video and resource library available for citizens, along with on - monthly training. Santa Clarita also realizes the impo of training its staff members and thei lies, so that, in the event of a major di employees would have a level of corn they could respond to the EOC. To a this comfort level, the city sche mandatory training for employees al tributed bags for personal emergency list of what goes in the bags; SECURI ing materials for the home and wort and an employee emergency record Employees were allowed one hour of to collect the emergency items. A future phase will include citizen o in first aid, fire safety, rural and urban and rescue, and damage assessment. ing in the development of neighbo response teams. Other phases will integrate sc seniors, business and industry in SECURE program. The Santa Clarita City Count: embraced this program and approxi. $32,500 has been allocated over a tH period toward implementation of SE and for the required collateral and b materials. As a new city, currently celebrating anniversary, Santa Clarita has had many new challenges in the creation o city. Perhaps none has been as impor making our residents prepared for I and death challenge of a major disast LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA CITIES 0 leekend Convict Labor aves $1.5 Million Through a community service program th the Banning Rehabilitation Center RC), people with criminal sentences mn the option to perform community rvice are sent to the City of Moreno Hey's Corporate Yard every weekend. A tical weekend crew from RRC cnnststs of people who perform such tasks as clean- ; right-of-way areas. weed abatement, lib - pick up, and filling sand bags during mer storms. Two part-time employees pervise. With an annual average of ,540 community service hours, the city alizes a yearly savings of $256,370 and a al savings of $1,538,220 since the pro - am has been in effect. Contact: Charlie afield, Maintenance and Operations mager, (909) 243.3160. Program Enrollments When the City of Garden Grove joiner) the PE Health program in 1989, staffers were,MTcerned with the volume of paper- work required to enroll employees, change ns. and effect dependent changes nil an system's five -part NCR form. If a mis- take is made. a new form must be typed or each of the multicolored copies must be corrected individually. The solution? An internal computer pro - grain to aumrnate health, dental, and life benefits enrollments. Retwecn the d bank set up and payroll/prr.e,nnol mfe,rt tion already in place, st,d f, r, r.ul , „ thing needed to complete and pram enrollment forms by enmpw( r.:'%Lkm possible for the city trt han(il, rl.,, b,-( enrollments and dependent and p changes at open enrollment wuhout undue burden on existing stet The program also has allowed the sin provide employees with update, of th benefit plans and their enrollt-d dep, dents. Contact: Marsha Rocker. Person (714) 711-5088. Partnership Program Pays Off In this time of financial instability, the City of Temple City has found participating in cooperative programs with other local jurisclictions has allowed the city to comply with mandated programs, maintain or in- crease services to residents, and save gen- eral fund monies. The city currently is in. volved in six such joint ventures: • A joint advertising program with eight San Gabriel Valley cities for eco- nomic developnvnt. The cost: 8500 per city in contrast in over $5,000 per city if executed individually. • Implementing two joint recreation programs with the Temple City Unified School District. In one program. the school district provides facilities and instructors to conduct classes while the city handles promotion, registration and administration. Furthermore, as the city does not have its own swimming pool, the city leases the high school pool from the school district, while Los Angeles County provides staffing Through these cooperative arrangements, the city can offer an extensive array m wh. crwise financially unfea<t blo re, rt auorr al opportunities, • Participating in the ',an Gabriel Valley Joint Powers Authw-ity. which allows the city to share the u,st of com- plying with the California Integrated Waste Management Act (Al39:i91. Sa. vings: over $50.001. • Participating in the S.,n (,.tbrtel Valley Air Quality Consort-orn. "lush allows the city to share the cost of the development of the state- nianrlatcd air quality clement. Savings mvrn.;;.niW • Continuing membership in the San Gabriel Valley Animal Control Authority, consisting of eight cities, which jointly contract for animal control services. Savings: several thousand dollars a year. Contact: Denise Ovrom, City Manager, (818) 285.2171. Wth the financial pressure your city has been under, you know you've come up with dozens of ways to make your city's revenues go a little bit further. Give it some thought. No idea is too big or too small to help some other city get ore done with less. So, put your idea ,,,..,.,as) on paper in 75 words or less, include information about cost savings or increased effi- ciency, include the name, title and phone num- ber of someone in your city who can provide more information — and send it to Western City, 1400 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814; fax: (916) 444-5129. WESITFL`J Crty, JawuARY 1993 Ll by Jerry Haag and Steven T. Mattas Regulating adult businesses In California today involves solving a complex equation — balancing legal Issues, land use plan• ning considerations, community interests and the rights of adult business owners and operators. This article describes Ontario, California's recent experiences with the adult business ordinance update process in a climate of changing legal requirements and strong citizen Interest. The authors believe Ontario's experience can be used as a blueprint for other communities desiring to under- take similar efforts. Ontario's interest in adopting revised adult business requirements was sparked by the 1990 opening of an adult video store in a new industrial park. 'Me use violated the citys mid-1970s adult business require- ments, but city leaders realized that ordi- nance needed updating if it were to be enforceable. The nine -month planning pro- cess undertaken by Ontario. culminating in the preparation and adoption of a new ordi- nance was led by 'Michael E. O'Connor, Interim City :Manager of Ontario. The pro- mary issues included: Continued WEMRN CrN. DECFMBER 1992 • Developing an under,=,ding of ,igci . t ant Irgal issue, • I )rfinm)t adult boson",t" r) be rekvlatt•d • Dt'tt'rl`li'1lile"IrKX:%e ,rcolldal'l t•neo, tit adull use, • Idenniving ,cn,divr land use,. • Ident:ly ung pu:entia; ;acanons Ior new Ault blwntrs,r, •h.,tab:)shmg dctelupnierl and per:.�r- mance standard,_ • Determining an adequate permit review process. • I)eai:nl; with (•xl+Ung wh'I um Legal Issues r\real tl,urt dt-ci- ,.n,ll:l,:.y ill ,tl akUlur, abli lly .rash :n,,,:•.r, ;)l n' :: ^uu:.,:p,d rrk;uutn a) ul tilt• l mcrn.li appt"U'Jtcr ,old g)t'r,d..,ll ul ad U!l WCilillt I ', r the palpu,r ul coutrol- '.:n)t the r.egaucr,tt'und,u'y ..'Wit b,l,.nr,,,":Cud pit „'\Illq ': a'rlLldalt „I :i'"'),III .tins t.mnnl Ilnw nl rr,trn'I u lyp, ,rl ulnp il,,l ,nLl nl ' "i;dll ll µ111.I1 .V IJ II I)U,i' visa,". 1„cal rrywrrnu nil which purposely attempt to regulate the salt• .lod content of adult materials clolale the I'Irst .'unendment to the United States Constitution. The leading United States Supren•e Court case regarding adult businesses is City of Renton v Playtime Theatres. Inr (1986) IU6 S Ct 925. In Renton, the Supreme Court held an adult business ordi- nance will be analyzed as a "content neutral time, place, and manner speech regulation' where the city s "predominant concerns" in adopting the ordinance is the secondary (flrcts cl adult businesses on the community and not the content of the speech involved. A content neutral ordinance is one that I (vulate, Il,r reasur,, other than the form ul ,pert h rxprr,sed Fur example, m Renton, /rrry Baaq is an independent planningtrmstd- tant in Berkeley. California Steven 7' Mattas is an associate a4th the law firm of Aleyen. .Vane. Riback t4 Silver in Jan Leandro. Il.r Supreme Court rrc„k:un'u the City ul Urntuu %a,, regulating All ,tv undary em-cts Mt'IudlnK clinlV and drt rra,rd property ital- .It" nl Cit•:ttlull bt:ails„t, ,l, uppu,rd to the content of the nt,aenal++old by adult bu,lnc„t•, \1ltrn nn,Iiv:nq whetltcr an on :rm:a• :> wntUnt rcu'.l'a.. t! Ic a,urts :uuk to :itr;Jn9ll,l9C ul intent exl,rc„t'd in dieurdi- 1XICIL• 'I•hrrefore, cllie, 1111.111 insure the lan- guage ul intent exprr,+h identities that the city', purpuse Is to rruvtate the ,ecundary effects of adult businesses and not the cun- tent of the matey ads sol(I ther(•in. a, no n a recently decided case, City of.Vational City v. Weiner (1992) 92 Daily journal DAR. 14709, fill- California Supreme Court upheld Vauunal CA)s adult business rrdmancc against a First Amendment challenge National City's ordinance pernnts the location of adult business- es with n :seas coned commercial pruc:dcd that the adult busiur„ dues not locate within lux) fret of any pruperty zoned residential or w':dun 15U0 feet of any park, school, or other adult business. -Ihe urdinancr provides an exception to the site distance requirements, however, for adult business located within a retail shopping center anywhere in an area zoned com- mercial, if the business frontage is oriented into an enclosed mall or the retail center is isolated from the direct view of any street, park, school, church or residential -zoned property 'Iair Supreme Court held ;hat, even with these site limitations, the ordinance provided reasonable alternative avenues of communication and was therefore consdtutional. lini, decision is based on the C.S. Supreme Court case of City of Renton r Playtime Theatres discussed in this article. Assuning an adult busint•„ ordinance is content neutral, the urdmanc e will likeh be upheld if it is designed to serve a substan- tial governmental interest. In Renton, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its prior state- inents that a city has a substantial govern- mental interest in attempting to preserve the quality of urban life by avoiding the see- undary effects caused by adult businesses. Defining An Adult Business An integral part of the ordinance preparation process is defining what types of activities should be regulated as adult business activities. As cities increase then rvk'J:.!i,n nl ,peclfir adult business activitit +.: hr bu,ine" uw ❑- ers become more crrauce In labelink, their acuv)tirs. •Thus. cities lijuld structure their dt•linitiun of an adult bu,inr,s to identify ty pt"tit activities and Ilan provide +ix-cific I xaltiplr•, ul such acUt't a', .\ helpful ,uun'e I:1 adult business dcti::. IneIvicently'-publi,ht c. Place and hfannerl,rhu,rn.. I•trit•. „rid Sean. Suuthwl ,' ;, ...:. . Identifying Negative Secondary Effects part of lltr ,� .. r,, ; rr; tiun pruce,,. b,,,l. ,-o n, te, identify a :t;A. the presence of adult i.,:.r,+r+ it community and negati%v ,erundar fects.:'t;t:I . t •, c.I::ve uudan .nc urn ..,, rt Curd itl ,Ili, „r rnCr, t uu•P� tr' it t.gel l l • nr a.' Au,li1 1"m plra•ti , , • , Il;rl Identifying Sensitive Land Uses ri rnsitive laud u+r, .,rr thusc which are likely it be Ihr &mffimpacted by the ; r,l .r ct ni businesses. Typical:}, ,Jt n u,r, nil parks and playgrounds. r :-arches. +c and day care centers an'! wl. yr :•.-xt quented by minor,.';'.:r .I,; l I ,t-n uses can be tailored it 'I rri :!ir ul reeds of individua: curer•'.:,'.' r-+ I Inv when cities identify' senior iand u,ei should be aware of the o-t-n1lzl trip terms of available a::eras .t c sacs to : fying too many type, ul ,rlt,:ucr land Potential Locations — Providing Reasonable Alternative Sites dal[ buatnrs, Ilyd:nanrt, provide for rva,wi-blc JII live aveuur, I, , u nnrinuc. According to the l S � , ."t t ' tit Lenctr: OF CALIFORNIA Crrtts rst Amendment requires only that (cities) ,frain from efft•ctivOy denying (adult busi- ^sses) a rrasnnalile olmornmity Ill open id operate an adult thralre within the ly" (Rrnhrn. supret. if imi S.C. at 932.) hu,. a city m•hl .i^oa !,Ir a Irc:tlly ❑rlr. .lilt(- mintierrd ,)o Gn• fin urradnll u,(-, In Rnrinn, mr l nm•I •n,lrnrl- I thai t Ill . r ,if rrcnla i ;.rink in„ ',t ,pr t',mG ,h� m er lit , i4•rlrt i4t r rim, n ati•IC:h( I ,Nevi„rr, v,prn. Inr. 11 ;if 11.) snnu• troll I, have ❑illidd it cnnt- ined approach regulating adult use, oth by dispersing them and effectively mcentrating them. For example, in S&C 'eves n City of Southgate. (E.D. MI. 1986) 38 F.Supp. lflfi(l, 1063, the court upheld it ming scheme which limited aduh busi- !ssea to C-3 zones and imposed location - restrictions (such as 1.000 feet from :her adult uses, 500 feet from residential welling%). Other courts have, however, validated nrdinances which impose cep 'tuiun rrniiirrmrntc between aflult hu,i- •„ u,r, antl ulhr• It moor n„ , when In,r i n r�l'rigr', . „,t'' 9• I:I'Ir Iggv,, n.I i. Int• wl e0411l h•ii,I,It .•'n uprratr (Irr Willa Prnpernrs. Ine. r. City of Wilmer Ili Cie 1988) 861 F.2d 1102 and City of Canton a Cox (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d i57, 255 Cal.Rptr. 682) In Walnut Properties. Inc.. a federal appel- te court reviewed R'hinier's ordinance hich permitter) adult businesses in com- ercial and indus!rial znnrs, but prohibited em from locating within 500 feet of resi. rntial lots and businesses holding liquor senses. and from within 1.000 feet of :hools, churches, parks, or other adult rsinesses. In its decision. the court said e separation requirement rendered the ember of acres where adult businesses ere permitted a meaningless figure. stead, the court focused on the number potential sites available, which depended it so much on the total acreage available ider the zoning scheme, but on how that !reage was dispersed or concentrated roughout the city. Finding the ordi. knee would allow only "a small handful" adult businesses to operate in the City of bittier, the court held the ordinance iconstitutional. (IYalnut Properties, supra. 1108-1110.) Similarly, in City of Stanton u Cox, a Cal- rnia appellate court invalidated an ordi- nce which prohibited adult businesses thin 500 feet of any church, school. rk, playground or residential area and thin 1,000 feet of another adult business impermissibly restricting access to law - fill speech, where the town contained only In light of the analysis of tht-w p ,ix sites where, regardless of availability, Renton cases. a city must ensure boat an adult bu,inr,s could operate•. C witini MELLO-Roos ADMINISTRATION By MFS WILL HELP YOU COMPLY WITH THE NEW CDAC REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, LOWER GENERAL FUND COSTS AND CONTROL DELINQUENCIES* Pass The Word Our Performance Is A PLUS This impressive rate for our PLUS Fund is no secret to more than 150,000 public sector participants in retirement plans administered by the ICMA Retirement Corporation (RC). Put the PLUS Fund to work for your employees. Only through the ICMA Retirement Trust. And only through plans administered by RC. Now that we've passed the word, don't pass up the performance. Call today, toll -free (800) 669.7400. 1 Retirement is our middle name. II V\ *Average Annual Yield for deferred compensation plan variable investment contract fund as of 10/31 /92. Since there M no trading market forinvesbTmt omtmcM, retumscortslst of yield only. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Call or write for Worms oon, including management fees and expenses. ICMA-RC Services, Inc broker/dealer. ICMA Retirement Corporation • M North Copilot Street NE • Sulw fee • wuhinabn D.C. soaorAaa WESTERN CITY, DECEMBER 1992 W,qulatutgAdult Businesses. Continued n re,trlctions prescribed by an adult busi- Ie,s ordinance allow an opportunity fur it adult bustle" to operate within the :Iy While the rlrcaimn to cuncentratr ur hsperse adult business ur apply a imn- nned approach I, ultimately a pulley deer tun, the city should ensure the chosen pproach does not effectively preclude dult business from locating in the city. Historically. cummunaies have select - (I one tit three regulatory approaches — oncentrated, dispersed or combined 'It(- concentrated approach involves c're- tmg a ,pedal zone dulrict which places II adult busine„es in one area in a city t dispersed approach, allows conunutni- Ie, to rh,trlbuic adult u,e, throughout he community through separation r, luironlent, A,unlbined •approach ro- :ure, dllult ❑,v, to ,Uld1V 0111V wollitl , Milli nmmg rf:dru I, and regmrrs min - morn rintam r, belwren adult buss t., I,es, as well as m:ninlutn distance, ltween adult bnnutr„rs and other sen- Itrve uses Once a location Ovate* Is decided, the lumber of potential locations caul be esti- mated through a mapping exercise. First, Tuning districts to accommodate adult u,t, are identified (u,mg the concentrat- od, dispersed or combination approach). then all sensitive land uses within appro- priate zmle(s) are mapped and develop- ment and performance standards applied (see discussion of such standards, below)..-Veas not otherwise excluded as being too dose to sensitive land uses would therefore be eligible for the loca- ;inn of an adult business. Establishing Development And Performance Criteria any cities require new adult businesses to comply with minimum development and performance standards, in the context of unnimlzmg negative ,cconda ry rffccts of adult uses. Typical standards require a minimum distance between an adult busi- nebs and sensitive land uses, limitations on entry by minors, and limitations on exterior display signs. ■ Project Definition ■ Project Development Planning ■ FeaslDmty/Financing Analysis a Preconstructlan Services ■ Construction Management • Occupancy/Operations Analysis & Planning SNYDER LANESTON REW EStatEand Cons'iltlCt`m $ErvkES Corporate Heddqua,ters 17962 Cowan • Irvine CA 92714 . 714-863-9200 Inland E—,wt Los AngeleS '.mlo'd/venrord Sd^. D,ego 7:4/36'1 714:, 1131628.1122 eJ5/988 1585 619/496-3700 Permit Review Process Arm rues may regmry n.rw wiuit u,t obtain speual orate ap;lrm such as sunlit: ,:.,.:., pe rr Care must be taken, huwev, r sI enure such requirements are r.,,t .ma:ldated prior restraint. In a recent case. a C alife appellate court invalidated a Los Ang County conditional use permit recuirer because of the absence tit a specific 1 frame within which the cmaity mast app urdeny conditional use pern:n apphcad (People u Library One G, wI l) J29 Cal Ap 973. 280 CalAptr.4W) A similar ruling was made against adult business regular adopted by the City of Dallas. 1FIV PBS. t. Dallas (1990) 110 S CI ,b6 ) -Ilse Ci Ontario responded to this „sue by adof a six-month processing pcn,,d. I,,r (, mdn ,l use permits for ad,Ii; h..,un s,c, Existing Uses entiment may exist to amorttzl phase out, adult bu,me,se, w: already operate in the rnmmuni a new ordinance i, approv, d. such I tresses may become icgai ;w;-cunforr uses, or may already have existed as I nun -conforming uses. Anwrtizatio existing adult business use, may of however, care must be taken to pe owners of adult uses and upportu to recoup their financla: i!;ve,;mem their businesses. California and federal 0111 its have sistently held that zoning ordinances validly provide for the o eni ual Iernuna of nun -conforming uses wrthuut cumpt tion if the ordinance pro%ides fi,r a rev ,Ible amortization porwe ronl:ucn.0 with the investment :m„'.veu Rlnetl particularatnurliztaunl ,m% ,ol 11rovl( reasonable time period , ,,,: u w n,urate the investment invuhetl (spend, ),n eat the facts of each individual case In ma such a determination, the dects:on-ma body must view several lac;nrs and balance "the public gam to be derived the speedy removal of :r, ::,w („n G,rr .ne against the Innate.,,, w h„ is Inn ufthcusrwuuklrnt.,IL" tt,:m.1/rdta, r. City of San Diego (ISImo 26 Cal 'id 164 Cal.Rptr. 510. 530) Because reguh of adult businesses mist, potrnnal .Lnendment concerns, court, inure ch scrutinize amortization pruyt+luns when combined with re,trlc;.ve aoult nesv ordinances. oiwi,de lu ,eve restrict opportunities tar pt utected ex, LEAGCE OF CALIFORINIA CITIES on. (Purple Onion, Inc. r. Jackson (N.D. A. 1981) 511 F.Supp. 1207) Courts have identified a number of fac- rs cities should consider in making deter- inations regarding the reasonableness of particular amortization period. Some of iese factors include: The adult business owner's financial investment in the adult business; The present actual and depreciated value of the business improvements; The remaining lease term: The cost of relocating the adult business; The ability of the business and/or land owner to change the use to a conform- ing use: The date upon which the property owner and/or business owner received notice of the non -conforming status of his or her use; and The effects on the health, safety and wel- fare of surrounding businesses and uses if the adult business is permitted to oper- ate beyond the initial amortization peri- od. Metro Media. Inc. v. City of San Diego, supra; and 11126 Baltimore Boulevard v Prince George's County (4th Cir. 1989) 886 F.2d 1415) Under Ontario's new ordinance, existing dult businesses have a maximum of two ears to comply with the provisions of the rdinance which would include relocating t areas within the city where adult busi- esses are conditionally permitted uses, he ordinance does, however, provide an dministrative process whereby an existing cult business can request the extension of s amortization period. Such an administra- ve process is desirable because it permits ie city to evaluate carefully the reason- bleness of the amortization period for ach adult business and because the pro- ess creates an administrative record. :ommunity Review pdating adult regulations can become a potentially explosive issue in the community. Residents tay have strong feelings regarding the nation of future adult businesses, espe- ally if adult uses are anywhere near their eighborhood. Adult business owners want fair consideration as to their constitutional ghts to operate. To understand the full Inge of feelings in Ontario, the City ouncil directed that a series of community eetings be held to fully explain legal sues to the public and a solicit input as to ,nge of acceptable regulatory solutions. Conclusion ntario's experience regulating adult businesses can be used by other communities faced with the same issues, so long as individual dif- ferences between communities are rec- ognized. The entire process took approx- imately nine months. The stakes are high and the pitfalls are many. But suc- cessfully dealing with the legal, planning and citizen involvement issues can sif icantly assist in improving the app� ante and quality of life in our comm ties while upholding our constituti< right of free speech. WIN California Energy Commission is pleased to announce the award winners of "EneirEn Govievnment" Berkeley • Best Large City for its Nortb and West Senior Centers, Fire Administration Building and Hall of Justice Seal Beach • Best Medium -Sized City for its City Hall and Marina Community Center Loma Linda Best Small City for its Public Library and Fire Department Building The Commission's Energy Partnership Program assists cities and countles in becoming more energy efficient. Each year, It gives special recognition to three cities for their superior energy-efficlency accomplishments. WESTERN CITY, DECEMBER 1992 FREE, EXPERT SAVING MONEY Last June, when the City of Lafayette was in the midst of the same budget crisis which enveloped virtually every other gov- ernmental agency in the state, the City Council decided to turn once again to its volunteer system for assistance. Insisting that a fresh look at the city's finances and operations was needed, Mayor Don Tatzin proposed the formation of a new "finance committee" to review municipal operations and recommend strategies for mak- ing the city more efficient. After meeting thro.tghout the summer and early fall, the committee aientnxil S4tw,000 of annual savings opportunities w hich could be implemented within two years— or the equivalent of 10 percent of the city s general fund budget. Overall. we believe that Lafayette's experience wtih this %o!unteer management audit was pu,dive and that it might be favorably applied to other cities. Paul Jansen is Chair of the Lafayette Finance Committee and a Principal in the San Francisco office of .11rKinsev K Company Steven Falk is the Assistant City Alanager of the City of Lafayette. ike many other cities in California. 1 oche has an acuvc cure of citizens wha %oluttanh serve on city commit- tee, and commissions. Currently, more than 160 people serve on Lafayette's boards: most of these volunteers are city -%rierans- who have for many years fol- lowed and promoted municipal programs. Itatht-r than turn to the same cure group of citizen-%olunteers for the hinance Com- mittee. however. the Council decided the city would benefit by rooting out latent tal- ent in the community that had heretofore been inactive in the city', decision-maldng process. ,uch a group would be less wed - Lratn r OFC.AJ.IIOUNIl Chit. d to specific city programs, less intimate th the Council, and less biased toward or ainst staff. The challenge was to unearth such a oup. Normally, when attempting to fill mmission vacancies, the city posts notices the local paper, then interviews and ap- iints those who respond, Because the ape of the Finance Committee required at members possess financial acumen and ptificant experience in program evalua- in, it was suggested that a more aggres- re and selective approach be taken. Given the skills required for the job, anagement consultants and Certified iblic Accountants seemed to be a natural So staff made telephone calls to the per- nnel departments of large consulting and counting firms located in the Bay Area to entity key consultants who lived in fayette. The Mayor subsequently sent tees of introduction to professionals who d, often unwittingly, become candidates - the committee. Four people. including ree management consultants and a finan. d planner for a private sector firm applied serve. Shortly thereafter, the City wncil appointed a four -person Finance rmmittee to perform the pro -bond study the city. PPROACHING HE PROBLEM Once convened. Finance Committee !mbers pursued the fnllowing general proach: teviewed the operations of all depart- nents and funds, interviewed all depart- nent heads, forecasted revenues and %penses for the next five years and Clear- y outlined assumptions to set a baseline or measuring progress: itudied revenues and expenses of six peer" cities which are comparable to afayette in size and demographics, and alculated per capita comparisons to iden. ify potential areas for improvement: tvestigated innovative and "best demon- trated practices" in other municipalitic% nd the private sector and evaluated ✓hether they could be applied in afayette: esearched various revenue improve- aent and cost reduction alternatives. uantified the potential value, and idend- Pied important issues associated with each idea. Perhaps more than any single topic, the Committee attempted to understand Lafayette c current financial situation and define key uncertainties facing the city. her three months of weekly meetings, the Finance Committee presented a 100-page report to the City Council. The report suggests that Lafayette — like most other California cities —faces signifi- cant long-term financial risks, particularly since so many of the major municipal rev- ■ The report suggests that Lafayette — like most other California cities —faces significant long-term financla/ Asks, particularly since so many of the major municipal revenue sources are ultimately controlled by the ailing State of California. ■ enue sources are ultimately controlled by the ailing State of California. It also stressed that the city's infrastructure pro- gram is woefully underfunded. As noted above, the Committer identi. fied almost 5400,(NN) worth of cost -saving recommendations, representing 10 percent of the city'%general fund budget. which could be implemented within two years. In all, the Finance Committee preserved forty. three recommendations for streamlining the city's operations. 4Phile many of the suggestions relate specifically to Lafayette, several might be applied to other cities, including the following: • Draw up a long-term forecast of revenues and expenses, using optimistic and pos. simistic revenue scenarios. Develop a con. fingency plan for reducing costs/services should the pessimistic scenario occur. %Pursue the option of combining police and fire operation% into a public safely force. Potential savings from this is could be significant (up to i 1 3 mill annually for Lafayette). • Phase out subsidies to the citv's rec ation programs and, instead. encoun the Director to engage in maraet-ba• pricing and aggressive marketing Lafayette and neighboring communiti *Adopt a revised budgeting system wh includes a five-year plan, performer targets. new incentives for emploveet save money, and the elimination of a li item review by Council *Be Uer utilize city assets by srCmg or k ing all vacant properties owned by I city unless they are being held :or sw ic, near -term purposes. After presenting the reporr, the nance Committee asked 1hv l.ddye City Council to pass a I v,,duti adopting all forty-three recommendam in one fell swoop. This bet o1 politi brinksmanship was driven by the coma tee'.s concern that the report would oth wise wind up collecting dust on a h, Much discussion followed, and the C Council ultimately adopted the resuiuti with a modification requiring the C Manager to bring all "issues related public policy" back to the Council belt final implementation. Recognizing some of the recommen, dons will take time to achieve. a File otht will require the cooperation of .thvr g� ernment agencies, the City Council al directed the Finance Committee to reel vene quarterly to audit progress antd rely back to the City Council. 'I ),I, ptartvi audit is designed as a safety check ensure the recommendations are her implemented by staff. While not a panacea for all tit the cir problems, the recommendations in the port, the resolution, and the audit prose set up mechanisms and incentives for cc savings and better financial planning. May Tatzin, himself an independent consulta, heralded the Finance Committers work sc ing, "while your work was, in a sense. 'tre it is of inestimable value to the t ny". Copies of the report are ararlable for S, by uniting Steven Falk, City ofla/nyette, P Box 1968, i�tlayette, CA 94549 F"r a list the committee's recommendations. plea turn to page 28. Continued ,n pagei Wi.:srr.RN Crly, DIiCFMRN.R 1992 u E I I I e Fr weatem onmae s ^ J eaa COMMl1NIC4Tx7NS G-oe^, and l-c.r._ CON,SULIANTS. INC, Toll -Free: (800) 247.47R 011e464 Nationwide and International Wl"Isins•Kuollell ock a "]_• sd Associated Inc. It•al estate eeaaerale a Financial coasunaata . r,arl xene^•'< and 'su+Gat av rl 1 , f �f".1fx[n G'001 •'.O SDOI+, On x•a,fd'f1 eO.1in e,..ry C' taro tent.. Tea el 701 eCA as emR}n NI,,I ca Ca aACe}. 0.10 m 1R } deroerw pit i•IK f W IM1IM CA a}71a•IlNl atllaa• F'rrr F.xperf Adore. Continued from page 9 GLOBAL GENERAL FUND RECOMMENDATIONS • AL::l ely pur,ue all 4gib:attve and legal ,,venues to gain the c.:y s fall fair share of property taxes. • Monitor long-term objectives by reviewing progress quarterly ut City Council meetings • Deve:up a contingency plan for reducink ,ervices necessary to eliminate a potential shortfall of Sl million • When all cubs reduction opportunities have been exhausted alternative revenue sources tapped, and further service reduc- tions deemed unacceptable, consider a tem- purary tax such as the uulity tax current] under con,lderation by Iafayruv voters • Prepare a detailed long-range capital expenditure program based on an ob)ec ';ve rev irw of du cily,asart, • ldenufy potential state, federal, and county funding sources for the kinds of capital projects required by Luayette in the next five to ten years and mount aggressive pr •, grams to capture these funds for the city • To the extent that a shortfall remains, in,ti- late new dedicated funding sources lur capital improvements. CITY ATTORNEY • Restrict requests for contracted City Attorney service, to City Council mrm- hers. department managers and the Cay Manager • Introduce char budget accountability for attorney% expenditures in each functional department s annual budget. • Restrict City Attorney attendance to Council and Commission meetings wl•err 'cgal coun,i-i I, necessary • Continue to benchmark legal fees (rate, and usage) against liver cities. ROMA Urban Design • Development Planning Streetscape Design • Specific Planning 1527 SIOcAton Slr•el San F,anosco CA 94133 141516169900 FAA 415)708e728 URBAN FUTURES INC MANNING' Af OIVILONAINI I IiNANCI­IIVAI,IA.,r An I ChaamN A* SW le fu11,1MA, CA Trion fiA + Call today to find out how you can take your place In the Professional Services Directory California city officials consult when they need help. Contact Western City's Advertising Manager, Johan Flagg at (916) 444.6790. POLICE • Aggressively pursue the creation of a Public Safety Force RECREATION • Do not subsidize progr,mis that are offered by the private sector • Phase out the $200.000 annual subsidy over the course of two N. ears. • Give the Recreation Director full profit-and- luss responsibility for the recreatiun department. • Decide which prugrxiis are lur the "getter. al good" and subsidise them individually from the General Fund PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT • sci up tratcgtc s. he ilull a and prowrams to idenuly recurring urunu•nanic problvi is .cod ways to resolve them • Investigate ordinance, or ,pre ial ,mnrba merit districts which would lequtre pri- vate property owners to abate plant growth and droppings that encroach on public rights of way. • Investigate projects that could be more effi- ciently delivered by contractors, analyze the current full cost to the city of that pro- ject and solicit outside bids. CLERICAL STAFFING • Review clerical staffing and productivity levels with the City Manager. • Have one receptionist handle ail reception services, freeing department secretaries for departmental dulir, • Close the city offices at lunch time CITY OFFICES • Pursue luwer cost opt:uu, for housing the city offices. INTERGOVERNMENTAL ISSUES • Assign the City Manager fell responsibility for coordinating intergovernmental rela- tions. with support and action (where required) by the City (nLinciI • Reinstate funding fur lafay cut \ i,l.,, II city's newsletter) in the fina l:r, t )..di.. • Develop other effective nCcans L. n,i nicetnig with and mobilumg L.W,-n+ CITY MANAGEMENT • Adopt a revised budget system. • Revse the check -writing pu:ip II Council focuses on major issues and m. agers are empowered and t m uuraged make Independent decisions. • Review the merit pay plan and regoii, wider gaps between relarve pert manse levels. • Adopt an incentive compensation syst which is based upon achievvig .:mi rrwa iug indiv iduals and tewris of en ;1:1Iv ors reaching pre,deternimed goal, • Enter into an eltlpluymect cunu-act w the City Manager of one to u.•,r v, is COMMISSIONS • Roll all Council and Commission cue including staff, space, and materials, i. one budget program. • Review the missions of and need for all I commissions and committees ASSET UTILISATION • Conduct a sale/lease analysis for each pr erty to determine the highest and best I. • Convert properties into revenue gene ing assets unless they are being hv:d fc specific near -term purpose PLANNING FEES • Calculate and adupt a revised rate and schedule for planning and engmcer which incorporates ail direct izid indiv costs associated with service cirhverv. • Require that Planners and Enginrrrs rill daily time cards to better track p-u , •c*. cis • Limit Planning and other Ice. -,cry personnel attendance at Counc:i ,ird of public meetings. LFAou OF CALIFORNIA Cums A R.I.P. "I'he naked ratan pondering the location of his lust 6 :'1 ha,dtgau'ttd "Ecunumtrs, Efficiencies& Darned Good Ide. forever. (I'he editor got really sick of him!) Still Kicking! luwever, the teawre remains, and I tester C'ttc ❑ o help lu ktrp the alive. C una• on: With the financial um..,. your city has been under the la,t few years, you know ) oa come up with dozens ul ways to batten down the hatt he.,, [)take your city 5 revenues go a little bit further. Give n .,,I thought. No idea is too big or tau small to help some otl city get more dune with less. So, put your idea (or ideal paper in 75 words or le,,, include infurmwiun about o,,: , iugs or incrca- d of ficicncy, include the nuuue, bile,utd ph, number of suinvone in your city who caul provide mure cob motion — and mail it to Western City, 1400 K titre Sacramentu, CA 95b 14. AB 939 Recycling Goals/ MRF Facility \w Cariu, and m-verl other cities in san %lateu lo_; have turuwd a Joint Poworn Authority UPA) her rrcycanga garbage rullti•tiun. Asa i n-t of thin J 1'A, the cities hate nei wiled an arrangement with the carrier to put in a %late[) Recycling Facility (MR') and a curbside recycling pick program. In addition, the franchise agreement guarank that the participating cities will meet theirAB 939 rec% L goals — thereby removing a potential compliance cu,t luture budgets. Contact. Michael Garvey, City Manag (415) 81.12.4238. Shared Fire Department With Belmont For the last 10 year,. the cities of Set Carlos and Bvl::u I fat r upenavtl a joint f ire dtpartment know it as tenth Coh.i Fire.'Iltis consolidation ul fire department services na>.n each city ,vvvrid hundred thuusnal dollars each year In ad lion, South County Fire Is now providing fire service to t Redwood Shores area in Redwood City on a fee -for -sere basis. This has enabled Redwood City to avoid the cost o new fire smtion in that area and has provided added revenu to the South County Fire department. Contact: %licha Garvey, City %tanager. (41.5) t3 24228. Li.:Aat e OF CAI--u'uICNLA Cyrus Redevelopment Agency 3usiness/City Grants The San Carlos Redevelopment Agency las provided facade grants to local buso- lesses to stimulate growth in the Re- levelopment area. loans up to $5,000 are mailable only if the business matches the :ity grant on a dollar -for -dollar basis. This lot only guarantees buy -in" from the local irms but it also more effectively leverages tedevelopment Agency fun& since every lollar in grant funds is matcher) by at least me dollar of private funds. Contact: Steve Natry, Economic Development Director, 415) 802-4209. Comparing Business Licenses To State Records In addition bt traditional means of audit- ing city business license records, the Finance staff ran the State Sales Tax Permit list for San Carlos against the busi- ness license file. The result? Discovery of more than 300 unlicensed businesses in San Carlos, reSUlling in a one-time revenue increase of �30-000 plus an annual increase in business license• revenues of ',I5.ot0. Contact: Brian Moors, Assistant City Manager/Finance Director, (415) 802-0210. Phone System Audit & Upgrade he C ity :%Tanager wanted to convert the city phone sys- tem from a PBX -based sys- tem to a direct dial system. Even so, there was no money in the budget for this pro- ject. Staff arranged for two phone providers to perform audits of the city phone sys. ol^ tern (including lines and • I/� tariffs). Savings from ,ontracting Out :or Street Sweeping To reduce costs, San Carlos has contract - A out street sweeping services. The hange eliminated one position as well as naterial and supply costs and vehicle epair costs. It also allowed the city to avoid eplacement costs of the street sweeping nachine and provided a higher level of weeping services. Savings: S80,000 per ear plus MWO for a new street sweeping nachine every three years. Contact: Parvtz 4okhtari, Public Works Director/City :ngineer, (415) 802.4202. the audit would bo used to offset the cost of direct dial and voice mad service. The successful vendor identi- fied $25.000 per year in savings through elimination of building to building lines. revised tariffs and equipment which had been disconnected but was un- knowingly being billed to the city. Con- tact: Brian Moura, Assistant City Man- ager/Finance Director, (415) 802-4210. Contracting Out For Street Striping After completing street resurfacing on major city streets two years ago, the Public V arks Department hired a contractor to install thermoplastic striping. This changed the striping cycle from twice a year to once every five years. In addition, it eliminated the need for a three -person striping crew. Savings: $135,OM per year plus reduced equip- ment needs in Public Works. Contact Parviz Mokhtari, Public Works Director/ City Engineer. (415) 802-4202. Cost Avoidance Res rn City Council has approv,.rf U g 5200.000 from (,rnr•ra1 Reserve (ands to a retitncted re known as the ^CostAvoidancr Rest Funds in dt s reserve wi11 be approPr a Vative Ways department heads who come up with doing businessreduce the on m"going h Join ontl nod. Pro'�in a 12- to [t_ Chide sects to be funded in , - stalli earlyPayoff oflease/ this wa) network costs,ng fiber optic tees to Cut Phone a gci vehicles andconve trci city ngot tonaturalgasand/orrle tY among others. Con Assistant City y tau Brian , (415) 802 anager/FUa Moor -4210. ante Direeto Cost -Of -Services Study Ralhrr than conduct a tray: , i,. sturdy".I!a•City conducted a't­1,,I r, stuck.". The study revu,%t( d •' , t„ •r Fund s1111,1dy to the Sewers t development Agency and City �r t q specific parties. The result an ar r.. rt in allocated costs away from :'re t,, •i Fund (� 182,000 per year), incrc;, vd I ($200,(e)0 per year) and City Cuunt iI (it tion/policy on the level of cost recovery each city department and/or service a Contact: Brian Moors. Assistant ( Manager/Finance Director, (415) 602.4, Using funds available from the San Carlos's City Cost Avoidance Reserve and a utility company rebate. the Building Maintenance staff is relamping the City Hall building. This will be done in two phases to take full benefit of the rebates. Staff estimates the project will have a 12-month payback and electri- cal costs will be reduced by almost 820.0n u i per year once the new lights and ballasts are in stalled at City Hall. Similar work at other city buildings is under study. Contact: Jim Skeels. Parks & Recreation Director.WS) 8024286. Continued oe Pug( WEsm..RN Cry, DECEMBER 1992 illowance Under supervision of the Director of ;ommumty Development. performs profes- ',ional planning duties related to current and idvanced planning Processes plans applica- ions and proposals for the city development lerforms as project manager for the city s first 3enerai Plan May supervise planning consul - ants and,lor subordinate staff. Applicant must lave knowledge of General Plan adoption lrocess. CEPA code enforcement issues. per- ;onal computer operation Applicant must have our (4) years experience as Senior Planner and City of Decatur, Illinois B A. Degree in urban planning. Apply by December 14. 1992 to City of Lake Forest 23778 Mercury Rd . Lake Forest. CA 92630 F O R S A L E' FIRE PUMPER FOR SALE-1975 International 2070A - Van Pelt 1250 G P M single stage Hale wAMsconsin powered Berkeley booster pump with reel. 500 gallon tank: 232 HP. Detroit 571: This modern ril3• my 85.000 located in central Illinois is seeking qua it! ed c,mdidules Ior two key Piss It withm Its I'ublw w Lis kv Department bepup Direrorul loublln 11 mrtA- I Um L L if of !'uh6L 11 urA, clle,b,c 13 t, 921 DCpislinellt hnl,hh ul Ill ,tall fbpell- ,tble Ior illy l n2ernlg. Isa I Ile ellg l lleCrind. In ullRlpa l ter\lee venter. w,uer praductsun. lake managennol. call ltoI improve- ments. and operating budget of S145 million (Salary S47,412-559..65) Cits, Engineer - Responsible Ior I ngmeeri ng Ili\ hiun with ,tall I I,,, .,no In lgonitoperanng budgci Regwrebrcgulru- IlunnlliIs, ohorabilityloobtuIII (Salary S39.1 a3-S48.9140) Bacheier', dcgiee In vi\d enginrenng or a closely related field and 5-10 }cal, of super\ isury Inanagemem experience required Submit reswne with live work -related references and currant salary by December la. 1992. to Dunna Starling. Ralph 4nder\en is 4ssuriures, 3e60 weal Vorthwesl High. was. lL,ita23(1 Daiia,. Ic\ab 7522e lure nitre inlurmutiun. 'a111214, 1I5h• 09, Assistant Data Systems Manager Orange County, Florida ��a� • . i Orange County IOrlandol. Florida. population 675.000, is seeking all Abbhlwn Data $}Items Mandgervsnh background incmnputeny,tents inmlagcnuni dnJ Je\elopulenl Po,lnonu\ersecs Vua6ty 4s,uolnce and Systemb Dc\ elupment .,lit Section36 statrund budget of a\cr S2 million. 4 bachelor s degree in Computer Science. Business Analysis or closely related area regwred clung w nh 8.10 years experience in programming and protect control and 5 year, in sy scam, dc\elup- inent. database btructure and quality assurance. Entry les d salary - $43.701. nvguuabic is, S5o.aae IDO01 Orange County is an equal opportunity empluver Submit resume w uh rive work -related reterenus and current salary by U 1 03 9310 Donna Starling. Ralph Andersen & Associates. 3860 west Northuest Highway. Stu 230. D:dla,. T\ 75220. 12141956•"09" Allison MT640 Automatic 5-speed. 29 GVWR: 184" Wheelbase, 23.000 odors miles. pre -plumbed for water mcmtor Minis bid $15 000. It can be inspected at into C Pinole Fire Station, 880 Tennent Avenue Pi CA 94564.(510t724.8970 Economies, Efficiencies, and Darted Ideas!, Continued Habitual Offenders Enforcement Using infornlauon from the contractoi collects parking tickets for San S1 County, the San Carlos Police Deparu compiled a list of "habitual offenders" viduals with five or more unpaid parking ets and the locations where they parke strong letter was then sent to these nx oats informing them that their veh would be booted or towed if the overdue ets were not paid within 15 days. -liie r was a one-time collecUon of S I5,Cx k) in due tickets plus another 85,(300 over the several months through police towil some of these vehicles. Contact: 1 Moura, Assistant City:Manager/Fin Director, (415) 802.4210. Joint Training Consortil Sall Carlos has joined ,vvvtal lid RT ill fan %lateu County ill lurmml, a ['raining Consortium. This pro} enables the Personnel Departments t participating cities to cut their ensts of supervisory, safely and management ink, by sharing the costs of tramt•rs training facilities. It also provides hi quality trainers and enables these age to meet new training needs and marl like SB 198 training, AIDS awareness ing and sexual harassment training more timely basis. Contact: Leslie Los Personnel Director, (415) 802.4287. A Non -Profit Foundatio For The Senior Center A group named "Friends of the Carlos Senior Center" has been form a non-profit foundation to accept con Lions and endowments for the use c Senior Center so that the Senior Cs building and facilities can be enha beyond that possible with city fun Contact: Jim Skeels, Park, Lle Itecre Director, (415) 8U2.4.286 Li:A(iuF OF CALIFORNIA CMES • 0 R,17alrl More than et+er before, urban forestry is becoming a hot topic from firstgrade to grad school. .• . � . , .. t.li� Ill l'.1C JI !11 a'C .dh }it lc+ L.++'Ol`Ill llljtl'(!.11+. A „r K+h.lp+ 1,r ;niorminun campaigns These etturtb are supported largely by private organizations that target their own members, constituencies, or clients. Urban forestry provides school systems with a hands-on way to help students understand the importance of the environment. And, in turn, education may well prove the perfect tool for attaining the urban forestry movement's goals. R Ted Field is AMER1cAN FoREsrs' director of education and heads our Sustainable Development Educatum Project. By R. Ted Field Gary Moll, AMERICAN FORESTS Vice The author and president for urban forestry, envisions AMERICAN FORESTS' urban forests as "training centers for teacher-m-residence handling larger environmental Nance Ceccarelli discuss problems." AMERICAN FORESTS' new Using the urban forest as a school, environmental -education people can focus on the future and curriculum guide. ' stop worrying about what they've lost and start growing. The first step, planting trees, will take you to the second step, transforming your community and yourself," Moll says. "Just because family farms and rural towns aren't as grommet used to be, doesn't mean grow things or understai in the natural world, or I positive impact." In the past, teaching e tal education was more c event —a school held spe ties to honor Earth Day,; conducted a letter-writin a fund-raising drive boul rainforest. Now, teachers environmental education 8 URBANFORESTS DECEMBER/fAI ters nii+tp at x ter a little ire IearnmK a part of a traditional education. "If you want to make something that teachers will use," one school admuds- trator advises, "you must make things that help them do their jobs." By learning how best to assist teachers, urban foresters can both educate a generation and green their communities. The long-term goal: to create citizens for whom good citizenship means tree planting and tree care The community forest thereby becomes a hying school for teaching green citizenship. In Dallas, teacher Shirley Harvey turned her schoolgrounds into a classroom when she took her students outdoors to teach environmental lessons. For one lesson, students climbed trees to record measurements. "I imagine it was quite a sight for someone to be passing by," Harvey said in an interview in a Dallas newspaper. "It's not the type of thing you normally do in science class, but it's a hands-on way to learn more about the environment." So how do urban foresters become effective teachers? It all comes back to the community's schools and what goes on in the classroom. Sarah Lucy, a New Hampshire middle school teacher and librarian, says time is a chief consideration when she reviews materials that arrive in the mail. "I want short projects: things I can do in a half-hour class, but that have a year -long theme. Lots of � isuals, hands•am materials. videos, and maps," ,he says. "Finally, it is very, yery important to haye unbiased material "Because 'environ- ment' is so all -encompass - mg, environmental education can be anything," says Nance Ceccarelli, AMERICAN FORESTS teacher -in - residence. "It lacks a clanty and a ision. This is complicated by the public's own perception of what they want to learn. The public's desires embrace everything from wildlife habitats to the skills of a green warrior." "And then there's the perception that it's not mainstream, that it is still a counter -culture movement," Ceccarelli adds."I guess the biggest challenge for environmental education is to maintain a demorotrah r underpinning " rho difficulty is KroOit n orkc, what matcna:, , l.. 'ntn a mandated curr,.r ' n-stand loss dtsruptiw - , odd, teacher, a;,o m i- '^cow tho,e mawriol, h t% ilh dale bfe and pro p, i(,b market. Can these ri to remtorcc English,,. ;, ,,,,hen, students hm, h - nnt'¢h° I, there ar a,. • _ 'raining session tha' r, „ trc tcaencr's rcecrti'aa-: the materials been r, d-,t , teacher, to ensure ttiat w, they say? Adding to the confusion is a patchwork of state mandates and differing public expectations while 37 states have an office of environmen- tal education, only a handful hax e mandated some form of em ironmental education. At the local Ice e;. rr•rapa:s and curriculum super 5urs d,•,,de it materials meet professions, ,t,inaard, Citizen watchdog groups re'tnront their own expectations of rrn ^ rmen- tal cducahon. Although na a-, -it r- tious as sex education, cm min .rt ntal education materials and p,ogram, are scrutinized with local expo,!:':. n, in mind. That's a lot tokeep:nmird rut there are national groups accernng the challenge. For more than a decade, the American Forest Foundation has sponsored Project Leaming Tree. which produces materials and workshops that bring together teachers, toresters, and forest managers. The Chemical :Manufacturers Association produces Chemecology, a newsletter for high school science teachers that covers the role of chemicals in society The National Geographic Soaen•, for the past five years, has sponsored an education program to enhance geography's traditional role as a core )RESTS DECEMBER/JANUARY 1993 curriculum subject, and that's some- thing important for understanding environmental issues. In keeping with a tradition of citizen education dating back to 1875, A.swuc -, FosEss created an education depart- ment in 1990 to enable the group to work more closely with teachers. The department, funded with a grant from the 1: S Agency for International Development, formed an 11-member working group of teachers from across the country The teachers help write and review curriculum materials on sustax.able forests, and economic de%elopment The education department's materials are being produced under the banner of Global ReLeaf through Learning Global ReLeaf is AMEjucau FnsEss four-vearold education and action campaign devoted to planting and caring for trees Global ReLeaf through Learning creates partnerships with teachers and administrators, then adds in public and pm ate partners Teachers and principals agreed to support the effort, prn%idid the teachers were consulted at e%er% +tep along the way Conoco. Bull Worldwide Informa- tion S%stemn. Arco Foundation, and Florida State Lni%ersity are all Global ReLeaf through Learning partners. .Aumc a% FoRecrs first set of lessons, on tropical forests and economic progress, were used as an information base from which other products were created The first product, an environ- mental education guide for urban forestry, builds on information contained in Grounng Greener Cities, a tree -planting and tree -care book co-authored by Gary Moll. The guide is being distributed to seventh -grade classes in each of seven localities participating in an As¢wcsN FoaEsm/Environmental Protection Agency pilot program called Cool Communities. Cool Communities helps ones cool thew summer temperatures 10 and conserve energy by strategic tree planting and the lightening of surface colors. Utility companies play a major role in this campaign, informing customers about the positive impact of trees and sponsoring the Guides inclusion in the schools. The working group is now field- testing "The World Forest Kit," classroom lessons on tropical forests and develop- ment that will be introduced in class- rooms in fall 1993. When the kit is completed, Global ReLeaf will design and test a series of educational products. These will include a self -directed workbook on forests and development forluruor-high and high-school students, and a series of history, science, and geography lessons for teachers. These "living -classroom" lessons will accom- pany schoolvard plantings of Famous and Historic Trees, which are grown from the seeds of trees connected to historic people and events. By working with urban foresters, each school will then become a living classroom within the living "school" of the urban forest. Urban foresters are in a unique position to help teachers both educate their students and influence the thinking of a w hole generation of potentially green citizens. And that is a situation in which i evervune wins. As one teacher said in describing her classroom technique: "How can I get them to think about themselves in relation to others and their combined impact on the world, if I don't start making them take an active part in their own education? After all, they will be expected to make some fairly important decisions as adults on how we deal with the environmental mess." OF ♦ This article teas written avth support from the U.S. Agency for International Development. BACK TO THE BOOK hat do you wa when ou ero, I lus quest some people a while others have a quid achieve the goals the% sei selves. More and more p, seeking to make an urpa local environment with t professionally or on a vo When urban fore%try arboncalture piques the young student. it can do find out where to get an Often the programs are r curricula of forests Seri horticultural department option or program emph difficulty in establ shsg degree in urban to-o,-s field is an interdiscip,ma The graduating urbar cultivated a broad -based that includes underr.rr: physiology, and torrst ec management, o%erlam w coursework in urbar no! landscape arch:tecn:re L planning and manaecme public administration, p, science, communications business management T one uni%ersiry coLege h harbors all these arts anc The student must ha%e b accumulate credits and c from a variety of disciph A university program forestry cannot create the forester. "Ali we can do u foundation,"says Protes Miller of the Uruversin• o Stevens Point. "It is up to to continue his or her edi through literature and pr URBA,NFORESTS DECEA'BER7.1 educators encourage students w!,' rl{ TNO•\LARASSOCI\I f)It,ItIH , municipal forestry depart- OR CERTIFICATES • JonlnrtvmnStale CCCrJ•1i,n••- rork in commercial `•• • � „„,.r tourers in wur a.ra , Ire during the summer months. V recommEnds!oining a student •i•', + Unners,ty of Marv,ard the r snrute of Applied Aerc_,.t. he Intemational5o. •, Society of _ i s Coi vge Park, M. D 2074' ure. University of Massachusetts it ,years, lob opportunities in • r Dvinartment of Fcnestry ire and urban forestry have I A ' ' 4mns ra. MA Oltr,z I, I'ad hemcrAinisly This is largely S , efforts of organizations such yes!' , -1�mths, \Y 1247r ,\ Fewgs and the National .�, yC'�' \orth Dakota State L'rne, '+ Iq E„re,tm Ehpdrtimert est Council that have strived r: +` � � r .N and S.mraL ILs J pohcvmakematallle%e!s SHni' , i au. \D functional Importance of trees K. ri L ro,•.m—�.- ed for investment. Currently i{,+rocu rural Tecnro.• av ' L ;44+ va'e Roum 4; 1,�'.. note robs available than there s� „(IliyµN) rtes in urban forests• While k1 •'� i0 '4� ^mess lcama CnivGe ni 7r.-- - ese lobs are in commercial = ��- I firth Scene Certer ire and landscape manage- i ; •i �,. w..tt- One College Ave Reid is wide open for ♦ �`.�„ ;y'• Williamsport, PA 17701 college graduates x ,. Ry�4- CO\TI\LI%G EDLCATM\ rboneulture and municipal a ' ` '• a", Cavarr voar state coordinator rith beginning annual salaries a local I ogmms.i am 819,000 to 835,f100. University of Massachusetts Tying-tn" is an University of Califorr ia—Riverside Department of Forestry essential skill for Cooperative Extension se interested in two-year Amherst, MA 01003 students of Riverside, CA 92557 and continuing education, Michigan State University arbonculture. Urban Forestry Institute range of opportunities Department of Forestry University of Florida hroughout the country. Fast Lansing, MI 48824 School of Forest Resources i of your particular interest, University of Mumewta Dept. of Environmental Hortic i1ture urban forestrycoordinator College of Natural Resources Gainesville, FL 32611 St. Pauli MNJ 55108 Arbonst Training you to local programs and University of Missouri Department of Forestry wining sessions. Phillip D. School of Natural Resources Kansas State University Columbia, MO 65211 2610 Claflin Road SUNY College of Environmental Science Manhattan' KS 66.502 Faculty of Forestry The National Urban Forestry School 1R PROGRAMS Syracuse, NY 132i0 The Arbor Day Institute 4 FORESTRY Pennsylvania State University P 0. Box 1415 mmrat to be an exhaustive list.) School of Forest Resources Nebraska City, NE 68MI ite University University Park, PA 16802 Shigo and Trees, Associates sources and Forestry Texas AdrM University 4 Road Aspo, CA 93407 Department of Forest Science Duurham,rham, NH 03824 of Florida College Station, TX 77843 ACRT, Inc. nest Resources University of Vermont School Catalog v ronmental Horticulture School of Natural Resources P O Box 219 FL 32611 Burlington, VT D540.5 Kent. OH 44240 versify University of Washington Intemahonal Society of Arbonculture of Forestry College of Forest Resources P O. Box GG me, IN 47907 Center for Urban Horticulture Savoy, R. 61874 niversify, Seattle, WA 98195 National Urban Forest Conference of plant & Soil Sciences University of Wisconsin AwesicAN F'oatesis College of Natural Resources P.O. Box 2000 e, LA 70813 Stevens Point, WI 54481 Washington, DC 20013-2000 CRESTS DECEMBERQANUARY 1993 11 Tea(hin Lessons To live By For most of us, tree know-how comes in the form of communitygroup workshops, not unirmity degim Here are a few ideas for your community: ducation is a two-way dialogue. It not only informs but also seeks to change perceptions and behavior. What follows is an exploration of some of the creative ways that groups and businesses mgvolved in the urban forestry movement educate both the general public and specific audiences, as well as the various lessons their activities seek to teach Though environmental bnprovement is the main reason we care about the urban forest, people of all ages learn many other lessons when planting and canng for trees. how to interact with others, civic responsi- bility, and job training, lust to name a few. National organizations such as Aar FoRem have a critical role to play in local education through the development of curricula material for use nationwide. The design and production of national materials are done in coryunction with national organizations and agencies such as the National Education Association, the National Science Teachers Association, the North American Association of Environ- mental Education, and the US. Depart- ment of Education. The credibility these organizations bring to the development of By Deborah national materials, and thew endorsement Gongloff of the materials' use locally, furthers the goals of community efforts. Also important, from a national perspective, is the basic information and background on conservation issues, the benefits of trees and forests, and the value of citizen participation in environmental improvement. This information is compiled at the national level for local use. Nationally developed matenals can be adapted at the local level to include specific data on appropriate tree species, and legal restrictions or guidelines for planting and rnauttenance. In this way, nationally developed and produced lesson plans provide credibility to enhance the efforts of local groups who are reaching out and educating commu- ruty members. Whether you're starting from scratch or revising existing programs and projects, the following examples of urban forestry educational activities may spark an idea or two for your group. Deborah Ganglo' f is AMERICAN FORESTS vice president for program services. environment, tree planting maintenance through atiz programs Gerera.lm.after framing session mat mcluc site selection to fund-rauir grassroots orga^_i:. gn ready to pin aro unp:emi community activities. TreePeople's Los Ange Forester program is one of most successful In the uru program. TreePeople mstr in everything from tree-pli to volunteer recrwtmmt a tedwques. The citizen for their own community org,, One atizen-forester sui Green Islands In The City, TreePeople "graduate' DC rejuvenate inner-city corm Islands, which seeks to be: schools, traffic islands. anc is working on planting erg and 50 climbing roses on tl Los Angeles' Alcoholism ( Women The center s pa tie fdlfCllttflg the Commuflith' commuted to carwg for th Many tree groups educate their recovery program. local volunteers about the In Chicago, the Openla 11 1IRRAN FARF= T7F(-F' R.rd people —called s"—last April. After wn the aisle to receive a i a set of pruners, the set out to fulfill their one- ment to improve Chicago's to becoming a Treekeeper six -session framing pneral topics covered ih%sioloKy and urban sods, trees. selecting trees in a tting trees in special places r utility Imes, trees and the ee maintenance, and how to anting project. Students are to have special backgrounds to course but they are ttend all six sessions to achers include represents• e Chicago Bureau of Forestry ris Arbonst Association, xamne Malec, Openlands in forester and the eator. TreeKeepers participate in Texaco employees help Volunteers for Outdoor Colorado during a Global ReLeaf tree planting in Denrer. community -service work to varying degrees. Some create and implement their own community -planting programs, while others participate in tasks that the Openlands Project already has estalr fished. One project the graduates frequently undertake is to "adopt" a community, boulevard, or park in which they plant and care for trees. TreeKeepers include people of all races, ages, and backgrounds. In fact the program has become so popular since it began a little over a year ago, that there's blorado s la-: Aspen festival show support !Pr the enrtronment tt'ith 'hand -made" Global ReLraf T-shirts CRESTS DECEMBERt7ANUARY 1993 now a waiting list to enroll. To handle the burgeoning interest, the Openlands Project started a Junior Treekeepers program for high school students, and last summer offered a "master's degree" in treekeepmg. While TreePeople's Citizen -Forester and Openlands' Treekeepers programs concentrate on educating the ind n idual. the Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation s Trees Forever program has apurred the deeclopmentof 150 urban and crmm.nir. forestry programs in cities and toH re, statewide. Trees Forever provides communities with a comprehensive program -design and implementation process that includes a resource notebook "A Greenprint for Community Action," and assistance from its staff. Participating communities receive help for everything from volunteer coordination to fund- raising. Iming Corp"ons Gmen Many corporations invited to Y - support urban forestry programs have gotten their employees involved in local tree -group activities, Not only do the employees, who are also community residents. become an integral part of local environmental-impro%ement efforts, they know their empwo er cue, about thecommumry Pvtroh•arr wart Texaco. of addition to hrar, r.., supporting the Global ReLedt f .,ru nas provided Global ReLeaf a ith peupie power. Company empluvees rKe ii e training topamcipate;rtree-; art and tree -care projects; On mane „ca,jt Global ReLeaf has worked ,ide-rti -,;de with Texaco executis es hcrr;: ar, and .Icncal workeis to rrvpa•i v art.rz a•eas hoist balled and bur;apptsf trw, nro holes, and mulch newh panted tov, Last spring, the Texaco L.., oa. ;<t Lcat L than Tor lnmam a n, .ed ;^'r -..,.a Oklahoma Each of the vx t%r, p.rttcd representsa nation particirann4.r the International Sister Cities prograir N hine conference was hosted by Tulsa Texaco employees and community volunteers 13 SPRObn% LOCAL ORGmmmo.1vy �J he urban forest needs help to reach its highest potential. By pruning poorly angled limbs, fo instance, a tree's energy can be directed to branches that will provide better overall strvctun w ent onto complete the fowl planningtree. Although it may take only one person to improve an individual tree, it takes many pec Tworking together with the same vision to improve the urban forest. In other words, the sun along the portion of historic Route 66 , urban trees is dependent upon the survival of local tree groups. that run, through Tuba. part of a I This shared vision is why AmEwc uN FOREsis and TreePeople, at the request of the L.S. Forest! national toufortrist is make the ona-thrn ing are developing a national training program with multi -media materials to help more citizen tree Pighw at a a tourist attraction and sprout and grow into effective organizations. Fortunately, there is a great deal of knowledge anc .andmarx experience in the urban forestry movement that can help new tree groups. Local leaders and staf the A� eda C, apuratiun—a personal- hard to share their knowledge and experience with future tree -group leaders. In the past. this uU ,.ire products limn —raved funds hasbeen shared inforinally. The National Citizen Tree Group Training program, however. "ill! mrough an Earth Div Cut -A -Than tia Ion cmplo%v,• acre+% the country the dispersal of information to make it more efficient. The training program has selected a group of leaders from around the country w nh a It IN ergo d un;,rnd their umc to ,n Ic has, expertise to provide regular guidance. They are: Marcia Bansley, Trees Atlanta, Ioan L.unctn in donarmK the pntcvds to the Global Tucson; Richard Seidman, Friends of Trees, Portland, Oregon; Nancy Wolf, Environmental Acoi ReLc at Fund. \ut umy was money Coalition, New York City; Shannon Ramsey, Trees Forever, Iowa; Bob Skiers, former city foreste raiKd for Global RvLeaf through 40,M Milwaukee; jim Roberts, former state forester of Maryland and partnership coorduwtor for the t Pair st%lings but the employees were i Association of State Foresters; and Larry Biles, national program leader in forestry management, duectic ini of%ed in helping our nation's Extension Service, urban forests Together with the combined knowledge of AntewcnN FonEsrs and TreePeople, the committee Global ReLeat tur \ew Communities share its expertise to the benefit of existing as well as newly forming tree groups. Training miter recognizes de, elopers that acts eh I lion suinclude information on everything from the technical aspects of tree planting and tree care to protecsit the natural features cunstruc• volunteerism and organizational management. Through the innovative use of conferences, w orl nun es. The program increases resource library, and a computerized "mentor/faculty" network, the committee hopes this natic a wareness among developers, teaching training program will nurture local tree groups and the trees n the care. them how saving trees and preserving natural surroundings augment the value of homes and speed up home sales. Developers are required to make Global and care for groves, whose trees could wave of the future for corpo ReLeaf natural -resource experts a part of range from Teddy Roosevelt white pines donations to urban forestry. the team that designs their projects, to the red oaks of Valley Forge, West --- - Indiana -based C.P. Morgan, the first Penn Power is helping to educate the ! %(/Cll' S 1but,� developer recognized, demonstrated to community. The utility also spreads y Our youth is of equipment operators and other information about a subject in which it -. - resource in mal personnel preservation techniques that has a vested interest —which trees to difference today for the woe prevent tree damage. In addition, plant where, so that they don't interfere tomorrow. The attitude and construction managers constantly with utility lines. changes brought about by q monitored conformance with tree Providing employee -training services educational efforts see their preservation goals, and C.P. Morgan to corporations may well represent the payoff in children. Anyone i designed an educational program to build awareness in the community about the value of its urban forest. Controlling' a West Penn Power, a utility company air pollution »' —� $5p twjtf"r in Pennsylvania, recently started a 42JOAR a s program to donate FamousandFiistorc Controlling �� VALUE ► $75 PER Trees to all 400 municipalities and 100 erosion and YEAR school districts in its 23-county service Education helps people storm water M•+, y area. Famous and Historic Trees are understand that urban 'e ;:' $7g grown from the seeds of trees associated trees are a necessity, not with noteworthy people and places, iust a nicety (Reprinted h' simultaneously teaching US. history uvUi prrmissiun lion+ pie conditioning and environmental awareness. By Growing Greener rallying Scout troops and others to plant Cities) Wildlife shelter - ,s that they are concerned ivironment and willing to do hile encouraging adults to nd community forestry mique opportunity to bring >urce learning and career es to inner-city youth in a troth meaningful and Le recentlyforned Washing- ath Tree Corps does just that n teaches children in grades 112 about the fundamentals are and forestry through rased curricula, field trips, aatings. With a greenhouse he magnet learning center, rim around the city receive )asic horticulture and hands - ice in tree care. ed that students will not only ural-resource conservation- s choose a career in one of the se professions they learn igh this unique educational Trees for the City, the local roup that launched the Youth rides program participants er internships and jobs at ilture and landscaping "Graduates" of the Youth are given intensive career job -placement services, and i on where and how to gain o vocational schools and rograms in horticulture and -year existence, Minnesota's i Tree Trust has employed 16,000 economically ged and physically chal- ths to plant 29,000 saplings I seedlings in its summer loyment program. The aim of ast is to improve the at through tree planting ring a strong work ethic advantaged individuals, tom have been involved with e law. The Tree Trust has its IMw Young and old are learning to see the urban forest in a new uwy. (Reprinted unth permission from Growing Greener Cities) ._ L. own nursery that provides about 10 percent of the trees it uses —the first lesson crew members learn is how to ball and burlap a tree. Like the Youth Tree Corps, the Twin Cities Tree Trust puts special emphasis on providing youth with basic employ- ment and training skills that will translate into future employment. "At - risk" youth generally have a more difficult time finding employment in the private sector. This "win -win" program is a partnership between the public and private sectors, with the majority of the funding coming from state and federal contracts. The matching financial support from private sources enables the Tree Trust to maintain mirtimum wage standards for program participants, and to keep up with the rising costs of transportation, equipment, and supplies. Urban PeaceTree, a project of the Earthstewards Network in Washington State, brings together 14- to 21-year-olds from conflict -ridden American cities and foreign countries to promote communi- cation and understanding, These international teams, with inner-city American youths as group leaders, regreen cities and become empowered while learning that people from different cultures can work together for a better world. Last summer, Earthstewards from Costa Rica, Russia, Jordan, Scotland, and other countries planted trees for 19 days with their counterparts in Camden, New Jersey, one of the poorest cities in the United States. California's South Bay area is home to Tree Musketeers, a group of environmen- tally aware kids who, by many standards, act more like adults. Tree Musketeers began in 1987 when a Brownie troop became concerned about the suggested use of disposable dishes at a Jubilee for 15,000 Girl Scouts. Brownie Troop 91 responded by planting a tree to do something positive for the environment. Since then, the children of Tree Muske- teers have recruited corporations, government officials, and adults to jom them in environmental projects. The group established the first complete recycling center in Los Angeles' El Segundo neighborhood, and is respon- sible for having Arbor Day reinstated in the community and the state. Tree Musketeers hosts outdoor education workshops and speaks to the community about environmental issues. Last May, it planned and hosted the Youth Earth Summit in Los Angeles, which had an agenda paralleling that of the United :Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Jaruero. And what are the group's plans for the future? It will be administering the first National Youth Environmental Summit next summer. here are many ways to gauge the success of educational programs. The most telling, perhaps, is the degree of environmental unprovement. People caring about local and global environments, doing sornedivag to enhance the quality of thew surroundings, and providing a focal point for community pride and civic responsibility is the second-best yardstick But no matter what the result, education is the answer to improving the natural world around us —the urban forest. OF ♦ T7us feature is sponsored by the USDA Forest Service. CRESTS DECEMBER/JANUARY 1993 Lwsmw Ona I993 FTding Clears Congress he 1993 Interior Appropriations Bill contains substantial funding cuts in a number of natural -resource programs, plus an additional 0.M percent across-the-board cut. House and Senate conferees made the fang !a to bring the bill (H.R. 5503, H.Rpt.102- 901) below the $12.15 billion proposed last January by President Bush. (The cuts were necessary to avoid the president's threat to veto any spending bill that exceeded his budget proposal.) The overall Forest Service budget took a modest reduction in funding—$5 million cut from a $2.4 billion budget. Of the three branches in the agency, the National Forest System took substan- tial cuts in timber sales, road construction, and land acquisitions, while the Forest Research branch received a modest increase from last year. State and Private Forestry, which oversees cooperative efforts with state and local govern- ments and private landowners, took a cut of $26 million, from $182 mullion to $156 million. The reduction came primarily at the expense of forest - health protection and a number of special projects. The urban forestry program fared well, increasing from $24 mullion to $25 million Once again House and Senate conferees included a number of "earmarks" in the urban - forestry funding. They are: $1 million for Chicago; $500,000 for Ohio Arbor Day: $100,000 for Tacoma, WA, S%,000 for `5 ; Bremerton, WA: $50,000 -�' i-4i^r4r,�_, for Port Orchard, 1%A. ' $500,000 for Atlanta (to help beautin the tin' for the 19% Olcmpim and $500,01YJ for northern tb New Jersey ,: Earmarking is a process that troubles many people (including me) who would prefer a fairer, more rational process for allocating funds. It should be recognized, however, that earmarks are part of our political process —a generally accepted privilege of members who gam seats on the powerful appropriations committees. That is not meant to defend earmarking, but merely point out that it is part of our system of government and occurs at all levels. In addition, it can be argued that earmarks are often based on legitimate program needs rather than pure political pork. In addition to the annual appropriations bills, Congress passed an Emergency Supple- mental Appropnatioms B(11 that provides assistance to states and temtones damaged by Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki, as well as Typhoon Omar Under the bill, State and Private Forestry receives $2.9 million for urban and rural inventories and restoration assistance in Louisiana, and $1.24 million for similar efforts in Hawau. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is expected to provide financial assistance to cover forest damage in Florida, where most losses were in urban areas, nurseries, and orchards. Submitted by Gerry Gray, AMEaIUN FORFsTs' t _ vice president for resource policy CAMD,-W_ January 3-8,1993—Sixth Anm Plant IPM Short Course, Colle Write: David LaLgn: r. Entom Department, Symons Hall, Cn Maryland, College Park. MD 2 301/405.7665 January 15—ISA's Seventh Ai Tree Management Symposiui CA. Contact Al Epperson. 70'. Street, Buena Park, CA 90621;' February 46—Riparian Maria Common Threads & Shared I Albuquerque, NM Contact W. Research Center. L'mi ersity of College of Agriculture. Tucsor 602/792-9591. February 7-11—National Am Conservation Districts Confer FL Contact NACD. 509 Capri( Washington, DC 20002. 202/5 February 9-13—National Arb, Association's Annual Meetin, Management Conference St. Beach, FL. Contact Robert Feh Arborist Association, P O. Box Amherst, NH 03031-1094. 6C3 July (date TBAI—National Y( mental Summit. Los Angeles, Gall Church, Tree Musketeers Street, El Segundo, CA 90245; or 800/473-0263. August 12-14—"Children, PL Gardens: Educational Oppom Conference Center, Washingu for papers and conterence mf( Maureen Heffernan .\n•encx Society, 7431 East Bou:ei 3rd I dria, VA 2230µ 7 i 7-s-; byAvagick\ Fo: --+ Septern br 14-'+�+. \ fore+l Cnntc, , ton, DC 20013 ♦; t • i • 0 Issues & Trends By Janet Ward, Editor �olitical pundits say Bill Clinton won the presidential election be- cause of a general feeling that rigs were not good and were likely to v that way under George Bush. Whether or not that was true, it was 'ne out in American City & Coun- I annual Issues & Trends survey. )f the respondents, 42.5 percent reed that their communities were rse off than they were four years ). Not surprisingly, Democrats led charge. with 56 percent saying they r,• \\ nrse (iff. as opposed to 16 1 per- ii -at mLL the\ \\ere bl•ttei' off .I •11, n9,-t pal t. krpubhcalls felt nunt,n111I - \\rry the „Itne. t;4 po twill :1l IIIII lllill 1111,\%Vl% 11I11 II ++1111 ill � prl crlll I-t-ling -i It 11111 !Il ) pl•I'U'ilt It'eliiIV, het' '.dl predi-nl, +tree I.,t-nk dI\lded •.� ' pv l u•nt rich .bolet \\hv th t•I' fi ..,Inh., of ++hrlhrl 1hr\ Irh hol "1 \1411C 01 I111.01 ullit lid, hit\r had mymnd to d soul' eu,uonuc sltua- n Thr\ ha\c dune so in it variety of \, h\ Iiduunh sir\ leis, increasing ,,. jim,nvuip and unttructing out nvluuug pa\ Iin,t•s how e\ ei. Inu'eused service wov,treu to Ile the nmI t popular an„d.,I dviihng with fi.,t.al Instabil- 3llghtly inure than 60 percent ul' a respondents noted that they had :teased service fees, while 41.2 per - it had increased local taxes. Almost percent had reduced pay raises, and .9 percent had restructured am- )yee benefits. As for service cuts, road mainte- mce (34.6 percent) and parks and creation (24.6 percent) were most rely to be hit. Not surprisingly, the area that com- ended a consensus and the largest ember of comments was unfunded ate and federal mandates. When Special Report Unfunded mandates, handgun control top officials' list of concerns in American City & Countys annual survey. asked for the most important issue fac- ing their communities, twice as many local governments leaders listed that category as listed the next closest re- sponse. Unfunded mandates appear to be a bigger issue with Republicans t40 per- cent) than with Democrats (28 per- cent). One of the most telling aspects of a survey is how people respond to an open question. When asked what specific action the president of the United States could take to help local communities, one answer overwhelmed all the rest: no federal or state man- dates without funding. To those who have been trying to run cities, towns or counties, this comes as no surprise. "We have laws on the books (envi- ronmental, etc.) that have made bil- lions for attorneys and have clogged the court system far beyond its capac- ity to deal with them," writes Menom- inee, Mich Mayor Patrick Furlong. "Those laws have made it Impossible for C.S. industry to compete globally and eventually will reduce us to Third World status." Furlong also notes that the presi- dent could be most helpful to Inca) com- munities by getting "government off our backs and out of our lives " "Kansas counties have existed un- der a state -mandated tax lid for the past five years," complains Barton County Administrator Mike Leighton. "At the same time, service demands have increased at the local level, and unfunded state/federal mandates con- tinue to be shifted to the local level." Orangeburg, S.C., Finance Director Robert Crout agrees. but notes that taxpayers must shoulder some of the blame. "We are constantly barraged with demands that the federal gov- ernment solve our problems with health care, jails, garbage, welfare, un- employment, the environment, etc.," emcrienn CNN & Cauntv 1 nacember 1992 writes. "But we scream when our aes are increased. We cry fur a de - ease in the mihtarv, and when it's ne and millions are out of %cork, we II about unemployment. There are isomers, but we don't want to listen'" Trov. N C.. Town Manager :Matt miltarcit waxes eloquent about the feet of unfunded mandates on his ue-collar town of 3.400. "N'e are having to spend $1 million upgrade our wastewater treatment ant." he says, "and I'd be glad to toast u with a glass of our effluent. The ,ad of the regional office of the state vision of Environmental Manage- ent told me he would classify our at- ient as 'excellent.' Basically, we are ivmg to make it better than it could be found in nature." 'l'ruy is a working clay. town, ac. cording to Bernhardt, and local WE- cials struggle to keep costs down. Still, he says. "we have been forced to raise our sewer charge from 75 percent of your water bill to 105 percent to pay I'ur this. We haven't raised taxes in 14 years, but 1 don't know how much longer that will last." Merrillville, Ind., has been hit by on. funded mandates, specifically the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). "ADA compliance alone is forcing us to build a new City Hall," says Clerk/Treasurer John Petalas."It would cost half a million dollars to ren- ovate the present City Hall. All around here, city councils are holding their meetings in gymnasiums, because their facilities are not in compliance." Like a number of respondents, Peta- las bemoans the elimination of federal revenue sharing, which he says has left Merrillville "scrounging for in- frastructure funding." This year's survey also featured a f'ew surprises. Despite the concern over unfunded mandates, most respondents seem eager for the president to sup- port programs and legislation that, by their very nature, will be expensive. For instance, 63.3 percent of the re- spondents agree that the president should support some kind of national recycling program. Furthermore, 65.6 percent support creation of a federal public works pro- gram along the line of the Works Progress Administration of the 1930s. And 61.4 percent think the president should support legislation establish- ing a national health care system. It is no surprise that female respondents (67.9 percent) were more insistent on this issue than their male counterparts (59 percent). Perhaps the most surprising answer in the survey involved handgun con- trol. Respondents overwhelmingly fa - American City & County / December 1992 ,vored a waiting period for han* purchases, with 74.3 percent so they would support legislation that would require one. The support cut across gender lines — 75.2 percent of men and 73.7 per- cent of women supported a waiting pe- riod — and party lines — 67.9 percent of Republicans, 80.4 percent of Democrats and 79.4 percent of inde- pendents — were in favor. Troy Town Manager Bernhardt sees gun control as vital to the health of the nation's cities and towns. "We've al- ways had the traditional small-town view of crime — that it's a big -city problem," he says. "But crime in Troy has increased 40 percent across the board." Most of the increase can be tied to drugs and the downturn in the econ- omy. And he doesn't think Troy is the exception. But, in a "have their cake and eat it, too" mode, most respondents favored legislation to lower capital gams taxes (58.4 percent) and mandate a balanced budget (77.9 percent.) This year marks the first that AC&C has broken answers down by gender and party affiliation. in general, re- sponses indicate that, at least on a lo- cal level, little difference exists between Republicans and Democrats and be- tween men and women. In one area, however, men and wom- en part ways. it is perhaps significant that women feel they are more quali- fied to govern than men feel they are. Responding to the question, "Will the influx of women into politics on all lev- els of government make government more responsive," 64 percent of the fe- male respondents and 37 percent of the male respondents say yes. Additionally, 50 percent of the fe- male respondents say government would be more efficient, as opposed to 15 percent of the men. Nearly twice as many men as women (54 percent to 23 percent) say government would be un- changed. However, a number of respondents pointed out that qualifications more than gender determine the effective- ness of a government. "Women have been active in meal elected and Appointed positions for years, and it is important to have the perspective of bath genders in the de- cision -making process," writes San Anselmo, Calif., Town Administrator Jean Bonander. "I've worked with many male and female officials in my 13 years of public life and can honest- ly say there are diamonds and coal lumps in service throughout, gender having little to do with the ability and desire to do goad work." The survey, conducted by AC&C's research division, was sent to 1,000 city and county officials. There is a sampling error of t 4.5 percent. in wnar ways nave You Kesponaea to the�rrent Economic Crisis? Reaucea Sery ces 40 35 30 25 a 20 a 15 10 0 ¢ a a 80 70 60 0 50 40 P 30 20 10 60 50 40 30 ° 20 10 Qo'0,e�i Ve o, �3 ¢a a 6 ,00 r ;Pe 0° �¢ r ° 0 e ee �aa �!', ¢9¢°j gQuo y 4e w tio° q� 0 10 20 30 40 60 60 70 nl Percent Saying Yee American City & County / December 1992 0 i Cover 1992 Infrastructure Award Winner Renovating Fletcher Parkway was a multi -faceted project for La Mes( California. But the aesthetic and structural improvements have )enefited the town with better traffic flow, higher property values and better business environment. Ld Musa, Calif., a town of abi, 54,000 Just eust of San Diego, a typical southern Califurn town, which means it has its share transportation problems. In 1985, as part of a multi -phase development project, the town beg renovations on Fletcher Parkway. prime arterial roadway that functia as a collector and distributes tra from Interstate 8 and State Route I to local streets. This extensive proj which creates a gateway to East Co ty by creating a green belt along t 2.2-mile corridor, benefits the overa region by providing quick and easy a cess to an interstate highway and state road. Before construction,the parkwa was a deteriorating roadway that in eluded two lanes of traffic in each d rection separated by a median with ht tie landscaping. Now the roadway which was redeveloped to reflect but. aesthetic and structural changes, ha: been increased to six lanes to improiw traffic flow. By improving the scenic qualities a this corridor, which is also in a city re, development area, the city has brought economic development by promoting area businesses and improving prop erty values. Structural Changes Infrastructure improvements in.� eluded reconstructing streets to ham dle additional traffic flow, making dou-L life left turn lanes, improving bicycle lanes and installing new sidewalks. New traffic signals, the replacement, of other signals and the coordination American City 6 County / December 1992 ore Its reconstruction, Icher Parkway was a eflorated roadway lout curb alignment Thom). Its taoenh helped )rove the look of this )rsecnon (right). other traffic signals were part of the in as well. In addition, new street hting was installed. Ten new traf- signals with fiber optic cable were italled, allowing for maximum coor- iation of the traffic signal to increase efficiency of the traffic flow and re- ce overall air pollution. It is estimated that, when the sys- m becomes operational, vehicle de - vs will be reduced by as much as 20 rcent. The fiber optic cable is directly d to the computers in the Traffic Op- ations Division, allowing traffic m- isers to monitor real-time traffic flow A make adjustments to the traffic ;pals as necessary. Reconstructing the asphalt struc- ring section is another major part of e project, since high ground water the project area has caused signifi- nt deterioration of the pavement over e years. Generally, the typical solution to this •oblem is to remove the existing as- ialt, which is then disposed of in the cal landfill. However, La Mesa chose use a more environmentally sensi- tive approach to the problem by re- moving the asphalt with a special grinding machine and hauling it to the nearest local asphalt supplier, where it was recycled for use as aggregate base material or mixed with new asphalt. This reduced the amount of material that otherwise would have gone to the local landfill or hazardous waste dis- posal site. The striping and legend ma- terial for the project was manufactured by 3-M. The preformed thermal plastic mark- ings were inlaid into the hot asphalt as it was placed on the street. This re- flective material provides a contrast and results in a highly visible pave- ment marking with a useful life of al- most five years. It is also a distinct im- provement over the more traditional oil- or water -based paints available. Aesthetics Landscape improvements along Fletcher Parkway were the focal point of the project, with almost 10,000 new plants and trees being planted. These plantings, which were drought toler- ant, were maintained through a drip irrigation system that uses sensors to determine how much water Is needed. The system also is designed to use re- claimed water, when it becuille5 auu,- able. The new lush landscape :n u e nieduin and along the purkw.ii- m. places the sparsely planted dfe,n that existed prior to construction For planting, a main theme tree was used along the edge of the corridor with support trees to complement it. pro- viding a primary visual theme along the corridor. To reduce reflected heat, evergreens with broad canopies were planted. Tree plantings were used to provide environmental enhancement for the project. One thousand trees were added in the median and parkways along the corridor to provide not only aesthetic improvements but also to help to remove harmful carbon diox- ide from the environment Trees, shrubs and groundcovers that could withstand the environmental influ- ences typical of the La Mesa climate were selected. Several different kinds of trees were chosen for the streetscape. By having a diverse group of trees, there is less of a possibility of mass susceptibility to dis- ease or insect infestation. The species selected have been proved to be gen- erally disease and insect resistant. Drought -tolerant landscaping pro- posed for the project reduces overall maintenance requirements. Project specifications require a 90-day main- tenance period, which ensures that the trees and other landscaping are well established. If any of the landscaping fails to meet the quality standards in the specifications, the tree or bush must be replaced by the contractor at no cost to the city. The city also retained a registered landscape architecture consultant to American City & County / December 1992 inspect the project and venf�t the trees, ground preparation, hing and irrigation systems were installed in a quality manner and in accordance with the specifications. Economic Development One direct result of the Fletcher Parkway renovation is the success of other redevelopment projects such as the Grossmont Trolley Center located adjacent to Fletcher Parkway. This re- tail center, which was constructed in 1990.91, has experienced economic suc- cess that developers have attributed to the Fletcher Parkway Corridor im- provement. Part of the redevelopment project in- cluded a flood control channel. Sand- wiched between the six -lane Fletcher Parkway Project and San Diego Trolley light rail system, this channel — which originally only averaged 150 feet in depth — was raised to street level with an underground concrete box culvert put beneath it. This concrete box cul- vert, which cost $1.500,000 to con. struct, was financed with assessment district bonds to be repaid with funds generated by the increased sales taxes from the new stores within the devel- opment. A formula allots the first sales taxes to the city with specified increased tax- es credited against the bonds pay- ments. This source was also developed early in the process, although the sale of the bonds slipped several times taus. mg worry but no damage. Innovative Funding Creative use of available funding helped make the parkway and rede- velopment projects a reality. The fourth phase of the project, which cost more than $1 million, was funded with federal grant money. These revenues were stretched by purchasing addi. tional federal funding from the city of Escondido with general fund revenue at a rate of eight cents per one dollar. The final phase was funded with Transnet revenue, a .5 percent trans- portation sales tax that was approved by San Diego County voters in Novem- ber 1987, and state/local partnership grant funds at a coat of more than $6,500,000. This financing method brings the tax dollar directly back into the communi- ty for such major improvements as the Fletcher Parkway Project. La Mesa is expected to receive approximately $17 million during the 20-year life of the special tax. The application and avail. ability of the state/local partnership grant of more than $1,350,000 allowed the city to minimize the use of Transnet funds. The flood control facilities were fi. nanced by a 1913 Act Assessment Dis- trict. Video Explores An agreement between the Inter- national City/County Management Association (ICMA) and the U.S. EPA has resulted in a video to help local governments respond to the new landfill regulations promulgat- ed under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The video, intended to provide an overview of the regulations and their impact on local governments, is de- signed to help them know what de- cisions to make before and after the II Regulations October 1993 deadline. Case sti lea are used to explore options av able to local governments for cc pliance with the requirements. Because of the high costs of rel lation compliance, it is estimal that nearly one-half of the natic landfills will close by 1993. Thi remaining facilities will have to in design and operational standard) protect the environment. For more information, cons; ICMA at (202) 289-4262. CONCRETE SOLUTIONS For Problems With Concrete. Asphalt, Wood, Metal, Tile And Stone. 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Bottom Line: It Works: Spray It Broom It Trowel It Squeegee It Broadcast It Etc., Etc., Etc, ******************************* Concrete Solutions - TEL: i6191 528.9999 FAX: 528.1407 ULTRA SURFACEm PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS American City 6 County / December 1992 Circle No. 20 on Reader Service Card One year after passage of the landmark Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, local governments are still waiting for full funding of its provisions. t has been one year since the surface transportation bill was enacted, with lawmakers and President Bush tout- ,g it as a landmark piece of legislation. ut implementation of the law has hit major roadblock — there is not enough Loney to pay for it. Federal transportation appropriations it fiscal year 1993 are well below fig- res that were authorized by the Inter- iodal Surface Transportation Efficiency .ct, commonly known as ISTEA. The ct authorized $20.5 billion in 1993 for ighwav and mass transit programs, but ;ongress only appropriated $18 billion. Meanwhile, local governments officials re struggling to decipher ISTEA's lan- uage. Many officials were led to believe iey had a new pot of federal funds they )uld spend anyway they wanted, but it most cities and counties, that is not to case. "One of the problems is that local gov- rnments think there is all this new Loney out there," says Hannah Byron, forth Caroline's federal programs coor- By Jean Dimeo dinator. "And now we have to tell them there is less, not more." Furthermore, ISTEA may be making the relationship between local and state governments more divisive because many metropolitan areas think the new funds are suppose to bypass the state and flow directly to them. "Local and state officials still have to work together to get federal money," Byron says. ISTEA, signed into law by President Bush Dec. 18,1991, authorized $151 bil- lion over six years for surface trans- portation projects. Of that total, $119.5 billion was authorized for highways and $31.5 billion for mass transit, though the act provided some flexibility to shift high- way funds to mass transit programs. To pay for this grand plan, the legis- lation extended until 1999 2.5 cents of the 5-cent-a-gallon increase in the fed- eral gasoline tax that was set to expire in 1995. Lawmakers also agreed to spend down the $14 billion Highway Trust Fund to about $2.5 billion. ISTEA, which was the first major rewrite of transportation policy to 35 years, was hailed as a landmark. It rad- ically altered the structure of the na- tion's transportation infrastructure, and was expected to create up to four mil- lion new transportation construction jobs. But many infrastructure experts still doubt ISTEA can make a real dent in fixing the nations declining infrastruc- ture. About 265,000 miles of roads are below standard; 134,000 bridges are structurally deficient; more than 5,000 bridges are closed; and traffic congestion creates more than 8 billion hours of de- lays annually on interstates. according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. Many of the problems stem from de- clining federal investments in infras- tructure during the past decade. Feder- al spending dropped from 2 3 percent of the gross national product in the 1960s and 1970s to .4 percent by the late 1980s. DOT says. As federal spending declined, state and local governments picked up the slack. During the past decade, spending American City 6 County / December 1992 by states and municipalities mqiWan doubled, from $35.2 billion to $ bil- lion, according to the Eno Transporta- tion Foundation, a Washington, D.C. think tank. However, now that state and local gov- ernments are grappling with shrinking budgets, many have put infrastructure projects on hold. Furthermore, highway material construction costs continue to rise, jumping 7.3 percent during the sec- ond quarter of 1992, according to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Congress appropriated $36.1 billion for transportation in fiscal 1993.Of that figure, $18 billion went to highways and $3.8 billion went to mass transit. "[We have] a responsible and balanced package that works within the extraor- dinary constraints we are working un- der this year," Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D-N.J.) said during subcommittee markup of the Senate package. "I wish that we could do more — much more — however, the severe budget con- straints imposed on all domestic spend- ing makes it impossible." Those constraints — caps put on do- mestic spending by the 1990 budget agreement — make it impossible for the federal government to funnel more mon- ey to transportation projects. "It's really irrelevant how much comes in terms of the gas tax because it can't be spent," says Rebecca Brady of the National Con- ference of State Legislators, Washing- ton, D.C. Under ISTEA, the federal government is suppose to fund 90 percent of high- way projects and 80 percent of any oth- er eligible project, including mass transit projects. However, the smaller appro- priations will force states to fund 40 per- cent or more of new projects, Brady says. At the same time, the federal gas tax in- crease has made it difficult for some states to raise their gas taxes to help pay for the projects, she says. Earlier this year, Lautenberg, along with Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, (D.- N.Y.) the mastermind behind ISTEA. in- troduced legislation to immediately pump additional funds into transporta- tion spending. But that proposal and oth- ers like it have been stymied because of the budget agreement and election -year politicking. ISTEA was suppose to give Inca] gov emment leaders from areas with at least 200.000 residents the decision -ranking power over large chunks of federal funds. About half of the $24 Million authorized under the Surface Transportation Pro- gram is supposed to go to metropolitan planning organizations (MPO), boards that in the past have acted as advisors in states on urban transportations issues, MPOs — not the states — are suppose to decide how to use the federal funds, which can be designated for any trans- portation use. Lawmakers says giving Gateway Project r(Ae recently -completed Rosalind venue Realignment/Southern Gateway Project, a major component of the city of Orlando, Fla.'s Growth Management Plan, is part of an $8 million revamping of downtown Or- lando's streetscape. The ambitious undertaking, which strives to make the downtown area more accessible to pedestrians and more attractive to businesses, incorporates trans- portation facilities, streetscape con- cepts, pedestrian areas and poten- tial mass transit considerations to satisfy the area's increasing demands for these services. In addition to serving as project managers for the realignment, Lochrane Engineering in Orlando designed the roadway and environ- mental systems for the project. Of- ficially opened to traffic in March, 1992, the realignment of Rosalind Avenue replaced Magnolia as the one-way northbound arterial road- way. The "Southern Gateway" phase of the project focuses on Lake Lucerne and the surrounding area, providing an appealing, aesthetica]- ly-pleasing "Southern Gateway" en- trance into Orlando. According to the city's project di- rector, Harry Kaplan, the key ele- ment in the overall success of the project was extensive, ongoing public involvement, not only during the planning and pre -construction stages, but throughout the entire project term. "The logistics alone of a project of this complexity involved expert tim- ing and complete cooperation from all parties involved," Kaplan says. Coordination at times resembled choreography when the completion of one phase of the project was criti- cal to beginning another. Responsive ps Streetscape team efforts in working with the ail the Orlando Utilities Commissio Orlando/Orange County Expressw Authority and the Downtown Dev, opment Board were credited wi moving the project to completion time and within budget. Public input laid the groundwo for the project's success. The eni nears personally met with more th; 30 agencies and citizen groups f the express purpose of informii them of its intentions and listenii to their concerns. This interactii was continued throughout the pt jest, proving to the public that it w considered a vital part of the plan The final product far exceeds pr ject objectives, particularly aesthf ically. Lake Lucerne now boas fountainlike water features th dance and sparkle with lights aft dark. A 270-foot long bridge acro Lake Lucerne features decorati, streetlighting and pavers that mvi pedestrians to stroll the area in coi fort and safety. Historic featur such as hexpavers and double-glo lanterns and three rows of Was ingtonian palms serve to soften tl concrete hardscape of the exit ran from the East-West Expressway. The final phase of the Southei Gateway/Rosalind Avenue Realig ment provides for Lake Lucerne undergo a "super cleansing" alum i jection program this fall. Alum, she for aluminum sulfate, acts as a c agulant which precipitates out soli and pollutants, causing them to a( tle to the lake bottom. Although alum is frequently usi in water treatment, the process using it to treat stormwater rum is relatively new. The application only the third such project in the e tire state of Florida. Orlando's new "Southern Gateway" Is part of an $8 million streNaoape renovation. American City 6 County / December IM aw powers to MPOs would enable or - in areas to more easily implement the gulations of the Clean Air Act, which andates a clean-up of the nation's 100 ost polluted cities. But not all of the Clean Air Act regu- tions have been written yet, a problem hich has made it difficult for MPCs id other government bodies to deter - me how to use the money, says Brady, CSL's transportation committee chair. an. ISTEA gave mass transit a big boost, kubling its budget to $32 billion, and ithonzing MPOs to spend any part of eir surface transportation dollars on ass transit. In addition, the law in - eased the proportion of mass transit funds that comes out of the mass transit account of the Highway Trust Fund. In June, DOT announced a new policy to send federal transit dollars to munic- ipalities. Previously, federal funds could only be spent in conjunction with local matching funds, but now communities can spend the entire federal portion be- fore they spend their own money. Local matching funds are required to pay for the last 20 percent of the project. "This new policy will make it possible to provide more federal money, put it to work faster, create more jobs and im- prove transit in our cities," Transporta- tion Secretary Andrew Card said in a statement. Under the policy, DOT's Fed- eral Transit Administration will provide more than $3 billion this year. But, although Congress failed to fulfil ISTEA's 1993 mass transit promise, transit officials say last vear's landmark legislation has spurred communities to pursue non -road projects. A surcavtq the American Public Transit Acsociatiao iAPTA) shows that 85 percent of the d- ficials surveyed said that ISTEA has fluenced long-range planning in thew communities, 71 percent said transit pro- I jects were being added to current pm grams and 27 percent said that Flewble dollars were being moved to transit "Clearly, the planning mechanisms are in place, but actually dollars havent been programmed yet," says APTA spokesman Chip Bishop. I Paving the Way to a Happier Future in Happy Canyon Happy Canyon, a rural subdivision located in Douglas County about 12 miles south of Denver was not appro- priately named. The community's streets were unpaved, adding to the ru- ral atmosphere by creating a cloud of dust in dry weather and mud in wet. as well as main- tenance problenis Year- round A nearbv cuun4 road pro- ject using Hut 11ix Asphalt HS1A- caught residents' ey es. and they petitioned the county administration to de- termine the cost and leasi- nihty of getting their ,treets paced D,,uglus County en- gim er Randv Teague sup- plied the Happy Canyon homenw ners association N nth the pertinent informa- tion. and a pavement im. provement petition was cir- culated throughout the community. About 72 percent of the residents voted in favor o f having the streets paved. Property owners anted up two-thirds of the construc- tion costs — an assessment of about $2,600 per lot, and the county picked up the re- mainder. In %Isv, 1991, the Castle Rock division of Schmidt Construction Co., Colorado Springs, Colo., was award- ed the $600,000 contract for Blind curves and grade changes of x8 percent provided a constant the project, which involved challenge for paving crews. shaping, grading, rock de- molition, underground drainage, paving, aggregate shouldering, seeding and ero- sion control. Contained within the 6.5 miles of the subdivision were seven cul-de-sacs, 15,000 cubic yards of excavation, super elevations and 122 existing driveway elevations. Completion time for the pro- ject was 75 days. "The real difficulties with this project were all the grade changes, blind curves, cul-de-sacs, width variations and 2 percent crowns,' says Sterling Hlopenstine, the project paving foreman. Grade changes in the roadway re- quired paving on an average from -8 percent to +8 percent. The most de- manding paving required changing grades from +11.33 percent to -11.25 percent within a 400-Coot length fol. lowing a radius of 220 feet. Additionally, grades reached 14 per- cent in two separate areas. Street paving thickness was 41, inches 13 inch- es base, 1Y inches surface using 23, 280 tons , o HMA The resident, o pleased with the pavoig wnrk that many of them nogumau-d with the company to nave their driveways d. me "A very important aspect of' the project was that the streets had to remain pen to traffic while uiey w, i e being worked on." says Larm John- son, manager of the Castle Rock division. This was ac- complished with mminial in- convenience, accoidmg to the residents. "My wife and I were ones who initially did not want our streets paved, so we were going to be a tough sell," says homeowner Jim Puckett. "But the patience and obvious hard work were outstanding." The local mail carrier was so pleased with the ease with which he was able to get around the com- munity that he bought piz- zas for the crews The project won a 1991 first -place aw and in the State, County, City Roadway cate- gory of the annual national paving competition sponsored by the National Asphalt Pavement Association. This article was written by Greg Shinn, Schmidt Construction Co., Colorado Springs, Colo. Streets, Highways & Bridges t.XilometerS To Go Before I Sleep Criticized as costly by industry and government officials alike, the metric system will be reality by 1996. y 1996, all federally funded in- frastructure projects must be de- signed using metric standards. problem is few local government of- als know the conversion is taking ce, and those who do are balking iut the price. The rest of the world is metric so we d to get on the bandwagon," says Bill ellering, a Fayette County, Iowa, an. car. "The problem is the terrible cost By Jean Jimeo of redesigning standards for our struc- tures and changing all our road signs. Can we afford it at this time?" The National Association of County Engineers, of which Moellering is an of- ficer, and other infrastructure groups are trying to spread the word about the changes. The conversion of the nation's infrastructure to metric measurement — which will cost state and local gov ernments millions of dollars — comes at a time when government budgets are being squeezed by lower tax revenues and rising service costs. In 1974, the American Association of Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) estimated it would cost fed- eral, state and local highway agencies about $200 million to convert to metric. A new cost analysis, being conducted by the Transportation Research Board, is expected to be completed in January. American City & County / December 1992 1OBERT L. BLAND and SAMUEL NUNN The Impact of Capital Spending c)n Municipal Operating Budgets What is the impact of capital spending for buildings, equipment, and other facilities on future operating expenditures of municipal governments? Because capital spending decisions are made independent of operating decisions in many larger municipalities, managers make long-term capital commitments without fully understanding the reper- cussions for operations. This implies the need for research that examines more closely the linkages between these budget cycles. This article develops a theory of the rela- tionship between capital and operating expenditures, then uses data from the forty- eight largest U.S. cities to estimate both the magnitude of capital's impact and the time it takes for operating budgets to adjust. The study finds that five of six commonly provided municipal services were affected to varying degrees by past years' capital expenditures. Especially notable is the finding that the operating budgets of labor- intensive services, such as police and fire protection, are most sensitive to capital spending. For public managers, the findings point to the need for closer coordination between the capital and operating budget cycles, especially in those cases where capital outlays have clear, unambiguous positive implications for future operations. Public administrators have long recognized that municipal operating budgets are ,haped by capital spending decisions made in previous years. Deferring construction of i new building, for example, may not only make additional current revenue available 'or a cash -starved treasury but may also reduce future operating budget obligations to Gaff and maintain the facility. That same decision to defer construction may also ncrease future operating costs because of the resulting need to maintain a deteriorated acility. Unfortunately, virtually no empirical research has examined the relationship )etween capital spending and future operating budgets. Public managers know such a inkage exists but have little empirical evidence describing its direction, magnitude, or ongevity. This article presents an empirical analysis of the linkage between capital and oper- ating spending for the forty-eight largest U.S. cities in the context of three research luestions: I. Does an increase in capital spending result in an increased, decreased, or constant future toben L. Bland is an associate professor, and Samuel Nunn is an assistant professor in the Division of 'ubhc Administration, University of North Texas. P O. Box 5338, Denton, TX 76203. Public Budgeting & Finance / Summer IM 2. How ra 3. Does cs The articli especially th capital spent a theory of I governments the results of the marginal ating expenc management In most mun cess mvolvii financial pla plans for the While both i make it mon Each cycle normally prt project -specs sources,the date. By con and compare requested fo Other diff operating an get offices, z heavily on it also differs. proceeds ant revenue soui time -frame F of spending, These dif scholars hav with operati need to link "debates on Bland and Nu ities on )ending talities, e reper- closely he rela- x forty - he time nmonly capital f labor• capital iination t where attons. Ig budgets are construction of ,enue available obligations to :tion may also 1 a deteriorated he relationship rs know such a magnitude, or pital and oper- three research it constant future in the Division of 3. :e / Summer IM 2. How rapidly does the marginal impact of capital spending become evident? 3. Does capital spending's marginal impact vary across urban services? The article begins with a discussion of the characteristics of municipal budgeter especially the common practice of separating operating budget preparation from that capital spending, and the problems this creates for budget planning and control. tie a theory of the expected relationship between capital and operating spending in c governments is developed in terms of the major factors that affect their linkage. Thi the results of an analysis of data from forty-eight cities are reported in order to estim the marginal relationship between previous years' capital spending and current op acing expenditures. Finally, the implications of the findings for public budgeting s management are explored. MUNICIPAL BUDGETING PRACTICES In most municipal governments, budget preparation remains a highly fragmented p cess involving two distinct cycles: an operating budget cycle that produces the arm financial plan for a government's ongoing activities, and a capital budget cycle t plans for the acquisition of equipment, buildings, infrastructure, and other fixed arse While both cycles have similar objectives —to enhance municipal service delivery make it more cost -effective —there are nevertheless critical differences between the Each cycle is relatively independent of the other, and two separate documents normally produced, the operating budget and the capital budget. Capital budgets project -specific, usually providing details on project location and design, fund. sources, the time frame for completion, and the percentage of the project completec date. By contrast, operating budgets mirror city governments' organizational strum and compare each department's spending in the current and previous years with t requested for the forthcoming budget year. Other differences involve the key participants who make decisions. While both operating and capital budgets involve negotiations among executives, the central bi get offices, and department heads, capital spending (especially for infrastructure) rel heavily on input from engineers, architects, and planners. Funding for the two budg also differs. Capital spending usually relies heavily on one-time sources such as be proceeds and grants, while the operating budget relies almost exclusively on recurr revenue sources, such as current taxes and service charges. Another difference is time -frame presented in each budget. Operating budgets normally project only one y of spending, while most capital budgets commit outlays for a multiyear period. These differences are not without their effects on municipal budgeting. Seve scholars have observed that capital spending decisions are not always made in locks with operating budget decisions. Michael Pagano has argued persuasively for " need to link operating budget outlays with capital budget outlays" because tradition "debates on the two are separated temporally in dual budgeting systems."' Bland and Nunn / Capital Spending Over time, crosswalking of capital budget expenses to operating expenses has eroded, in part increased cost due to the separateness of the deliberations on those budgets. State and local governments tude and timir usually schedule separate budget hearings for the operating budget and for the capital budget uncounted pri, ... Decisions for each set of outlays, then, are made separately.' this analysis, After examining how local and state governments might introduce more rationality Types of Capi in capital budgeting, John Kamensky cites a National League of Cities survey in which 57 percent do not consider "preventative maintenance and repair costs over the ex- pected life of a project."3 He suggests public managers need to know more about the Capital exp total costs of capital spending, not just the initial outlays for construction and equip- possible reasc ment This theme is echoed more recently by Henry Thomassen, who notes that ment is parch "roughly half of the states reporting capital and non -capital items separately fail to costs, so its combine their budgets in a manner which promotes simultaneous evaluation and com- operating exp parative evaluation of capital and non -capital items.i' He also indicates that "[t]he ment is insta adoption of capital budgeting is a tacit admission that outlays for the purchase of capital because mart are fundamentally different from other government purchases. Their effects linger for labor. Au whereas those of other outlays fade" (emphasis suppled).5 are often jusi Arguably, the decision to increase capital spending is part of an underlying choice penditures w to increase the quality or quantity of a service and to then proceed with making the Second, r necessary expenditures, whether for capital or operations. As such, capital spending creased deme does not "cause" an increase in operating expenditures. While a decision to increase of existing as police patrols or lower the fire department's response time has implications for both fire station of capital and operating expenditures, in reality capital spending decisions for equipment equipment ai or new construction are relatively autonomous of operating decisions. As such, man- spending is agers lack information on the linkage between these sets of decisions. How much if any spending wil will future operating costs change? What is the period of time required for the operating Unfortuna budget to adjust to the new capital? Does the impact on operations vary across mu- is impossible nicipal services? The absence of research on this relationship means managers are between thei making capital investment decisions without a full understanding of the concomitant spending is repercussions for operations. This implies the need to examine more closely the spend- replacing ol, ing linkages between these two budget cycles. completely impacts on CAPITAL SPENDING'S LINKAGE TO THE OPERATING BUDGET operating ci would be in operating sl In conceptualizing capital's effects, several complications are apparent. First, capital facilities, a spending's impact varies depending on whether it replaces labor with capital, such as declining ci through automation, or merely adds to a government's service capacity through the pected to sty -onstruction of a new facility. Second, its effect likely varies across urban services capital and Jepending on, among other things, the extent to which service production relies In reality pri- marily on either labor or capital. Third, the lag in time before capital spending can be and expans associated with a change in operating expenditures may also vary among services. the purpose Fourth, capital investment's relationship may be masked by the presence of budget will aid bt slack (excess resources) in a municipal service, especially if slack is used to absorb adjustment 34 Public Budgeting & Finance / Stunner IM Bland and 1' oded, in part governments apital budget e rationality Fey in which )ver the ex - re about the t and equip- :) notes that Gately fail to on and com- i that "[tjhe ase of capital ffects linger dying choice t making the ital spending ,n to increase ions for both or equipment .s such, man- v much if any the operating y across mu - managers are t concomitant My the spend - )GET . First, capital apital, such as ty through the urban services tion relies pri- )ending can be nong services. mce of budget used to absorb :e / Summer 1992 increased costs created by new capital improvements. Finally, measuring the ma; tude and timing of municipal capital spending is complicated by incomplete data uncounted private contributions. These complications, and how they were resolve this analysis, are discussed in the following sections. Types of Capital Spending Capital expenditure decisions, whether for equipment or construction, occur for possible reasons. First, capital spending may be a replacement decision; new eql ment is purchased to replace old equipment. Older capital may have high maintena costs, so its replacement should reduce outlays for maintenance. At a minims operating expenditures should remain constant or decline when more efficient eqi ment is installed. In another type of replacement decision, equipment is purcha because managers assume it will reduce operating expenditures by substituting car for labor. Automating libraries may replace librarians. Capital replacement decisi are often justified by managers on the grounds that operations and maintenance penditures will decline (or not increase) following the purchase of new equipmen Second, capital expenditures occur to expand service delivery in response to creased demand. This does not replace existing equipment, but instead adds to the st of existing assets. Because of population growth, a city must construct and equip a i fire station on its growing fringe. Operating expenditures will increase because the 1 equipment and buildings must be operated and maintained. In summary, some car spending is done on the expectation that operating costs will decline, whereas of spending will increase future operating and maintenance outlays. Unfortunately, assessing the separate effects of these two types of capital spenc is impossible because the aggregate census data used in this analysis do not distingt between them. However, the data can still be analyzed if the expected impact of car spending is considered carefully. The problem is that the lower operating costs ft replacing old with new facilities may be offset by higher operating costs from add completely new capital. Because of this offsetting effect, the positive and negai impacts on operating budgets may cancel each other out, leaving no net impact operating costs. The expected relationship between capital and operating spend would be insignificant (neutral). However, a positive relationship between capital operating spending suggests more new capital is being purchased than replacem facilities, as might occur in a city responding to increases in service demand. I declining city, capital spending (for replacements or labor efficiencies) would be pected to stabilize or lower operating expenditures, and a negative relationship betw capital and operating spending would be expected. In reality, municipal budgets will contain a combination of spending for replacem and expansion. While the data used in this analysis do not permit disaggregation i the purpose for the capital outlay, knowing the impact of aggregate capital spend will aid budget analysts in assessing the long term ramifications and the period adjustment required for the operating budget. Bland and Nunn / Capital Spending Differences Among Services and Cities The Presen< Factors affecting the operating expenditures of a city vary by type of service. Climate Slack is c ind rainfall affect the cost of sewer and highway services more than the cost of police needed to ervices. Wage rates are important for labor-intensive services such as fire protection changes brccapital inve )ut less so for capital -intensive services such as highways. Economic and political used up, of iifferences among cities also affect the interaction between capital and operating spend- Factors cor ng. For example, assessing the relationship between capital spending and operating department :xpenditures for parks is confounded when two cities have different per capita incomes. substantial kre changes in operating expenditures due to differences in capital spending or vari- cessing) or «ions in per capita income? Related to this is the service responsibility of a city. States generate sl lave different statutory requirements for municipal services and, under home rule, generate sl; :sties have diverse service obligations. Cities may contract for services, offer services To the e o other cities, or not offer a service at all. Central cities may exhibit higher per capita budget ma; tperating costs because interurban commuters consume city services. develops b, To minimize these differences, only large central cities are examined in this analysis. by workfoi While they are certainly not identical, they share many common traits.6 The regression slack grow nodels used in this analysis statistically control for differences in population size, land ments to u Lrea, age of housing, climate, and other variables contributing to intercity differences. in the oper 'urthermore, interservice differences exist as a result of the different production func- ultimately ions. In this study, these differences were controlled by specifying a separate model expenditur or each of six commonly provided municipal services: fire, police, libraries, parks/ ecreation, highways, and sewer service. Measuring 'ie Lagged Effects of Capital Spending One rea operating were colle The time it takes for capital spending to have an impact on operating expenditures finances. vill vary by the type of service, depending on whether additional labor must be survey." mployed immediately in order to ensure service delivery. In the case of capital- Some c ntensive functions (capital is a large proportion of total costs), it may take longer for portion of apttal spending to induce a change in the operating costs. Conversely, labor-intensive recurring i ervices may be more sensitive to the effects of capital investment because labor must outlays fu ie employed immediately in order to deliver the service. As it stands, these observa- from such ions are little more than propositions about the relationship between capital and op- were use( rating spending. The empirical analysis will develop these points more fully. rather tha Obviously, isolating the lagged impact of capital spending on operating expense Anothe equires observations from several successive years (a time -series) to assess the effect estate de, ,f past years' capital spending on current operations. In addition, the need to control on -site st ,utside factors on the city budget requires a cross-section of cities to introduce variation developn n environmental factors, constituent and consumer demand, and institutional and of city g4 Budgetary differences. Hence, a pooled time -series is used in the following analysis.' diture. N Public Budgeting & Finance / Summer 1992 1 Bland an! • a ,ice. Climate ost of police re protection and political rating spend- nd operating cita incomes. ding or vari- a city. States r home rule, >ffer services ter per capita this analysis. he regression ion size, land y differences. duction func- .parate model raries, parks/ ; expenditures abor must be se of capital- ake longer for abor-intensive ise labor must hese observa- apital and op - fully. acing expense sess the effect eed to control duce variation aitutional and ring analysis.7 The Presence of Slack Resources Slack is defined as the amount of budgeted resources exceeding the minimum lev needed to provide the services Slack in operating budgets can disguise spendii changes brought by capital outlays. An organization with slack can absorb changes capital investment with no observable effect on its operating budget until the slack used up, after which capital's effect on the operating budget becomes more apparer Factors contributing to the presence of slack vary. The larger and more complex department's budget, the easier to hide slack resources.9 Municipal services wi substantial political support (police protection) or technical service criteria (data pn cessing) or that have a dedicated source of funding (wastewater treatment) can al! generate slack. Services with cyclical levels of demand (utilities or fire protectioi generate slack during off-peak periods. To the extent slack exists, then, the true effect of capital spending on an operatic budget may be hidden from view. How can slack be dealt with in this analysis? Slat develops because of budgetary negotiations and new technologies, but can be reduce by workforce monitoring, cutback management, and retrenchment.10 Over the year slack grows and declines as competition and negotiation for resources force depat ments to use (or accumulate) surplus resources. To a degree, then, some slack exis in the operating budgets of all cities. In this study, the existence (or absence) of slat ultimately helps explain differences in the way capital spending is related to operatic expenditures among different service areas. Measuring Capital Spending One reason for the scarcity of studies on the linkage between capital outlays at operating budgets is the difficulty in reporting capital spending. The data used he were collected by the U.S. Census Bureau in its annual compilation of governme finances, and include all capital and operating expenditures for cities included in tl survey.'' Some city governments may underreport capital spending by reporting only tl portion of capital spending funded from the current year's revenues. This cove recurring capital expenditures included in annual budgets but misses some major capit outlays funded from "off -budget" capital project accounts.12 To limit the possible bi from such underreporting, only data from the forty-eight cities over 300,000 populatit were used. For these governments, the Census Bureau relies on original documer rather than just survey responses in compiling annual financial information. Another source of underreporting involves public capital investment made by re estate developers. Developers build and dedicate water and sewer lines, park Ian on -site streets, and street lights to the city as a condition for obtaining approval of tl development." Infrastructure donated by such firms affects the operating expenditur, of city government, yet is unreported to the Census Bureau as a government expe, dilute. Nonetheless, while the data analyzed here may understate the value of all publ / Summer 1"2 �' gland and Nunn / Capital Spending infrastructure spending, this does not detract from any conclusions drawn from the recreation are cla census data about the relationship between direct municipal capital outlays and oper- categories of set er capita op ating expenditures. jio of p eiassifications. Capita ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL SPENDING'S IMPACT ON y $2.07 per capita OPERATING EXPENDITURES �pita. Sewer service operating outlays 1 The analysis addresses three questions about the relationship between capital spending and operating budgets: i. 1. Controlling for other determinants of city spending, what is the marginal impact of past V; i+ years' capital outlays on the current year's operating budget? 2. How rapidly does the impact occur, and how long is the effect felt? 3. Does capital s endin s impact on operating expenditures v P P B P P B P vary among municipal set- /nsrirurionatevenuerfr n revenue Eton Vices. Per capita General revenue _ Service charges: Research Design parks/recreanoe Sewer services This study uses data from 1979 to 1986 for the forty-eight most populous cities in the Highway services Form of government` Jnited States. They range in population from New York City's 7.1 million to Char- Hourly wage, manufa otte's 300,000. These cities were selected for two reasons. First, they are all central factor :ities within their respective metropolitan areas. Second, the service responsibilities for Environmental Land area (square mi he six common service areas analyzed (see below) are similar. The 1979-1986 period Density (people Per rsed in the analysis represents eight years of the most current city finance data available percent housing unit rom the Census Bureau at the time this research was initiated. pre-1939 To assess whether capital spending's effect varies among municipal services, six owner-occuPted r vacant ommonly provided services that vary in their reliance upon labor and capital were Unemployment r ) Per elected for analysis. Table 1 reports their mean p operating p Y p per capita o eraun and capital Major crimes Annual temperatun xpenditures; all analyses were done using constant 1982 dollars. Fire and police Annual precrpttauc )rotection represent labor-intensive services; highway and sewer services are more apital-intensive in terms of the technology used to provide these services: libraries and Consumer demana population TABLE 1 Per capita persons of popula Means of Per Capita Operating and Capital Spending percent for Six Commonly Provided Municipal Services, 1979-56 r poverty under (standard deviations in parentheses) Non- Under 5 and o With four yea Labor Intensive Mixed Services Capital Intensive Solo drivers. pet Fire Police Libraries Parks Highways Sewers Non -retail firms Business firms 1 operating expenditures $ 50.42 $ 91.06 $ 11.53 $ 33.72 $ 27.10 $ 25.66 (16.23) (38.191 (4.97) (15.99) (12,34) (18.55) '.apical expenditures $ 2.07 $ 3.27 $ 1.50 $ 13.95 $ 27.64 $ 35.18 Number ofcitic observati (2.11) (3.31) (2.47) (12.49) (27.34) (32.83) Total umber of cities 48 48 35 48 48 45 Notes a. All Tel oral observations (n) 384 384 280 384 384 360 b. Cates otr All expenditures are measured in constant I982 dollars. C. Form Public Budgeting & Finance / Summer 1992 1 Bland and P 0 r twit from the ays and oper- pital spending 1 impact of past municipal ser- 3us cities in the d1lion to Char - are all central 3onsibilities for 19-1986 period e data available al services, six nd capital were ing and capital Fire and police rvices are more :es; libraries and :appal Intensive always Sewers 27.10 $ 25.66 :12.34) (18.55) 27.64 $ 35.18 (27.34) (32.83) 48 45 184 360 parks/recreation are classified as "mixed" services, meaning they fall between the t other categories of services in their use of labor and capital in service production. 7 ratio of per capita operating to capital spending for the six services supports thi classifications. Capital spending for fire protection in these forty-eight cities averal only $2.07 per capita for the period while operating expenditures were over $50 capita. Sewer service, by contrast, averaged $35.18 in capital spending but only $25 in operating outlays per capita. TABLE 2 Means of Control Variables, 1979-86 /nstirurionalibudgetary factors Per capita revenue from:' General revenue Service charges: Parks/recreation Sewer services" Highway services Form of government` Hourly wage, manufacturing Environmental factors Land area (square miles) Density (people per square mile) Percent housing units: Pre-1939 Owner -occupied Vacant Unemployment Major crimes per 10.000 people Annual temperature range (degrees) Annual precipitation (inches) Consumer demand for public services Population Per capita personal income Percent of population: Under poverty level Non -white Under 5 and over 64 years With four years college Solo drivers, percent all journeys Non -retail firms per 10,000 people" Business firms per 10,000 people Number of cities in sample Total observations (n) Notes: a. All revenue is measured in constant 1982 dollars. b. Cities =45. and total n=360 Means $577.04 $ 9.64 $ 37.19 $ 1.62 1.33 $ 7.57 193.73 5616 30.52% 46.54% 7.21 % 7.98% 95.66 57.06 32.85 815,267 $12,397 3.07% 38.83% 18.35% 10.64% 64.65% 1.79 4.33 48 384 c. Form of government: I =mayor/council or commission, 2 = council/manager mce / Summer 1992 1 Bland and Nunn / Capital Spending Stand, Devial 353.( 7.: 20.! 4.: 00 163.1 44 19.. 9. 1' 3. 25.' 14.1 13. 1,084, 1.1 16. 3. 3. 12. 0., I .. fodel Specification Regression analysis is used to assess the relationship between prior years' capital Deriding and the current year's operating expenditures for each service area. Separate lodels were used for police, fire, libraries, parks/recreation, highways, and sewers. ach model uses key variables identified from previous research to control for eco- omic and Institutional influences on operating expenditures. Three groups of control artables were used: institutional and budgetary factors, city characteristics, and at- ibutes of the demand population. Table 2 shows the means of the variables used in the x models.14 Use of ordinary least squares regression indicated a problem with auto- orrelated error terms as a result of the pooled time -series structure of the data. The 'ule-Walker method was therefore used to correct these errors, resulting in more :curate standard error values.15 esearch Results Table 3 reports the result of regressing per capita capital spending on per capita perating expenditures. The table reports only the estimates for lagged capital spend- ig; the complete regression results, including the estimates of the effects of the other ontrol variables, are reported in Appendix 1. TABLE 3 Impact of Capital Spending on Operating Expenditures' (Constant 1982 Dollars) Dependent variable: per capita operating expenditures. ,nnual per capita Labor Intensive Mixed Services apital spending: Fire' Police Libraries Parks" uring year t 0.426** 0.442** uring year t-1 0.476*• 0.583** 0.090 0.078** uring year t-2 —0.050 0.980**** 0.223** 0.077* tiring year t-3 0.490* 0.060 0.124** uring year t-4 0.033 0.1 to** Rz 0.830 0,906 0.838 0.940 Sample Size 288 240 175 192 :umulative effect $ 0,902 $ 2.495 $ 0.223 $ 0.390 ugnificant coefficients only) igmficance levels: "'• = .00I •*• = 005 *•=.05 *= 10 ores.a Capital Intensive Highwaysb Sewage — 0.007 —0.030 0.013 0.028 0.070** 0.015 0.636 0.831 240 180 $ 0.000 $ 0.070 All regression coefficients are omitted for brevity except for those measuring the effect of capital spending on operating expenditures. See Appendix I for the coefficients of all other independent variables. The best -fitting model in these cases used a log transformation for each of the lagged periods of per capita spending on capital. The estimates repotted here convert the estimate using logged data back into dollar terms, thereby making them comparable to the estimates for the three services not using log transformations. The ongtnat coefficients are reported in the appendix. 1. The per capita of capital expenditures bst sensitivity as ind operating costs of It effect begins in th improvements duri increased by $0.43 Police. City officil investments for th operating budgets, cycles is better lit, For these two s substantial and sig years. While the t to capital spendin police have a muc for this sample of capita operating c capital improven What explains explanation is tl drive patrol cars substations. Cor personnel, polic by adding a new expenditures in midyear. An a greater political ongoing concet increased capita some of the st affected by the personnel have slack resource impact on ope The results least sensitivil of the continu investment, a previously. C process, espe economies of to operate o maintenance Public Budgeting & Finance / Summer 1992 Bland and No The per capita operating costs of all services except highways show sensitivity capital expenditures made in previous years. Labor-intensive services display the gre years' capital est sensitivity as indicated by the row reporting the cumulative effects. Not only are ] operating costs of labor-intensive services more sensitive to capital investment, but ] area. Separate and sewers. effect begins in the current year (t). That is, for each dollar spent on fire cap] „ introl for eco- improvements during the current year, the corresponding per capita operating cc UPS of control increased by $0.43 during the same period; the operating costs increased by $0.44 istics, and at- police. City officials apparently anticipate the increased operating costs from cap] Iles used in the investments for these two services by including expected increases in their curr lem with auto- operating budgets, suggesting that for these services decision making in the two bud. ' the data. The cycles is better linked. ulting in more For these two services, the decision to expand capital spending in one year ha substantial and significant lingering impact on the operating expenditures in subsequ years. While the operating costs for both police and fire show considerable sensitiv to capital spending, the effect on fire is less protracted. By contrast, capital outlays police have a much greater cumulative and prolonged impact. The peak marginal eff for this sample of cities occurs for capital spending made two years earlier: current g on per capita capita operating costs increase by $0.98 for each dollar spent two years earlier on pol 3 capital spend- capital improvements. :cts of the other What explains the difference in capital spending's effects for these two services? C explanation is that most police capital requires operation by an individual. Offic drive patrol cars, operate communications equipment, run lab equipment, and occt substations. Consequently, because capital spending for police presupposes additio personnel, police capital will add substantially to operating costs. Expanding servi by adding a new police station in the current year (t) will require a change in operat expenditures in the following year (t+1) or in the current year if the facility op apitai intensive mid -year. An alternative explanation is that spending for police protection may h; iwaysa Sewage greater political support, especially in these forty-eight central cities where crime is ongoing concern. Administrators of police departments may become adept at us 0.007 increased capital investment as leverage for increases in their operating budgets. WI 0.028 o.0t3** o.oz8 0.07o some of the same principles hold true for fire protection, much of its s endin P P P P € 0.015 affected by the need to meet peak periods of demand. As such, fire equipment 0.636 0.831 personnel have more idle time between peak demand periods and thus accumulate m to 180 slack resources. In the presence of slack, capital spending will have a less visi 0.00o $ 0.070 impact on operating expenditures for fire protection. The results in Table 3 support the proposition that capital -intensive services show least sensitivity to spending on capital improvements. Of the two services at this , of the continuum, only the operating budgets of sewers show sensitivity to prior cap investment, and then only a modest response to capital spending made three yc previously. Capital -intensive services use fewer operating resources in the product affect of capital spending process, especially labor, and they have greater opportunities to benefit from increa ndent variables. ged periods of per capi 3 economies of scale as capacity increases. Sewer capital is constructed and usually led data back into dollar to operate on its own. Lines are installed then ignored until problems develop ,sing iog transformation:. maintenance is required; treatment plants are expanded but operated with exist nance / Summer 1992 Bland and Nunn / Capital Spending lersonnel because of automation or scale economies. Therefore, as a sewer system is to alter operating nodemized or its capacity increased, operating costs are relatively unaffected as per- capital budget's ;onnel are redeployed and the need for maintenance remains constant or declines as old what are the imp ines are replaced with new. First, not only Only the operating budgets of highways show no relationship with capital investment previous decisiot nade in previous years, at least for the eight years examined here. The reasons may be of the six munic imilar to those for sewer service —greater economies of scale as service capacity capital investme ncreases and fewer operating resources used in delivering highway services. In addi- and operating bi ion, a bias exists in the allocation of capital funds that favors new highway construc- increase a servi( ion over the repair of existing roads.1° Politically, new highway construction provides quality of polic Fiore visible benefits than filling pot holes or adding guard rails. For the cities exam- penses. Practica ied here, new highway construction evidently imposes little additional maintenance operating budge osts since capital spending for highways has no significant impact on operating costs. without knowle k new road may not require additional maintenance personnel because monitoring an the operating b dditional mile of streets can be accomplished with existing staff. Alternatively, added spending are sii this suggests thin iaintenance spending required by road construction may have a longer cycle than the municipal of ight-year period covered in this study. marginal hard cilitie hant For the two mixed services in Table 3, the cumulative effects of past capital spending capital c n current operating costs place them between the labor-intensive and capital -intensive Second, not :rvices. Parks and recreation budgets appear somewhat more sensitive to capital capital improve ivestment than do libraries. In the case of parks and recreation, the lagged effect of greatest sensiti apital investment, while small, is significant for all four periods, indicating this became evidei :rvice has few slack resources that can absorb the operating costs created in conjunc- underlying de on with capital spending. Parks and recreation departments may have fewer oppor- municipal set inities for accumulating budgetary slack because of their status as nonessential leisure expenditures i :rvices. An alternative explanation is that many park departments in large cities are equipment) w Iso governed by park commissions and boards that wield considerable political clout fering impact. pith public decisionmakers, thus allowing park department managers to leverage cap- impact if, for al spending into steady, though modest, increases in operating budget allocations.' streets. One For library operating budgets, only capital spending made two years previously has years. while statistically significant effect in this sample of thirty-five large cities. Apparently, gets. brary spending more closely approximates that of capital -intensive services than do Third, cap arks and recreation services. Library operating budgets appear to possess some ca- is inconsistet acity to accumulate slack resources through automation or scale economies. In fact, efficiency at braries rarely reach their peak capacity in terms of circulation; as holdings and budgetary sl; rculation increase, operating costs do not necessarily increase commensurately. Earlier it relationship IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC BUDGETING AND MANAGEMENT operating exslack in the! and fire prot rom the perspective of public management, altering the capital budget changes the Yet in no ca anager's control over future budgets. What public administrators have lacked here- The absence fore is information on the magnitude of capital spending's impact and the time it takes mutating bL Public Budgeting & Finance / Summer 1992 Bland and N 0 wer system is to alter operating expenditures. This study has provided empirical evidence on t fected as per- capital budget's linkage to operating budgets. What conclusions can be drawn, a leclines as old what are the implications for managers and analysts of governmental budgeting? First, not only is municipal spending affected by economic and political factors, t ital investment previous decisions to invest in capital improvement have a significant impact, too. Fi easons may be of the six municipal services examined were affected to some degree by past yea. xvice capacity capital investment. One could argue that these findings suggest that capital spendi In addi- and operating budget decisions are merely the product of an underlying decision vices. away construe- increase a service's production or quality. Policy decisions to change the quantity action provides quality of police services may mandate changes in both capital and operations e he cities exam- penses. Practically speaking, however, the separation of capital budgeting from t operating budget means that decisions to make capital improvements often prose ial maintenance without knowledge of their aggregate impact or the period of adjustment required 1 operating costs. the operating budget. These findings show that the fiscal consequences of caps e monitoring an spending are significant and can linger over an extended period. From one perspecto matively, added this suggests that current capital spending has a bearing on the continued real increa! !r cycle than the in municipal operating budgets. From another, the analysis provides evidence on i marginal changes in operating budgets associated with earlier years' spending capral-intensive l spending capital facilities and the lag in time before those changes become evident. :spira Second, not all municipal services are uniformly affected by decisions to invest sitrve to capital capital improvements. The operating expenditures of labor-intensive services show i lagged effect of greatest sensitivity to capital spending, with virtually no lapse in time before the eff, indicating this became evident in increased operating costs. Again, this is partly a product of i ,ated in conjunc- underlying decision of public managers to change the composition and scope o! ,ve fewer oppor- municipal service. A decision to increase police protection implies that operati nessential leisure expenditures and any associated capital outlays (vehicles, firearms, communicatic n large cities are equipment) will be increased. However, the analysis also pointed to the widely c ole political clout fering impacts these decisions have on municipal services. There is a very differ s to leverage cap- impact if, for example, the decision is to expand police protection versus building n [get allocations .t' streets. One has clear, unambiguous positive effects on police budgets for seve ars previously has years, while new highway construction has little if any impact on transportation bi ities. Apparently, e services than do gets• Third, capital spending was never inversely related to operating expenditures. T possess some ca- is inconsistent with the argument that much capital spending is designed to incre; conomies. In fact, efficiency and reduce operating costs. It does suggest that the relationship amc ; as holdings and budgetary slack, capital outlays, and operating expenditures may be quite comple3 mmensurately. Earlier it was argued that slack could explain differences in the capital-to-operat: relationship within different services. The relatively high and prolonged sensitivity operating expenditures to capital spending on police and parks suggests little budget, ,GEMENT flack in these services. Highways and sewers showed little sensitivity, while librar and fire protection fell in between, suggesting varying degrees of slack in their budge )udget changes the `.Yet in no case was capital spending associated with a decline in operating expenditur 1 have lacked here- The absence of any negative relationship may result from department managers ac, and the time it takes mularing budget slack by not converting cost savings from automation and equipm Inane / summer 1992 11111111LBbod and Nunn / Capital Spending replacement into budget reductions. In these cases, the savings are internalized by the department as budgetary slack for discretionary use by the manager. Because legisla- tors seldom know the true cost of delivering city services, the tendency of capital spending to create slack would be reinforced by the incremental nature of municipal budgeting. Further analysis needs to explore the extent to which different categories of :apical spending (equipment replacement or new energy -efficient buildings, for exam. )le) or different mixtures of spending for capital and labor resources lower future )perating expenditures. This suggests other questions worthy of further investigation. Does increased in- ,estment in automation result in reduced operating costs, and how quickly do the avings appear? What effect does deferring maintenance and repair expenditures have in future capital expenditures, and do those effects also vary among municipal set. ,ices? While this analysis examined the lagged effect of capital spending on operating iudgets, a reciprocal effect may also exist, especially with respect to current mainte- iance expenditures. In fact, the effect of operations and maintenance spending on the ondition of and need for urban infrastructure is discussed more explicitly in the iterature on capital budgeting than vice versa. la Despite the plethora of discussion bout infrastructure maintenance strategies, no study has attempted to quantify or nalyze how operating and maintenance spending changes future capital investment. 'he likelihood that operating spending affects future capital outlays is an area worthy if further research. NOTES 'he authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Phanit Laosirarat, a doctoral student in the Depart• tent of Political Science at UNT, in data collection and analysis. A version of this paper was presented I the 1991 ASPA conference in Washington, D.C. I. Michael Pagano, 1984, "Notes on Capital Budgeting," Public Budgeting & Finance 4 (Autumn 1984). 32. 2. Ibid., 37. 3. John M. Kamensky, "Budgeting for State and Local Infrastructure: Developing a Strategy," Public Budgeting & Finance 4 (Autumn 1984): 14. 4. H. Thomassen, "Capital Budgeting for a State," Public Budgeting & Finance 10 (Winter 1990): 78. 5. Ibid., p. 81. 6. While the 48 cities do differ, a comparison of the means and standard deviations of the control variables depicted in Table 2 suggests that the cities do not differ drastically among most of the major socioeconomic characteristics. With the exception of population and highway service charges, the coefficients of variation (standard deviation divided by the mean) are less than 1.0. 7. Pooled time -series data present special problems for statistical analysis, such as autocorrelated error terms (residuals) and contemporaneous correlation among different cities during the same period. These issues were dealt with by using the Yule -Walker method of estimating uncorrelated error terms and unbiased standard error values. Once these methodological corrections were made, the pooled time-senes data used here permitted up to 384 cases (48 cities times 8 years), supported regression analysis with substantial degrees of freedom, and allowed for robust models applicable to many estimating situations. For each model, capital spending is specified for various time lags in order to assess how rapidly it affects operating budgets, how long the effects are felt, and the dollar impact of each lag. Terry Moe, "Th (1984): 739-777 Principal -Agent I Irene Rubin, The 58-70. Stein, 1990, op. H. Levine, ed... U.S.Departmen magnetic tapes. Carolyn T. Adar University of N Economic Grow ment," Public I R. M. Smith, ' and Linkage Pa Problems, 50 (1 Assessments, at 534-541. For each of tht Different mode spending, and r showing the IN estimates. . The Yule -Wall It was used th indicated the a the same year. ticollineanty a. i. Heywood T. S Urban by5asrr 1. Leon S. Eplan and Managem I. S. Cristofano International ( tion Technolol Cities and The Academy Pre, Public Budgeting & Finance / Summer 1"2 Bland and Nunn ,alized by the :ause legisla- icy of capital of municipal t categories of Igs, for exam- s lower future ;increased in- auickly do the Ienditures have municipal ser- ng on operating current mainte- spending on the mplicitly in the ra of discussion 1 to quantify or 7ital investment. s an area worthy audent in the Depart - paper was presented i Finance 4 (Autumn tg a Strategy," Public 10 (Winter 1990): 78. viations of the control song most of the major ay service charges, the can 1.0. I as autocorrelated error luring the same Period* uncorrelated error terms were made, the pooled a), supported regression dels applicable to manY ous time lags in order to , and the dollar impact of Finance / Summer • • 8. Terry Moe, "The New Economics of Organization," American Journal of Political Science (1984): 739-777. Robert M. Stein. "The Budgetary Effects of Municipal Service Contractini Principal -Agent Explanation." American Journal of Political Science 34 (1990): 471-502. 9. Irene Rubin, The Politics of Public Budgeting (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House Publishers. 19 58-70 10. Stein. 1990. op. cit.: Charles H. Levine, "Organizational Decline and Cutback Management." c H. Levine, ed., ,Managing Fiscal Stress (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House Publishers, 1980), 13 11. U.S. Department of Commerce, 1979-1986, Bureau of the Census, Survey of Governments. Fina magnetic tapes. 12. Carolyn T. Adams, The Politics of Capital Investment: The Case of Philadelphia (Albany, NY: University of New York Press, 1988). 164-166: Samuel Nunn, "Public Capital Investment Economic Growth in Fort Worth: The Implications for Public Budgeting and Infrastructure Man ment.- Public Budgeting and Finance I I (Summer 1991): 62-94. 13. R. M. Smith, "From Subdivision Improvement Requirements to Community Benefit Assessu and Linkage Payments: A Brief History of Land Development Exactions," Law and Contempo Problems, 50 (1987): 5-30: Robert Cervero, "Paying for Off -Site Road Improvements Through f Assessments, and Negotiations: Lessons from California," Public Administration Review, 48 t I S 534-541. 14. For each of the service areas, a variety of logged, unlogged, and mixed models were exams Different models were used because some of the relationships between capital spending, open spending, and other socioeconomic and institutional factors were expected to be non -linear. M( showing the best fit in terms of explained variation and highest F-values were selected for estimates. 15. The Yule -Walker method is the default protocol in the AUTOREG procedure in SAS, version f It was used throughout this analysis. After the Yule -Walker adjustments, a plot of the rests indicated the absence of contemporaneous correlation among observations of different cities dt the same year. The Pearson correlation matnx of all independent variables showed no serious ticollineanty among the independent variables. 16. Heywood T. Sanders, "Politics and Urban Public Facilities," in Royce Hanson, ed.. Perspectne Urban Infrastructure (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1984). 143-177. 17. Leon S. Eplan. "Planning Urban Park Systems." in J. M. Stein, ed., Public Infrastructure Plan and Management (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1988). 131-148. 18. S. Cristofano and W. S. Foster, eds., Management of Local Public Works (Washington, C International City Management Association, 1996): C. W. Ibbs and D. Echeverry. "New Cons lion Technologies for Rebuilding the Nation's Infrastructure." in J. H. Ausubel and R. Herman. Cities and Their Viral Sysems: Infrastructure Pact. Present and Future (Washington. D C fiat Academy Press, 1988). 294-311, Nunn / Capital Spending Y • yy O C • M p N Y N r f • w T a ooc v o � v 000 O O ? O� C T U * •p w p yy ``QQ N 000 O cc O 000 • f w • * 4 f * M • M * • a • Y • • l V M �GG�pp Ypp M • Y V 1 — apap}} • ± � • f Grpp h J V O y phi• � * N • • • • * • • Y • * * * * � N Y M * Z N 000 O O O O O O Q O iaii w w • w i •p�p•� w pp w �n w i i O L�j O coo N M �O M N .G - O M 00 6 Z O O S O O y O O y o p o00o Vo 0 0 I 00 Z N N OZ�1 pQ'� J �u U c a Uy_ ? vo C'Is O�acrrv.nq Zan�d� e�S. Ga?Ey.yy Qcm'v v g g o'C 8 C dT dT dS Q TTTT 'L] is O'C an E u � u O g 3 pU n n aU rCr gyp• n ^T2 9 5 U cC�y C 'C 'C C ¢Gv V, 44v F n cni v u c c C4; o8, a`a Z :° OU FCL uZNa°Z�u� p 6 Public Budgeting & Finance / Summer l"2 5 Bland and Ni 40 tr+t O O ♦ • M i - i y _ iV1 �P V DD c y C rn�O S A A � T V T O O C O O m n L qV Y y 9 C A i y • • O •'+ P pas ;y O P°PN C e u u � 5 ° 8 � . i ° iSv C O C C L Y 8� O ; O •5 CV i « V1 iWi t� V Nn— ` > �, A� 3 L « « 0 3 p ca O u en8 O O C O O a q � y c c x; FFQ Qqq yV t�' p�Vt u a z 8 E, }t�fGC�inCf�Q g,F � u 5T n ii n i pp`o NC C05 z e•••.,y • AK-dz id Api • z° ice / Summer 1992 jff,• Bland and Nunn / Capital Spending ' I I THE TIME IS RIGHT BY BOB TRACINSKI ravelers often comment that they can judge the heart' of a city by the quality of its parks and public lands. Since these facilities are funded by the people for the people, the beauty, accessibility and usability of parks and public lands reveal how impor. tant quality -of -life issues are to the community. That assessment places a heavy burden on recreation and parks personnel. if travelers are looking at your facili- ties in this manner, how much more intensely are your community's citizens analyzing your performance, not to mention critical scrutiny practiced by planning boards, elected officials and funding agencies? Park and recreation professionals have multiplefunc• tions to fulfill: to provide people with hours of enjoy, ment, to improve the quality of peoples' lives, to main tain facilities in an environmentally compatible man ner. Yet you are asked to do this with ever tightening budgets and limited personnel resources. Alway: hovering at the edges of the day-to-day agenda is the underlying goal to establish your facility as a leader it 5SWCARY 1993!P&R -nvironmental stewardship, as a role model for com- nunity and homeowner environmental practices. There are some ways to further these worthwhile ;oats without stressing the already stretched budget or iemanding more of hard-working personnel. Equip- nent manufacturers continue to develop machines to hake maintenance tasks more efficient and environ- nentally friendly. Green industry organizations, with he assistance of industry manufacturers and suppliers, nave developed programs to help inform the public on !nvironmental matters. Consider the area of recycling. America faces a land - III crisis. Old landfills are filling up fast, while com- munities reject new ones with the "not in my backyard" attitude. Tough new regulations slotted to go into effect py 1996 will establish new landfill standards. The costs :)f meeting these standards is estimated at $330 million Because of all this, the Federal Environmental Protec- 9on Agency (EPA) predicts that 50 percent of today's landfills will be closed in five years. With America generating approximately 180 million tons of trash each rear, and 75 percent of that trash going to landfills, the :ranch is evident. Studies have identified 17 to 20 percent of the materi- al going to landfills as yard debris. In some regions, that volume balloons to 40 percent with autumn leaf collec- Ion. Many states have banned grass clippings and yard waste from landfills in an effort to extend the life of Misting sites; other states are considering such bans. Scattered communities throughout the nation have es- ablished similar ordinances on their own, prior to state legislation. The logical solution to grass clipping bans is simple. Sllow grass clippings to recycle naturally, by leaving Them on the lawn when mowing. The Professional Lawn Care Association of America (PLCAA) describes this process as "grasscycling," and has created the motto, "roday's Turf; Tomorrow's Earth." PLCAA promotes grasscycling because its "a simple and effective way to help conserve landfill capacity ... and it results in a greener, healthier lawn." With the assistance of John Deere, PLCAA developed he "Grasscycling Community Action Plan" in 1991. This step-by-step booklet can be used as a guide to help your -ommunity develop a grasscycling program. Who bet- xr to band with the lawn care industry to set an ex- ample in this sensible campaign than someone with acres and acres of highly visible, publicly used turf — you, the parks and recreation facilities professionals. Obviously its easier to leave grass clippings on the lawn than it is to collect them. So why hasn't the public enthusiastically embraced this concept? Educa- :ion is the key. The majority of the population — including homeowners, elected officials, and most of the people you know —haven't any concept of the prin- ciples of grass growth. They may mow the lawn, or pay to have it done, but they've never made the effort to learn how grass grows, what it needs or why. •Basic horticulture tells us that the height of the grass blades that grow above ground determines the depth of the root system below ground. Each grass variety has a recommended mowing height. Generally, warm - season grasses I ike bermudagrass are maintained at one to two inches. The exception, St. Augustine, is mowed from two to three inches. Cool -season grasses such as bluegrass and perennial ryegrass are maintained at 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 inches. Groundskeeping crews generally keep the grasses on the high side of these recommendations to encour- age a deep root system. For turf health, they strive to remove no more than one-third of the grass blade at any one mowing. Closer mowing forces some of the root system to die back to compensate for the loss of top growth. A look around any neighborhood proves that most homeowners don't understand this basic concept. The theory appears to be: if you let it grow really tall, then chop it off short, you won't have to mow again for quite a while. The theory may prove true, since such mowing practices create a shallow root system that's highly sus- ceptible to stress by drought, disease or insects. A second important principle about grass, and one which most of the public still questions, is that grass clippings don't cause thatch. That brown thatch layer at the top of the soil is composed mainly of dead grass roots and some of the tough, fibrous material that is sloughed off by the plant. Improper maintenance practices —frequent shallow watering, multiple ap- plications of fast -release fertilizers, and the "scalping" described above —all weaken grass plants, causing a portion of the plant to wither and die, thus contributing to the thatch layer. Some thatch is good. It serves as a blanket to mod- erate soil temperatures, to retain soil moisture and to act as a shock absorber to relieve ground compaction. Excess thatch, a layer greater than one-half inch, can form a barrier reducing the flow of water, nutrients and air to plant roots. When excess thatch has built up, it can be removed with thatcher attachments for mowing units, with a slicing machine or a core aerator. Less frequent, but deep, waterings, slow -release ferti- lizers, aeration, and following the one-third rule when mowing all encourage deep rooting and grass health. Research has shown that grass clippings are 85 per- cent water. They decompose quickly and, when left on the lawn, return 20 percent of their nitrogen content to the soil. Wlth a full season of mowing, that's the equiv- P&R/kMARY 1993/59 alent of one application of a commercial fertilizer. Understanding these basics will help convince the public that grass clippings can be left on the lawn. Observing the health of your facilities' turf areas, main- tained following these principles, can be the deciding factor that wins their participation in a grasscycling program, Because of some of the advances in outdoor power equipment, it's becoming easier for your crews to grasscycle effectively. The right equipment makes grasscycling easier. The smaller the particles of grass clippings, the more quickly they decompose and the less likely they are to remain on the grass surface in unsightly clumps. One method of keeping clippings small is to mow more often. This may be practical for the homeowner with a tiny lot, or on a small, highly visible property, but with the extensive areas of most parks and recreation facilities the cost would be pro- hibitive. The logical alternative is to use the mower to further reduce the size of the cut portion of the grass blade. In order to make clippings as small as possible, the cut portions of the grass blades need to stay in the mowing Hating the right equipment makes grasscyc- ling easier the smaller the particles of grass clippings, the more quickly they decompose and the less likely they will remain on the lawn in unsightly clumps Some mower decks (such as the one shown left) now bare special baffle designs to allow for multiple cutting of the grass c1ppings and to disperse them in a way that creates mulch. chamber long enough to be cut and recut by the mowet blades, reducing them to mulch. The small bits of clip ped grass are then blown down inside the turf canopy by the air movement created by the action of the mowet blades. Some of the recently introduced mower decks have special baffle designs to allow for this multiple cutting and to disperse the tiny clippings more uniformly, in effect performing a mulching process. Other mowet decks can be adapted with special attachments tc rechannel the clippings for mulching. Because crews will face varying turf and weathet conditions throughout the mowing season, it's impor, tant that several options be available to them. Mowet decks should adjust quickly and easily to allow change: in the height of cut. During periods of warm tempera• tures combined with heavy rainfall, grass grows rapidly and conditions may not allow mowing as regularly ar desired. Cut height may need to be adjusted several times during a day just to adapt to the different growth rates at the same site. Small patches of overly tall, heavy grass clippings can usually be worked into the turf with a leaf rake. Durinp periods of rapid growth, when heavy rains limit access for mowing, or when scheduling demands curtail crew mowing hours, grass may be too heavy and succulent tc grasscycle for a mowing or two. In these instances, having the option to use a grass collection system saves valuable time and effort. Even when clippings are collected, you can still recy. cle. You can spread the clippings under shrubs or in flower beds as mulch, or in wooded or rough areas that are screened from view, allowing them to decompose and add valuable nutrients to the soil. You can add clippings to an on -site composting pile or take them to a municipal composting facility. Setting up a step-by-step, on -site composting demonstration area with signs tc explain each step of the process will further encourage public cooperation with grasscycling efforts. Call on local extension services, master gardeners, or garden club members to help you establish and maintain the composting demonstration area. When falling autumn leaves add to the grounds main. HERE'S ME MOST DEPENDABLE, TROUBLE FREE DRINKING FOUNTAIN tenance work load, another new type of mechanism makes the mower deck even more useful in recycling efforts. Perforated steel plates attach underneath the mowing deck, and as leaves are hit by the mower blades, they're deflected into the attachment. The leaves are held in the cutting chamber until they are pulve- rized into tiny pieces and discharged through the attachment's perforations. Just like the tiny mulched grass clippings, they are blown down inside the turf canopy to decompose. Not only is bagging eliminated, but nourishing food is returned to the turf. Besides the environmental benefits these recycling efforts provide, they have an added advantage. They save time, and when it comes to managing valuable personnel hours, time is money. Manufacturers are responding to the widespread problems of doing more with less by introducing other equipment options to help save time. Multiple blade mower decks allow a wider swath to be mowed in one pass. Options for both riding and self-propelled, walk -behind units range from the traditional 36- and 48-inch decks to the commercial 60- and 72-inch decks. Compare the hours needed to mow a given area with a three-foot deck as compared to covering the same site with a six-foot deck. Some of the larger decks also have oscillating features, allowing the deck up to seven inches of vertical float for a better cut on uneven terrain. Mother time -saving introduction is the front mower. With mowers out in front, the operator can mow close to obstacles and easily maneuver around trees, shrubs, flower beds and fences to virtually eliminate trim work. Again, this option is available in riding or walk -behind units. As always with budgetary limitations, new equipment purchases must be carefully considered. Comparing the immediate costs, the costs of operation, and the labor savings of the new equipment to the options of operating existing units as is, orwith added attachments for environmental effectiveness, is sound management. The increased efficiency and environmentally compat- ible features of the improved equipment add to the plus side of the column. Opting to serve as a grasscycling role model is an easier decision. There are no expenditures involved. The recycling process is a simple, effective, labor- and cost -saving activity, which grounds maintenance crews will readilyadopt. By promoting grasscyclingwithin the community, we become even stronger environmental supporters. Helping the public adapt to grasscycling on their home lawns improves the entire community's quality of life —and leaves individuals more time to enjoy recreation. a YOU'LL EVER OWNI • Heavy gauge, solid steel construction • Survives hard freezes • Easy to Install and • Choice of models and colors • Designed to save you money 5 e Cold water without electdcityl Tamper Proof Drinking Fountain Requires our special tool to open fountain (Included with fountain) Write or call for FREE Information: MOST DEPENDABLE FOUNTAINS M. D • F. 4697 Winchester, Memphis, TN 38118 MOST DEPENDABLE Phone 901.794.4072 FOUNTAINS Fax 901.794.4272 Mane cath soft ethos P.V.C. SPEED . WRENCHE; Stamos tool offers r,;-• . ; full line of cast alum num speed wrenche designed to fit all nut style PVC fittings an most adapters Eac nub wrench is de signed to fit two diffei ,}r ent sizes of couplin caps and bodies wit minimal ground cleai ance and without any distortion, They will work on a brands of fittings. Stamos tool offers a lifetime warranty As a superintendent myself, I can tell you they make re pairs a lot easier and here are great responses from othe users as well: Jim Hengel — Binghamton C.C., NY "Best irrigation tool improvement and innovatioi developed in quite some time! Thanks." John Gallagher— Racebrook C.C., Orange, CT "Performed admirably, exceeded my expectations b, far." Frank Lamphier — Aspectock Valley C.C., CT "Manny — Where have you been for 40 years? These are great 'down in the ditch tools.' Thanks Frank." There are many more. 1-800-554.1074 ►ties• eat• spot service cardP NARY 199-1 Recreat ion + Recycl iin BY MELISSA L. LANNING park and recreation departments host special events all the time. In recent years, and in tune with the growing environmental movement, the need for recycling at these events has grown due to public demand and the dedication of park and recrea- tion professionals to enhancing the environment. According to a recent study by Geoffre} Godbey, Alan Graefe and Stephen James, "The Benefits of Local Rec- reation and Park Services: A Nationwide Study of the Perceptions of the American Public,' more than 75 percent of the C S population uses park and recreation facilities Batted on a C.S. population esuniate of 247 million (1989 figure), this means that more than 185 million people use our park and recreation facilities - 185 million people generating mountains of trash BN recycling that trash, we can help the Earth and educate the public about recycling's importance Special -event recycling was introduced in 1990 with Earth Day, according to Diana Rogers, associate for Eco Partners, Inc., an environmental consulting firm in Co- lumbus, Ohio. It has become increasingly popular ever since. The benefits are numerous: It reduces solid waste, recovers useful materials, saves disposal costs, uses resources more efficiently, reduces litter, saves energy and natural resources, and decreases water and air pollution. Professionals interested in organizing a recycling program should first understand the recycling process. The four -step process includes separating disposables into paper, plastics and compostables; collecting the separated waste; processing the collected waste into raw materials; and manufacturing those raw materials into products, materials and agricultural compost. Developing a recycling program requires ex- traordinary planning and organizational skills. The re- sults, however, make it worth the effort. A recyclinj program preserves the environment; it also provide your organization with valuable publicity and educate the public about recycling and its benefits. You ca promote the program with banners and signs, publi announcements, scoreboard messages, printed rt minders on cups and napkins, brochures, exhibits an, displays, and local cable and media messages. Although special -event recycling is challenging there have been several successful programs: th Fourth of July celebration on the Mall In Washingtor D.C.; the 1991 International Special Olympics; the St per Bowl, in conjunction with the National Recyclin Coalition's "Sport for All" program; and the Norwal (Connecticut) Oyster Festival, to name a few. 704ANUARY 1993/P&R Renewable Resource: On July, 4, 1992, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), Browning -Ferris Industries (BFI) and the National Park Service cooperated in a recycling project on the Mail in Washington, D.C. The project, in its second year, recovered 15 tons of recyclable materi- al, 3.25 tons commingled. The event attracted about 500,000 people. Janie Harris, SAIC vice president and manager of the Waste Regulations Department, said that one of their goals was to inform the public about recycling. "We handed out fliers to the public which included Informa- tion about the importance of recycling and where to recycle their own waste." Harris said that to better inform the public, volun- teers also made posters listing interesting and meaning - ful statistics about recycling, offered a "volunteer heal quarters" to answer questions, and spoke with peep in the crowd about the event and the importance recycling. Soliciting Sponsors Finding a sponsor for your recycling project providr funding, helps with visibility, provides needed iten sit uch as garbage bags or food for volunteers, and can t a source for additional volunteers. Program manage, 2 can approach local businesses for funding in exchang r for positive visibility in the community. The sponst can help to promote the event beforehand, and g, visibility for themselves by donating T-shirts, signs c bins with their company name or logo. RRecruiting Volunteers ` Recruiting volunteers is crucial. Every recycling pre gram needs volunteers to monitor bins, sort materia and educate people. You can recruit volunteers fror the local park and recreation department, schools, bus nesses, local civic groups and other organizations. Pi notices in the local media, on bulletin boards througl out the community and in local newsletters. Training and organizing these volunteers is vital to successful recycling program. It's a good idea to hold a informational meeting for volunteers the day before, c at least a few hours before the event. This lets yo explain exactly what you expect of them, and it allow them to ask questions beforehand. "Find volunteers who have a positive attitude an want to work with the crowd," suggests Harris. "Ligh hearted volunteers will help to promote the spirit of th event, get the crowd more involved and reinforce th P&R/JANUARY 1993r project itself." Volunteers should never go unrewarded. Create a pleasant atmosphere and make them feel useful. If volunteers leave with a negative impression, it is un- likely that they will volunteer for future events. It's always a good idea to present them with a small token of appreciation, such as a T-shirt or a free meal to thank them for their help. Liability Liability is always a concern when volunteers are involved. Event organizers must be aware that injuries, minor or serious, are possible during the event. Suggestions for Special Event Recycling 1. Choose volunteers with k positive attitude. 2. Make the process easy for the public. 3. Plan well in advance and have many meet- ings for all involved to smooth out the pro- blems; be slue that everyone involved clearly understands what is expected of him or her. 4. Make very specific plans in advance as to who will collect the materials and exactly where they will go. 5. Try to be prepared for everything: rain, snow, power failure, etc. 6. Seek a sponsor for the event to provide additional funding and visibility. 7. When you organize your first event, DO NOT TRY TO RECYCLE EVERYTHING. Pick one or two things. 8. Make sure you have markets for your collec- tion. Plan a containment and collection area for recycling. 9. Always have a trash option at every recycling site. Diana Rogers, who helps plan special -event recycling for Eco Partners, Inc., said that when recruiting volun- teers for events, they have volunteers sign a waiver, and add each one to a group liability policy as a volunteer. This is done at no additional cost by adding each social security number to the organization's group policy. Plaruting Organizers of recycling programs must set up specif- ic plans on how the waste will be sorted, how it will be collected and where it will be taken. The type of event being planned (type of food served, how many people involved, type of facility used, size of facility or grounds) and the audience (teenagers, adults) will determine what types of waste will be collected, how the bins will be set up, how many volunteers are needed, and numerous other details. Event organizers must find the available waste generators in the area, find out what their procedures are, and how accessible they are. Meet with plant management in advance to set up the times and dates of collection, During the Oyster Festival in Norwalk, Connecticut, the James River Corporation, one of the nation's largest marketers and manufacturers of disposable paper and other consumer goods, sponsored an event -wide recycling demonstration in 1991 and 1992. Organizers determined the destination of all waste from the event beforehand: the plastics went to a plas- tics recycler in New Jersey and were recycled into items such as benches, fences and compost boxes; the food and paper waste was trucked to the Fairfield Municipal Composting facility (pending a permit from the Con- necticut Department of Environmental Protection); the commingled recyclables were trucked to the inter- mediate Processing Center (IPC), where all of Fairfield County's recyclables are taken; all other wastes were taken to the incinerator in Bridgeport, Connecticut; and the oyster shells were reseeded into the oyster beds by Tallmadge Brothers. In 1991, the James River demonstration collected a total of about 35 tons of waste. Eight and one-half tons of this were composted; 1.2 tons of plastic were recycled; 5.8 tons of cardboard were recycled; five toters of oyster shells were used to re -seed shellfish beds in the Long Island Sound, seven toters of bottles and cans were recycled; and 17 tons of waste were burned for energy at a Bridgeport (CT) incinerator. At the 1992 event, 200 volunteers and a number of organizations contributed to the recycling program's success, including: the Town of Fairfield Public Schools, City of Norwalk Recycling, the Norwalk Refuse Service (NRS), the Eastern Paper Company, Tallmadge Brothers, International Process Systems, the New l'fnwv„A.v ImamO D 4 • • , -�....•Y" � to .�� 1 �r!Jos:l''2'irs`ssaEtri,�...`x. T Althougb special - emu recycling is cballenging, there are marry success stories. One of them (pictured) w r� was held this past July 4tb when Sci- ence Applicanow International Corp.. Browning Foni huGcntme, ■ anul liv .Vulional P.- Park Serene all • � � Irnned fra•ce� ni u W r I rccTdutl,• proliv I�r a on rno Itau m • y l4'a4 n geo+t. 1) r. 7M. *?rcrJ1XTc! 75 y,,, AM tong of renclahlr 1-15 Iq�:r-• - lonu<ownunghd Haven Agricultural Experiment Station, the :Norwalk Marching Bears Band, the Fox Radio Station and many exhibitors and vendors. James River also organized an event -wide recycling project at the 1991 International Special Olympics in Minneapolis, one of the nation's first and largest event - wide recycling projects. During the games, James River set up a recycling Expo Center in nearby River Flats Park featuring a video demonstrating the four-part recycling process. Here visitors could learn more about the proc• ess and its benefits. Lyle McGlothlin, manager of external affairs for the James River Corporation, said that the program and educational exhibit demonstrated the feasibility of recycling food service disposables on a regular basis to business and government as well as to the general public. Setting Up When setting up your bins, be sure that they are easy to understand. "Imagine that you are the person at the party;" said SAIC's Harris, "and come up with a plan that will make the process easy. Encourage people to follow directions and place the waste in the proper bin." Harris suggests placing icons on bins (i.e., a picture of a bottle) to make it easy for the public to understand. Other pointers for those setting up a recycling pro - I" gram (provided by James River Corporation) includ< • ALWAYS have a trash option at every recycling site • Place recycling bins near seats/tables. • Set up recycling near exits/main pathways. • Collect a maximum of three sorts of materials. • Have extra containers available. Legislation If you're considering a recycling project, you shoul learn about existing legislation on recycling at a natioi al, state and local level. Every community varies in th strictness of their laws and requirements for recyclini "Good Sports Recycle" "Good Sports Recycle!," a program organized by th National Recycling Coalition, works to increase awan For More Information On Recycling National Recycling Coalition 1101 30th St., NW, Suite 305 Washington, DC 20007 (202) 625-6406 P&R/JAWARY 1993/-, IP We Have 1 The Leading Ed&e For Your Recreation Programs: Largest Selection of Recreation Crafts Current With The Craft Trends A Creative Staff Who Recognizes Your Special Needs Great Ideas For All Age Groups Call For A Free Catalog 1.800-241.1820 or Write Royal Arts & Crafts P.O. Box 93486 Atlanta, GA 30377 (404)881.0075 (404) 876.6428 FAX Ph M elreM rawrw MlYlaa end numaw ON'T LET LITTER AND INJURIES Use The "GRAB -IT" low you have an opportunity to control both your litter and ty, by acquiring a marvelous tool called the "Grab -It" 'here extremely lightweight, durable tools (3 sizes) are structed of RECYCLED aluminum tubing, durable steel )pings and grasping rubber cups. It will pick up the smallest of cis (like a needle or cigarette butt) or as large as a softball. You pick up objects from all "a of surfaces. Usable indoors tool trom the SAFETY spective, your HANDS�'� N'T TOUCH the JECTS you're picking up. a tool will make the job let, faster and safer. You retrieve litter floating on the .. e of the water. Also IDEAL ) for the HANDICAPPED. Imps for wheelchairs and ken available too. Our reusable shoulder• apped LITTER BAG ninates struggling between breeze & plastic bags. IT'S EXTREMELY FORDABLEI GRAB -IT Enterprizes "SIMPLY MAKING YOUR LIFE EASIER & SAFER P.O. Box 703 a Jackson, AL 36545 1-800-247-2286 a Fax (205) 246.7500 "(A recycling program is worth the effortlit preserves the environment; it also provides your organization with valuable publicity and educates the public about recycling and its benefits." ness among sports fans. The program introduced recycling on a trial basis at the Super Bowl in Tampa, Florida, in 1990. The program targets major national sporting events, and also helps regional or total sport. Ing events or facilities that want to begin recycling programs. Suggestions and Tidbits Recycling at a special event takes a great deal of work, planning and organization. It can be done, however, and the results can be rewarding. "The overall response has been really good," said Harris about the Fourth ofJuly recycling event in Wash- ington, D.C. "We've reached a lot of people, generated a great deal of public interest, and helped the (National) Park Service begin their own programs." You learn from each event, according to Harris, and become more prepared for the next. For those con- sidering organizing their first recycling project, she suggested scheduling your volunteers for short inter• vals throughout the day, especially at heavy times; have plenty of meetings beforehand to smooth out the prob• lems and make the process as easy for the public w possible. "Take the initiative and try it!" she said. "It gets people working together, and I think it's important." ❑ Reality and Perception Where Do We Fit In? BY GEOFFREY GODBEY, ALAN GRAEFE AND STEPHEN JAMES Does the American public really think they benefit from local governmental recreation and park services? While the local government's provision of recreation and park services has be- come a common feature of Amer- ican life, there has historically been little systematic investigation of what benefits such services provide. More recently, however, perhaps spurred by economic cutbacks and declining federal support, there has been increased interest in de- termining the benefits associated with local recreation and park ser- vices. Research concerning the benefits of recreation has focused upon "ob- jectively" documenting health, eco- nomic, environmental and other benefits. As a practical matter, how• ever, the public's "perception' of benefits is all important in terms of community acceptance of and sup- port for such services. As Crompton and Lamb pointed out: "People spend their time, money and energy resources with the expectation of receiving benefits, not for the deliv- ery of services themselves. Citizens don't buy programs or services, they buy the expectation of bene- fits." At the local government le, we have known precious little ab, what benefits citizens think they buying or even how they cone of such "benefits." It is particularly important understand the public's percept of such benefits as we enter an er suburbanization. Today, about o half of the U.S. population live: suburbs, up from 25 percent 1950. Conversely, only about percent of our population now sides in urban areas. Suburban is characterized by concerns both economic and physical set ity and by a "privatization of life culture." Suburbanites are far m likely to be homeowners with an dant responsibility for propt taxes. Use of leisure may also privatized by home entertainm centers and use of backyards. S urban life is characterized by a government sentiment that m ifests itself in resistance to to Programs aimed at change are hi ly suspect. Special purpose taxes the suburban ideal. While p, show suburbanites want gove ment to do more about educati health, the environment and of issues, they are thought to be 7&]ANUARY 1993/P&R willing to pay for it and more cynical about government's ability to take effective action. Understanding what the public believes to be the benefits associ- ated with local governmental rec- reation and park services, then, is critical for both interpreting such services to decision -makers and for effectively managing in an era in which the public is more sub- urbanized, more critical of govern- ment and has higher expectations, and in which government is in- creastngly in debt. What follows de- scribes the first nationally represen- tative study of how the American public views the benefits of such services. The Study This study was undertaken to de- termine the benefits of local gov- ernment park and recreation ser- vices perceived by the American public. it was concerned with use of services, types of benefits perceived at the individual, household and community level; comparative im- portance of such benefits; and rela- tions between the respondent's per- ception of benefits and his or her socio-economic and demographic status and use of such services. The study was funded by the National Recreation Foundation and earned out through the National Recreation and Park Association in cooperation with Penn State University's Leisure Studies Program. Data collection consisted of a telephone interview administered to a broadly representative national sample of 1305 households to in- dividuals age 15 and over. Addi- tionally, a follow-up questionnaire dealing with leisure behavior and selected health and wellness var- iables was administered to all tele- phone interview respondents who consented to give their name and address during the telephone inter- view. The telephone interview, which was extensively critiqued by both recreation and park prac- titioners and university faculty, was conducted during January and Feb- ruary 1992. The completion rates for both the telephone interview and the mail questionnaire were typical of those obtained for such research when national random samples are used. Leisure and the Pace of Life. This study, like many others, found that most Americans feel they have less time available for leisure com- pared to five years ago and that the pace of life is speeding up. More than one-third (35 percent) of re- spondents said they always felt rushed, while only 18 percent re- ported never feeling rushed. The largest percentage of respondents said work and leisure were equally important to them, while 38 percent rated work as more important and 26 percent said leisure was more important. Slightly more than one out of five Americans reported beginning a new recreation activity during the last 12 months and the majority of such new activities were sport or exercise related. Use of Loral Recreation and Park Services. This study found a surprisingly high rate of use of loc governmental park and recreatio services throughout the country I terms of use of local parks and pla, grounds, slightly over seven out c ten respondents repotted having park or playground within walkin distance. While some past studie, usually limited to one or two ciue: have found parks and playgrounc are used by varying portions of th population, this study, the fir! national data concerning such usi found that 75 percent of all respor dents had used parks and pla, grounds during the last 12 month, 51 percent using them occasional] and 24 percent using them fit quently. Respondents were also asked they had participated "in any recre; tion activities organized by your k cal government's recreation an parks department. This would it elude such things as sports league, educational and instructions classes and special artistic or cola ral events in your community. Du ing the last 12 months, have yo participated in any recreation or le sure activity that was sponsored t or took place on areas or facilitit managed by your local go Figure 1 Use of Local Parks/Recreation Services Used Only Perks 49% P&RQANUARY 199Y ernment's recreation and parks de- partment?" If the respondent said "yes," he or she was asked to name the activity or activities. Not only did 30 percent of re- spondents say they had participated in such activities during the last 12 months, but as Figure 1 shows, 26 percent of the public used both rec- reation services and parks during the last twelve months, 49 percent used only parks, and 4 percent used only local recreation services Almost four out of five Americans used local government recreation and park services during the last 12 months. It should be noted that, when those who didn't participate in ac- tivities sponsored by local recrea- tion and park agencies during the last 12 months were asked if they P e r s 0 n a I a r k 70 60 60 40 30 20 10 had ever used them, another 25 per- cent said they had done so. Thus, 55 percent of respondents had partici- pated in such activities at some time. Use of both parks and other rec- reation services increased with edu- cational and income level but there was no relation between them and one's gender —women were as like- ly to report using both parks and other recreation services as were men. While older people used such services somewhat less than young- er ones, decline of use with age was gradual and those aged 65 to 74 were more likely to use local parks frequently than any other age group. (see Figure 2). Local parks were used more by Hispanics than whites and more by whites than African -Americans but those of dif- ferent ethnic statuses were equally likely to use other recreation se vices. Non -Use of Services. While If vast majority of respondents ust local recreation and park servict those who did not were asked agree or disagree with several scat ments concerning the reasons fi their non-use. Only 14 percent non -users said they were not intt ested in recreation and park se vices. lack of time was the most fr quently agreed to reason for lack participation, with 52 percent non -respondents citing it. Fees ar charges were not a significant d terrent to participation, since on six percent of non -users cited loc recreation and park services beir too expensive as a reason for no, participation. lack of lnformatio however, appears to be a biggi Figure 2 Extent of Use of Local Parks By Age of Respondent INS- 39 - jI '129 15-20 21-35 36-56 56-65 66-76 76-95 Age Group Not at All ® Occaslonally 0 Frequently Personal Park Use In Percent 7WNUARY 1993/P&R Figure 3 Benefits of Parks Most Frequently Mentioned Exercise/Fitness 236 Relaxation/Peace 126 Open Space 88 Place for Kids 117 Nature 63 Family Time 67 Fun/Entertainment 68 Being Outdoors 62 Place to Go 61 Recreation Place 61 Exercise/Fitness 144 Relaxation/Peace 68 Fun/Entertainment 63 Place for Kids 48 Place to Play 41 Kids' Facilities 33 Family Time 32 Keep Kids Busy 27 Open Space 26 Being Outdoors 26 Number of Times Response was Mentioned problem, since fully one-third of all non -users said they didn't have enough information about such ser- vices. Additionally, 23 percent of non -users agreed that "local park and recreation services aren't planned for people like me" and 15 percent concurred that"there aren't other people for me to participate with." Benefits from Such Services. Respondents to the telephone sur- vey were asked about benefits re- ceived from local parks at an in- dividual, household and communi. ty level. Next they were asked about benefits to other members of the household and finally the commu- nity as a whole. Perhaps what is most startling about these results is that the vast majority of respondents perceived benefits at all levels and the strong- est level of perceived benefit was the community level, where more than six out of ten respondents said their community received "a great deal" of benefit from local parks. Only six percent of respondents said there was no community bene- fit derived from local parks. In terms of specific benefits, Fig- ure 3 shows the ten most frequently mentioned benefits of local park and playground use at the in- dividual, household and communi- ty level. These benefits show that individuals go to local parks both for recreation and as recreation. That is, one may realize a benefit because they go there for a specific purpose, such as to exercise, or one may view the simple act of going there as a benefit in and of itself. While the most frequently men- tioned benefits are exercise -related, the second most frequent at the in- dividual level is relaxation and peace. Thus, individuals change their level of stimulation while in parks both by becoming more ac- tive and narrowing their field of attention, such as by playing a sport, or becoming less active and broadening their field of attention, such as by relaxing or contemplat- ing. In terms of both household and community benefits, children are mentioned in three out of ten re- sponses. While our study documented that large segments of • tu.r ,- Exercise/Fitness 138 Place for Kids 132 Gathering Place 87 Activities 79 Community Spirit 79 Recreation Place 76 Fun/Entertainment 68 Family Time 68 Good for Kids 86 Place to Go 63 Play Sports 63 Kids Off Streets 61 the 65 and older population use 1, cal parks, our respondents dor associate local park benefits wn older people. Parks are, howeve identified as gathering places whic help foster community awarenes Our sample rarely mentioned ii creasing "cultural awareness" as benefit of parks and exercising pe was mentioned only once, eve though many people use parks to c SO. In terms of participation in actit ties sponsored by recreation at park departments, responden were asked what specific activitii they had participated in during it last 12 months and then asked wh was the most important benefit th< received from such participatic and if there were other benefit These answers, in the responden own words, were then coded ini categories. Figure 4 shows the fr quency and percentage of all r sponcients at the personal, hous hold and community level. Person benefits was composed of tt following major benefits: exercis fitness and conditioning (mei tioned 134 times); fun an PS:RIMUARY 19931 entertainment (86); learning and education (28); relaxation (25); and health (24). Personal benefits clear- ly have a strong health and wellness orientation. They accounted for the highest percentage of benefits iden- tified by respondents at the per- sonal and household level. Social benefits had the following com- ponents: getting to know people (34); group participation (23); inter- action of adults and kids (23); com- munity awareness (22) and team spirit (20). These benefits also re- flect wellness ideals. They con- stituted almost one-half of all bene- fits cited at the community level. Recreation and park benefits, then, are primarily "people" benefits and they are strongly related to health and wellness. Facility/aaiviry benefits included: having instructional classes (10), 60 so 40 30 20 10 0 the joy of playing (8), place to go (8), place for recreation, (7), exposure to arts (7) and crafts (8), and watch- ing organized sports (7). Such benefits constituted just under 12 percent of benefits identified at the personal level but increased to 17 percent at the community level. En- vironmental benefits included: fresh air (12), nature (9), and a place to be outdoors (7). Perhaps sur- prisingly, less than ten percent of the benefits identified at any of the three levels were environmental. Finally, under economic benefits the major benefit listed was affordability, and economic benefits of any kind were also less than ten percent of the identified benefits at any level. What people did not mention is also important. while respondents clearly saw local recreation and Figure 4 park services as benefitting the e tire community, not one of 13051 spondents mentioned service to tl poor, the disadvantaged or ethr minorities. While a recent Cana& study of benefits found that recre don and parks professionals iden fled "basic services to poorer re dents" as the number one ranks benefit, our respondents saw coi munity benefits in inclusive terr and did not associate such agenci with service to the poor. Similar while the Canadian park and recrt tion professionals rated "protean of the natural environment" semi highest, our study found envirc mental benefits were mentioned I less frequently than personal ai social benefits. Those who don't use local g( ernment recreation and park sa vices also perceived substanti Most Important Type of Benefit From Local Parks and Recreation Service Level of Benefit Individual Household Community Type of Benefit Personal ® Environmental © Social ® Economic © Facility Level of Benefit In Percent 801ANUARY 1993/P&R Figure 5 Type of Benefit Received by Type of Locally Sponsored Recreation/Park Service Type of Program Personal Type of Benefit Environmental Social Economic Facility Total Team Sports 230 12 181 1 41 465 Culture 142 35 139 22 39 377 Classes 73 4 34 0 21 132 Sponsored Activities 36 4 61 2 15 118 Outdoor Nature 33 19 11 0 6 69 Volunteers 16 1 33 0 9 S9 Golf 16 8 14 0 8 46 Swimming 19 2 11 0 8 40 Clubs 1S 2 18 2 0 37 Individual Sports 14 0 12 1 7 34 Exercise 17 3 8 0 2 30 Seniors 4 4 8 2 6 24 Facility Use 7 2 10 2 3 24 Hunting and Fishing 7 1 10 0 2 20 Tennis 8 0 7 0 4 19 Kids Programs 3 1 10 1 3 18 Spectator Sports 4 0 5 0 4 13 Skiing 4 1 2 0 0 7 Tables Games 0 0 3 0 2 S Special Populations 1 0 3 0 0 4 Water Sports Events 2 0 0 0 0 2 Animal Related 0 0 1 0 0 1 Miscellaneous 14 1 11 2 2 30 Total 665 100 592 3S 182 1574 P&RQANUARY 1993/8 0 • 60 E SO V a 40 1 u 30 a 1 20 0 In 10 0 Figure 6 Respondents' Evaluation Of Local Services I .o 43 M'0 \ I 0 \�l:S \�2-1 ._Ie,Manuel I 1 Police Fire Streets Parks Facilities Programs Type of Public Service Very Poor ® Poor © Fair ® Good = Very Good All Values In Pefeent benefits from recreation and park services. While those who used such services perceived a higher level of benefits, 53 percent of those who never used local parks said their community received a great deal of benefit from such resources. In terms of the benefits of partici- pating in specific activities spon- sored by local government recrea- tion and park services, Figure 5 shows the number of times respon- dents Identified a category of bene- fits with various kinds of activities. As may be seen, the vast majority of benefits identified were personal and social. Also, the majority of benefits are clearly from sport and exercise. They account for more than one-third of all benefits identi- fied by respondents. Perhaps of equal importance, however, is the extent to which cultural and educa- tional activities are prominent. Cultural activities were the second most frequently mentioned source of benefits and classes were men- tioned fifth most frequently. In terms of services to specific populations, however, such as senior citizens and special pop- ulations, our sample attributed a relatively smaller number of bene- fits. With regard to the elderly, as we have previously seen, this does not mean such services don't reach the elderly, since those 65 to 74 are slightly more likely to use local parks "frequently" than any other age group represented in the sam- ple (age 15 and over). Rather it means that age -segregated pro- grams, such as senior citizen cen- ters, are not a significant source of benefits. This should not be surpri; ing since, according to Kelly, suc centers serve only about one out c ten of those 65 and over. Evaluation of Local Recres tlon and Park Services. When of sample rated their own local go, ernment services, the results, a seen in Figure 6 were as follows: Parks and open space was ranke very high among local go, ernmental services, with four out c five respondents rating them goo or very good. Those with higher it comes and education levels rate parks and open space higher tha others. While 81 percent of whit( rated parks and open space in the community as good or very goof only 65 percent of Hispanics and 5 percent of blacks did so. Recreational programs rate 825ANUARY 199311l comparatively highly with 71 per- cent rating them good or very good. Again, whites were more likely to rate such programs highly than were blacks or Hispanics. Indoor recreation facilities were rated lower, with 17 percent rating them poor or very poor. Such ratings may reflect part of the much discussed "infrastructure" problem with our towns and cities. The de- mise of the land and Water Con- servation Fund may be critical in this rating. Economic Value of Local Rec- reation and Park Services. Rather than ask respondents an ab- stract "willingness to pay" question, our study asked the following: "On the average, people in the United States pay about $45 per person per year in local taxes for recreation and park services. The amount you pay may be more or less, but E45 is the national average. Do you feel that your local recreation and park ser- vices are worth E45 per member of your household each year?" Those respondents who said "yes,' were then asked if such ser- vices were worth higher amounts expressed in $10 increments or, if they said "no" they were asked if such services were worth lesser amounts in $10 increments. Results showed over three -fourths of the entire sample thought that park and recreation services were worth $45 per person per year or more. More than 20 percent thought they were worth from $60 to $150 per person per year and only 16 percent thought theywere worth $25orless. After this question, respondents were asked how such services should be paid for and were given the option of choosing the follow- ing categories: mainly through taxes, mainly through user fees or equally through taxes and user fees. The vast majority, 69 percent, said such support should come equally from taxes and user fees while 20 percent said mainly through taxes and ten percent chose mainly through user fees. Stated another way, the predominate belief is that local recreation and park services are worth $45 or more per person per year in taxes and that their local department should generate equal amounts of revenue through user fees. Wellness and Use of Recrea- tion and Park Services. Our study found several relations between use of local recreational and park ser- vices and wellness indicators. Re- spondents who used local parks, for example, were more likely to report good personal health than those who did not. Among those who used parks frequently, for instance, 33 percent reported their health as excellent while only 20 percent of those who didn't use parks at all did so. Those who didn't use local parks at all were also more likely to report fair or poor health. Personal happiness was also posi- tively related to use of parks, begin- ning a new recreational activity and perceivirfg a high level of benef from local parks. Individuals wit high stress levels were more likel to make no use of local parks (3 percent) than others and to say ft their household received no bent fits from local parks (27 perceni than average (16 percent). Finallv, individuals with di; abilities were somewhat less like to have a park within walking di, Lance (63 percent) than others (7 percent) and to use parks frequen ly. Although 17 percent of thos with disabilities used local party frequently they were somewhat le likely to do so than those reportin no disabilities (25 percent). While there is no previous stud to serve as a real basis for con parison, it appears that local par and recreation services direct] touch the lives of the majority of th public, who have directly use them. While such use is somewh. concentrated among families, use c such services continues across th Continued on page 21 Figure 7 Value of Parks and Recreation Services Per Household Member f35 ua u! W vahm of smite In Down 25% Value of Services 10425 16% O1r150 20% P&RQAM,ARY 1993/E READERS WRITE Continued from page 8 tion. Leisure education is surely an important factor, but it does not include the creative counsel- ing that helps a person select the most practical and enjoyable lei- sure experiences for the person's present life situation. Such help should be part of leisure services. Therefore, I would like to see #3 expanded to leisure education and leisure counseling." Patsy B. Edwards, MSEd Consmtctive Leisure NRPA LAW REVIEW Continued from page 34 afford 'actual' notice, i.e., suf- ficlently illuminated signs announc- ing the park's closure for the speci- fied late night hours at every en- trance and path in the park" Trantham has confused the notice component of due process, a con- stitutional mandate, with the pre- ferred practice of placing signs at strategic points to inform persons as to what is prohibited. The "actual" notice mandated by due process is that "a penal statute de. fine with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can under- stand what conduct is prohib- ited." From the maxim of juris- prudence that everyone is pre- sumed to know the law arises the postulate that ignorance of the law is no defense to its violation. Accordingly, lack of actual knowl- edge of the provisions of section 63.44(BX14) is of no legal signifi- cance, the pivotal Inquiry being "whether the defendant was aware that he was engaging in the conduct proscribed by that sec- tion." The appeals court, therefore, affirmed the Judgment of the trial mutt against Trantham. Dr. Kozlowski is an attorney and counsel to the NRPA Public Policy Division. NRPA Law Review and Retreats and Parks law Reporter articles i catalogued within the NRPA formation Storage and Retrieval S tam (ISAR) database. Searches the ISAR database are provid FREE to all NRPA/SCHOLE Netwc subscribers. Contact NRPA for st scription information. PRODUCT ROUNDUP Continued from page 63 drip irrigation, drip irrigatic microspray, high -flow shuac ralnswitch, new and improved a trollers, an adjustable stream roi nozzle and flo-pro valves. ftw ei h MM MY" aria nraer s PARK MANSION Continued from page 67 the limited resources of our t payer base. We expect to fine-tune the lea and to work closely with our n official "tenants" in the coma years as we reap the benefits of c "landlord" status. It's an innovat solution that is working for its, an could work for your "old hous too. o REALITY 8t PERCEPTION Continued from page 83 life cycle. In particular, park i rates by the elderly remain qu high. The public, while it perceive huge range of benefits from st services, does not associate the with older citizens but primal with "kids." In particular, non -us associate the benefits of such s vices with youth. Additionally, in i mind of the public, there is association of such services with i poor, ethnic minorities or the c 110/JANUARY 1993/P&R lvantaged. Nor is there much with' e disabled. Additionally, these ser- ces are generally not viewed in rms of economic benefits. In sum, ere may be a gap between what e practitioner views as the bene- s of such services and what the iblic thinks. This is particularly rident from the Canadian study red earlier where professionals ewed service to the poor as the ember one benefit, while not one 1305 respondents mentioned it I our open-ended questioning of tem concerning benefits. The rong level of endorsement for immunity benefits would seem to dicate that the public definitely !rceives such services as provid- g benefits to many others in the immunity. In terms of types of benefits, ex- rcise and health -related benefits ,e overwhelmingly first. In addi- on, many other benefit categories hick were prominent in the pub- es mind, such as socialization with ne's family, relaxation and contact ith the natural environment, may intribute to health benefits. While ual recreation and park agencies 7e sometimes only beginning to link of themselves as health or ,ellness organizations, perhaps the ublic already does so. It is evident from our research iat local recreation and park ser- Ices provide places where people o as recreation in addition to going it recreation. In other words, the ct of being in a park or other local :creation setting, in and of itself, is onsistendy viewed as a benefit it rovides a meeting place for the ublic, a place for families, and a lace for kids to go. Similarly, many on -users perceive a benefit from ach services and areas just because ley are there. The high level of enefits perceived by non -users ray imply that attendance itself is an [complete measure for document- ig such benefits. Finally, the results of this study lust be interpreted within the con- ,xt of increased suburbanization. s mentioned previously, the one - 'half of the U.S. population which now resides in suburbs are thought to be increasingly anti -government, anti -taxes, increasingly critical con- sumers and more highly privatized in their uses of leisure. This study showed almost opposite attitudes and behaviors concerning local governments provision of recrea- tion and park services. The public generally rate these services highly, make extensive use of them, are willing to pay for them and associate them with a high level of benefits, particularly at the community level. Perhaps in an era of the privatization of American life, local parks and rec- reation services are valued in that they provide an exception or alternative to this trend. The health consciousness of Americans and their longing for more sense of community may mean that support for local recrea- tion and park services will continue or increase since health and ex- ercise benefits as well as communi- ty benefits are associated with such services. In a society which is rapid- ly aging, however, the fact that many of the benefits of local recreation and park services are associated with youth and are not specifically associated with those in later life may mean that support for such ser- vices will decrease unless there is a broadening in the age groups with whom such benefits are associated. The public views local recreation and park benefits, primarily, to be "people" benefits. These people benefits occur at the individual., household and community level. To a surprising extent, the perception of such benefits transcends age, race, gender and political affiliation. In this lies the strength of local rec- reation and park services in the fu- ture. o EDITOR'S NOTE: References to ac- company this article are available from the authors at Penn State Uni- versity, Leisure Studies Program, School of Hotel, Restaurant and Recreation Management, 203 Hen- derson Bldg. South, University Park, PA 16802.6505• et's not pollute our ocean of air like we polluted theirs. Poisoned air can shorten life with every breath. Only with your help can A stem the tide. It's a matter of life and breath. AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION The Christmas Seat POWs 0 Spce n,nlnhuled ht the puMnher a a public ran ice P&RQANUARY 1993/111 11 AT the composting facility, windrows are turned and/or combined with other windrows every seven to ten days. :ounty/Private Cooperation Makes the lifference for Composting Facility (S MORE states pass legislation ban- ning yard waste from landfills, in- :asing numbers of landscape waste mposting facilities have opened —or Jed to open —around the country. With legislation effective July 1, 1990, inois was the first state to enact a com- :hensive landfill ban on yard waste that Juded grass clippings. Yet, of the 106 rmitted landscape waste composting es throughout the state, 31 have never ened. Failure to open in some cases was e to lack of sufficient volume of raw uerials. In other cases, it was perceived )blems from communities that put up tdblocks. But one composting facility outside iicago, the Du Page County Yard aste Facility, has overcome technolog- I and community hurdles to become e of the largest landscape waste com- sting facilities in the state, and one of largest in the country. In doing so, the has proven the value of colposting both a viable economic alternative to idfilling and a clean, environmentally ind method of recycling organic stes. In 1991 the Du Page facility produced srly 25,000 cu yd of valuable high ahty compost while significantly reduc- the amount of materials going into :al landfills. The tipping fees charged at the facility are in line with what had been previously charged by the landfills. Cooperation Promotes Success A partnership between the county and a private composting company made the difference. "My personal experience has shown that public/private sector coopera- tion has worked really well," said Rodd Elges, environmental specialist with the Du Page County Department of Environ- mental Concerns. "A lot of people thought that you didn't have to be a rocket scientist to do composting. But it became clear as facilities started up —and failed —that you really need experienced professionals to get the job done right." The professionals in this instance are JWP Inc. Of the five firms that respond- ed to the county's Request for Proposals, JWP submitted the lowest cost proposal and, more importantly, had the tech- nological expertise the county was look- ing for, according to Elges. Within two weeks of being awarded the contract, JWP had the facility opened to receive landscape waste. JWP Environmental Composting Technologies (ECT), part of the Energy & Environment group of JWP and Du Page's operating contractor, is also pleased with the private/public partner- ship. Said Tim Krum, the facility's opera• tions manager, "A major benefit of working with the county is that we get their support all the way down the line, including programs in place to educate the public on the benefits of composting. In 1991 we processed 140,000 cu yd of land- scape waste that would have otherwise gone into local landfills, while providing a cost-effective solution to complying with the ban of yard waste disposal in landfills." Stating Up To maximize the economic viability of the project, Du Page County leased 131 acres, 35 of them permitted for com- posting. The county receives a portion of the tipping fees collected by ECT to cover its administrative costs related to the facility. Commercial haulers and land- scapers bid for tipping rights through local municipalities. Starting up a composting facility is always a challenge. "All sites have a few problems initially," acknowledged Elges. "But ECT was able to respond extreme- ly well. They did an excellent job of customizing the facility to the local variables." The Du Page facility, 35 miles west of Chicago, opened in June 1990 with a first stage of 30 windrows on five of the per. PUBLIC WORKS for January, 1993 mitted acres. "At first the count n't think we'd have enough incomin se- rial to get any bigger," remembered Krum. "But with the ban on landfilling yard and leaf wastes effective July 1, it quickly became apparent that there was more than enough. Within three months of opening, we had added another 60 win- drows." The facility now receives an average of 1,000 cu yd of landscape waste per day during the nine -month busy season. The Composting Process "We take a technical approach to com- posting," said Krum. "Oxygen, tempera- ture, and moisture content in the win- drows are the key to operating a suc- cessful facility producing a high quality compost. We have found that the reac- tion kinetics within the windrow will vary depending on the season of the year, the moisture content of the incoming mate- rial, and the blend of material in the win- drow." The windrow composting process is most efficient when the parameters that govern it are at their optimum. One parameter is oxygen. The process needs to be maintained under "freshly aerobic" conditions to avoid problems from odor emission. The windrows are turned at regular intervals and are never allowed to be compacted. An oxygen con- tent of approximately 15 percent in the pile is sufficient. The second parameter is temperature. The process releases energy and the temperature can rise to as much as 160OF. At 160OF the bacteria are no longer operating at optimum levels. Temperature is maintained between 130 and 145 *F. The third parameter is moisture con- tent, and this is extremely important as both too little and too much water will reduce the efficiency of the process. Moisture content should be kept in the 45 to 50 percent range. Each windrow is constantly monitored for oxygen, temperature, and moisture content to insure that the rate of decom- position is maximized. Equipment was Crucial Finding the right equipment to handle the anticipated flow of yard waste was a major challenge for ECT. At the time, very little had been designed specifically for landscape waste composting facilities. The equipment had to be reliable, afford- able, and effective in helping maintain the control parameters at optimal levels, "Processing and material handling are the heart of the business," said Krum. "To be effective and competitive, you need to do it faster —and cheaper —and to accomplish that you have to have the right equipment." In the beginning, the equipment, large- ly preprocessing machines from other in- dustries like tire shredding and rubble processing, was not up to the job. Bu� Krum and his staff made repeated modi- fications in windrow turners, tub grind- ers, screens, and loaders until they were completely happy with both the process and the finished product. With two years operational experience at Du Page, ECT learned some very im- portant lessons surrounding equipment purchases. The first lesson: the right equipment tends to be capital intensive and no matter what equipment is chosen, a high level of maintenance and repair is required to ensure the equipment is opera- tional when needed. A facility the size of Du Page requires an investment in capital equipment of well over $1 million. Another lesson: prior to purchasing equipment, a demonstration of equip- ment at one's own site is advisable. The character and makeup of yard waste can vary considerably from site to site and viewing a machine in service elsewhere is no guarantee that it will perform well in your own facility. According to Krum, with the Du Page facility working so well, composting equipment manufacturers are now anx- ious to get their new equipment tested at Procedures included strict gatd m; agement practices, prompt processing incoming material, maintenance of proper mix of material, and su adherence to operating parameters. As an example, ECT got more sn with the haulers who brought landsc ing wastes to the facility. "If a load t too old (e.g. pungent) we would relc it and charge the hauler the tipping anyway," said Krum. "The first year had a few problems but now the loads consistently good. We now accept par loads to encourage haulers to bring waste on the same day it is collectec A Marketable Product Helping the county comply with la filling regulations in an environment acceptable manner is only one measur the success of the Du Page facia Pointed out Elges, "ECT realized fi the beginning that the way to mak completely successful was to recycle waste into a marketable product." That product? High quality comp with organic characteristics similar to of rich topsoil. "When we sell the in the site. The Facility Operation All yard waste is delivered to the Du Page site in bulk, either loose or com- pacted. Much of it is collected in paper bags that the homeowners purchase. No plastic bags are allowed. Immediately upon delivery, grass, leaves, and brush are mixed and process- ed in a tub grinder for initial size re- duction. The resulting material is then formed into windrows for an accelerated composting step, where temperature, moisture, and oxygen content are closely monitored to maximize the rate of decom- position. The windrows are turned and/or combined with other windrows every 7 to 10 days, a minimum of 6 times during the composting process. The com- posted material is screened to remove any non-compostables and then set aside to cure into a usable compost product. The total process takes from 90 to 120 days. Other challenges to successful opera- tion involved the communities surround- ing the Du Page facility; there are five towns within three miles of the site. "A neighboring site had odor problems and got closed down," pointed out Krum. "It left a bad taste in the area." It was the suburban nature of the com- munity itself that contributed to poten- tial odor problems for the Du Page facili- ty: the sheer volume of lawn cuttings far outweighed the leaves that are generally combined in a 3:1 (leaves:grass) ratio when composting landscape waste. "We identified problem areas and developed operational procedures and processes that kept the situation under control," said Krum. J. <fira�t, ■ IMMEDIATELY upon receipt, all I wastes are mixed and processed In a grinder to prepare them for compost rial in truckload quantities to local 1; scapers, golf courses, and municipals the facility gets the best return," Krum. "We are also currently reviet the higher end market of bagged c post." The Du Page facility has found another use for its high quality coral a local farmer uses the product for application on the seed corn tha planted in the site's buffer zone.C; PUBLIC WORKS for January, 1993 i warm weather conditions it may be necessary to prepare half of a diamond's skinned area at a time, adding mor ater as required. All photos of Atlanta -Fulton County Stadium, courtesy Aimcor. By Ed .lfnegan he Atlanta Bra%'e, have ..,n n� a to tlto \1 i,i ,d �I•rle., dll ,I•n+ \\�rt it Lhdl +u ct't", n n•+ pn•++arc—,In thv pla�- ur.�.,ur.r, .,nn ctcn the `IL,IIO1 ,le« •fl:c 6,1d con- i!,ol. mint in• pol IrcL to pl'u• 11 -.I'r.n. L'111-I+IPIIt pIJ%- '.rtr- 111 t'Iv .ILILCLc,. "1 I.In+ in the ,land,, a, I- 111111. n+ .I trial lawn fin Ina,•ult ul prepuru- . .Ir.t-v t{u„r, cl. ,!lit llt.l� .111 I-1 %ou I, that the iub ,entlaily remains the same. or the grounds crew, every ame is "big." Home field dvantage means more than aluminum landscape rake and repair and smooth any remaining areas that are not I the fans on your side— avingmeans means knowing that for every, practice be accomplished through a strict routine. p g Critical Areas nd game the field will be in the fine ton- At Atlanta -Fulton County Stadium, this the first step is uncovering th ition the players have come to expect. routine begins after the previous game, / er's mound, bull pen mounds, an Meeting these expectations requires in the early morning hours, when as -emendous consistency, which can only many as 15 crew members hit the field. wntinaed on 2 saortSTURF G GAME PREPARATION ttnued from page /2 tte, which are always covered after a me. It's vital to keep these areas cov- !d when they're not in use. Covers went moisture from evaporating from a clay, as well as protecting it from ivy downpours. Moisture is critical en working with clay. Too much and t don't play —not enough and you ist play cautiously in anticipation of it bad hop or loss of footing. Setting up your mounds and plates 29th AN F AND should not be a time-consuming or stren- uous task. If it is, then you're are not maintaining them properly. It takes just a few minutes after each game to repair any holes, apply the proper amount of moisture to the mounds, and then corer them. These few minutes will save you hours in the long run. For repairing holes, it is essential to clean your entire slopes of all game debris, which includes grass, chewing gum, tobacco, sunflower seed shells, and even conditioners and drying agents January 20-211 1993 Come learn at this great landscape Industry event. Admission is (reel + Learn from the trade show. Over 300 exhibit spaces will De filled with products and services you need to know about. Landscape construction & maintenance equipment rrigation equipment. Plant materials. Hand and power tools :,hemicals, Fertilizers. Landscape lighting, Hardscope mate- ials. And much more. 11- Learn from these free educational seminars. 3 The Use of Growth Regulators on Turfgrass 3 Pesticide Laws and Regulations - An Update 3 Turtgross Soil Amendments (isolite, polymers, etc.) 3 Effective Use of Tall Fescue and Mixes 3 Effective Use of Fine Fescues 3 Kikuyugrass Use, Management and Control 3 Optimizing Landscape Plant Performance 3 Tracking Tree Failures - California Tree Failure Reports 3 The Challenge of Moving Large Landscape Trees + C.D.F.A.CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDITS + CERTIFIED ARBORISTS CREDITS + you may use. These materials can d contaminate the clay on the mour face or plate area. Once this clay i taminated or dried out, it is unable t properly with the base clay, whi< prevent firm footing and stability means debris must be removed, can be accomplished by sweeping your entire slope with a broom so left with a good, clean working a: Next, evaluate your area to mine just what you need. If you n regrade your slope, do it now. Do r to repair holes first and then come to make the slope fit your rel Remember that when grading slope, for every one foot you travel elevation must drop one inch. Once your area is swept cleat should apply enough water to prt the binding of your clay, but not et to make it muddy. With the clay t use a spade to chop into the existing This chopping is what will givt packing clay the cracks and crevi bind with the old clay making up the Be sure to chop or scarify the c hole, including the sides and edges. isn't done, the clay packed into thi will not bind with the old clay an be kicked out. If holes are more than a few ii deep, don't try to add all the cl once. It will pack better if yot approximately one to two inches of This must be followed, of cours firm tamping. When your holes are repairec you're through tamping them, ligh over your entire slope with a steel o minum landscape rake and repai remaining areas that are not level, will eliminate any unevenness left bI tamp. Now, with your hand d: smooth off the finished product. again, before you move on, check the ture of the clay. Pay particular atte to your plateau and the areas behi. The steps used to repair your in are the same you will use for the area, minus the slope of course. A moisten the plate area well. Moistt equally critical in the homeplate are; covers go a long way to controlling moisture. Skinned Areas P-eparing the skinned areas fo the+ante basic principles. First, gt proper moisture so the clay is v able. The infield must be moist, bu saturated. Begin with your nail boa sportsTURF I drag to get the good underlyio y to mix with the worn surface clay. a best results are achieved when you 1 drag twice to opposite directions. If i are doing this on a hot, sunny day, clay may dry out too quickly. You may re to prepare half of your skinned a at one time, adding more water ,-equired. Koisten the entire dragged area until water has penetrated the clay. The :ted area must be slightly dry before Lting. The area is ready for floating an the surface hazes over like the e on your car. You want the top dry, not the bottom. This will give you a re, workable top surface, yet a moist surface that will bind back togeth- or firmness and stability. kilter the top has hazed, float or level entire skinned area with the back side our nail board or some other leveling ice. This will give you the opportunity have off high spots and fill low ones. r close attention to the edges where turf meets the clay —the transitions uld be as small as possible. once you've finished floating, you're 1dy to roll." Yes, roll. This will get the surface to bind with the surface for m, yet soft playing area. The dry haze 11 Poor Drainage on top that you've been working with is your playing cushion, yet what lies underneath must be firm for good foot- ing. It must allow for cleat penetration, without skidding. When you're done rolling, you'll need to come back and screen the area with your nail drag. This will smooth out the roller marks and finish off your playing surface. Again, check the clay for moisture —it's often necessary to apply a light amount of water to keep the clay from drying out during the game. Of course, this all depends on the weather and how much Turface you have in your field. Turface helps control the mois- ture in your field. Don't try to use exactly the same steps every day. Hot, dry days will require more water applications than over- cast days. You've got to be flexible. Making Turf Shine On a daily maintenance basis, turf areas are less time consuming. In terms of game preparation, irrigation and mowing are the only necessities. At Fulton County Stadium, the infield and outfield turf areas are cut at 3/4-inch in a distinctive checkerboard pattern. The pattern is reversed during strings of raves road games to prevent the gi blades from growing horizontally. Preparing damaged turf for a garr no easy task. Prior to the 1992 Natii League Playoffs, a college football gi and a marching band practice were I at the stadium in a heavy rain.' damage to the field was significant The top two inches of the skin area had to be removed and replaced new materials, while the ground c could only attempt to repair the turf turf was topdressed with sand to help 1 the field, followed by a series of roll to further level the turf areas. The was mowed frequently after dry This kept the grass healthy, while ting it back in condition for a game Here again, flexibility is essen A routine is vital for daily maintena but you never know what surpr you'll face between routines. As in all things, it is critical to r ize that you get out of your work ex ly what you put into it. These tips are cure-alls, and the easiest way may always be the best. Pay attention to details —they separate the exceptic from the mediocre. J Editor's note: Ed Mangan is the f director for the Atlanta Braves. CE® Mandatory Equipment for Improving Athletic Performance and Safety TURFACE in your infield absorbs up to 2" of rain in an hour. So even after a dowr pour, with TURFACE mixed into the soil, games and practices can be played withou delay. TURFACE makes the field safer and eliminates costly rescheduling. Rock -Hard Areas TURFACE keeps your infield surface loose, safer for your athletes — eliminates bad ball hops, makes it safer to run and slide. TURFACE makes it easier to drag the field and fill in holes around the bases. Slippery Footing When things start turning unsafe and muddy. lust spread TURFACE Ouick Dry. It will not cake, harden or blow away like the old corncob dust. TURFACE is more economical too. It mixes with the soil to work over and over again, Small wnnder that TURFACE is the #1 Choice of Major League, Collegiate and High School Baseball. CALL 1-00-654-8793 for more information One f�,tkway North • Deerfield, Illinois 60015 Circle 106 on Postage Free Card January, 1993 Grounds and Roadside Maintenance A Struggle for Control Casey, Wis., citizens believed they had a right to enact local pesticide ngulations. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed. But others argue that local control isn't such a good idea. By Carla Smallwood, Associate Editor ocal governments are right in the middle of a major debate on pes- Nticide use. The tug-of-war between leral and state laws and environ- mtalists and pesticide manufactur- concerns the power of localities to Lke decisions for themselves; specif- Ily, whether or not localities should pre-empted from enacting their own sticide regulations. Phis debate provokes vehement ar- ments from both sides of the issue. ambers of the chemical industry and ricultural community argue that lo- lities should be pre-empted by state federal laws from passing individ- 1 restrictions on pesticide use. They sert that a myriad of local regula- ins would hurt business and choke riculture. On the other side, environmental. ;a, many town governments and the S. Environmental Protection Agen- argue that local regulations are nec- sary to protect the health and wel- re of residents and the environment id that local regulation of pesticides no different than local power to an- t regulations concerning taxes or !alth and safety standards. Tom Halicke, director of federal af. irs for the National Association of )wns and Townships (NATaT), sup- )rts local control. "We [NATaTj are ;ainst pre-emption philosophically. xal governments have the responsi- lity of protecting their communities," e says. The debate on local pre-emption re- volves around the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) — the federal law that addresses pes- ticide testing and use. Environmen- talists and some local governments ar- gue that FIFRA is not strong enough to protect citizens and the environment and that the law implicitly assumes the validity of local authority. "I would argue that the best way to protect public health and the environ- ment is to encourage and support and nurture local involvement in the deci- sion making process," says Jay Feld- man, executive director of the Nation- al Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides (NCAMP), an organization seeking to reduce or eliminate a re- liance on pesticides. The Original Law — FIFRA FIFRA was established to regulate testing and use of new pesticides and to re-evaluate old pesticides that were already on the market before the avail- ability of modern testing processes. As it now stands, FIFRA contains two sections that define what states and local authorities may do. Section 24A of FIFRA says that states may regulate the sale and use of pesticides as long as the regulation does not permit something that the federal government has prohibited by the act. This gives the state the au- thority to define the role of its local po- litical subdivisions. According to Bill Jordan, deputy di- rector of policy staff for the EPA Pes- ticide Office, the federal law gives the other two political subdivisions the right to go further and enact stricter regulations. "Federal, state and local governments are partners in protecting the environment," says Jordan. Section 24B of FIFRA says that state and local requirements cannot affect pesticide labeling or packaging. What- ever actions a state, city or town may take must be achieved through means other requirements concerning label- ing or packaging, Jordan says. The law is a risk benefit statute that protects aginst an "unreasonable ad- verse affect" to man and the environ. ment, says Feldman. According to Feldman, the subjec- tive term "unreasonable" has been a point of contention between environ- mental groups and those groups sup- ported by the agriculture and chemi- cal lobbies, because of the varying viewpoints on testing standards for chemicals used in pesticides. Environmentalists contend that FIFRA is not adequate to protect man and the environment and that the term should be defined broadly. Groups such as NCAMP argue that the federal pro- cess to test chemicals used in pesti- cides is too slow and cumbersome and that many chemicals used today in pes- ticides are old ones that have never been subjected to the EPA re-evalua- tion process. Feldman believes this fact American City & County / January 1993 makes it vital for states and Mies to have the right to pass addi ionil regulations for the notification or ban- ning of chemicals. "We as citizens of the United States have the right through local units of government to protect our neighborhoods and our communities," says Feldman. The idea of individualizing regula- tions to go beyond the federal law is important to some localities. "Federal regulations and certification of chemi- cals and the state process of certifica- tion may not address all of the local is- sues and concerns," says Richard (AM Stadelman, executive director of 46 Wisconsin Towns Association. Steve Russell, assistant general counsel for the National Agricultural Chemicals Association fNACAI dis- agrees. He believes the federal law is a comprehensive regulatory stature that does a good job of protecting citizens from pesticides that could be harmful. "Under FIFRA, only about 1 in 20,000 chemicals make it from the chemist lab onto the field or lawn. A chemical undergoes more than 120 separate tests. It sometimes takes 10 years for a chemical to get registered at an aver- age cost of $35 to 50 million," he says. 1 How It All Started Il The passage of local ordi- nances to regulate pesticide use in some shape or form / ) has been debated on both the state and federal 1 ` level in the executive, \ `\ legislative and judi- cial branches of gov- ernment for several 1 years. In 1984, the r 1 w / 4 —7 y1 i�rii' l�lll ICI j: ,I � 1. Village of Wauconda, Ill., adopt' ordinance requiring the posting c dy visible warning signs around treated with pesticides. The s which warned that children anc be kept off sprayed lawns for at 72 hours, provoked a national d on the authority of local governr to adopt such ordinances. One year later, the town of I wood, Ohio, enacted a require: that individuals, on a request t be provided prior notification of treatment of those neighbors wit five house radius. That same Prince George's County, Md., ad( a more stringent ordinance, requ the posting of signs and notifm before the use of pesticides on Is golf courses and rights -of -way. A U.S. District Court judge si down the ordinance ruling th caused irreparable injury to lawn firms without providing concom protection to Prince George's Cc residents. Although many cases eve protests and judicial action, the really came to the forefront on 21, 1991, when the U.S. Supi Court decided in Wisconsin Pubt tervenor, and Town of Casey t. R Mnrtier Wisconsin Forestry R nf- Wqv / Turf Coalition that Fl did not exclude local governn from enacting controls nn ticide Ilse. The Testing Ground The case originally h in 1983 when the town L of Casey, Wis., called the intervenors office to coml about aerial spraying it town. The herbicides i drifting off into an adja area that included a till lake and other propertie, town wanted the ac spraying hanned. About the same t Mende C o u n r y a Ii passed �_\ a n n a Bann aerial p ing of m thorn oI er dental ar When .siate thn•iues c lenged the ru the case `f to the Calihi _�=' Supreme Ci which held i Mendocino C ty was not empted by ei federal or s from banning the aerial spraying. esponse, the California legislature ;ed a pre-emption law in Mendoci. .ounty, saving that all localities e pre-empted from passing their regulations. cause of the example in Califor- the people in Wisconsin knew they to have a different approach. "We 't want too see that kind of reac- in Wisconsin," says Tom Dawson, .onsin public intervenor, and the ator for the town of Casey. .stead of banning aerial spraying �sticides, the town of Casey devel- I an ordinance giving the town •d discretion to decide the time, V) J) Gnats place and conditions for spraying pes- ticides. An ordinance was crafted that required a permit for the application of anv pesticide to public lands, pri. gate lands subject to public use or for aerial pesticide application to private lands. Some time after the ordinance was adopted, Ralph Mortier, a forester who was having his forest crops aerial - sprayed with herbicides, applied for a permit from the town board. Mortier was granted the permission to spray in some areas but was denied the right to spray in others. In response to this restnction, Moni- er and an industry group called Wis- U F- Flies Fire ants ✓ Mosquitos can transmit Encephalitis ✓ Ticks can transmit Lyme Disease and Rocky Mtn. fever ✓ Biting flies and ants can cause allergic reactions ✓ "An ounce of Prevention is worth a pound of cure" PUBLIC WORKS Ben Franklin PARKS SCHOOLS GOLF COURSES RESORTS CALL US TODAY WITH YOUR 1-800-220.0787 OUTDOOR PEST PROBLEM Beecomist Systems Adulticides Pro-MistTM ULV Sprayer Larvicides 3255 Meetinghouse Road • Telford • PA a 18969 1-800-220-0787. 215-721-9424 • FAX215-721-0751 Mosquito, Tick & Flying Insect EnviroEngineered Control Products for Public Health & Outdoor Recreation consin Forest. Right of Way and Turf Coalition — a group created to chal. lenge local ordinances in Wisconsin — brought suit against the town of Casey They argued that existing federa, and state laws implicitly prevented lo• cal governments from regulating and that " the town's ordinance stands as an obstacle to the statute's IFIFRAI goals of promoting pesticide regulation that is coordinated solely on the fed- eral and state levels, that rests upon some degree of technical expertise, and that does not unduly burden interstate commerce." After the Circuit Court ruled that both state and federal laws pre-empt- ed any government from regulating pesticides, the case was appealed to "Federal regulations and certification of chemicals, and the state process of certification may not address all of the local issues and concerns " Richard Stadelman the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, who certified the case to the Wisconsin Supreme Court. At this juncture, the justices ruled that the ordinance pre- sented problems on the federal level, but not on the state level. It was de- cided that federal law pre-empted lo- calities from enacting such ordinances. Since the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled the case a federal problem, the U.S. Supreme Court was petitioned for review of the case. About the same time that the Supreme Court was being petitioned for a writ of certiorari, conflicting de- cisions by lower courts in several states were obscuring the rights of local gov- ernments to regulate pesticide use. In Maine and Colorado, courts ruled that federal law does not pre-empt local reg- ulation, while courts in Maryland and Michigan had ruled in support of pre- emption, says Dawson. Before accepting the case, the U.S. Supreme Court asked the Solicitor General to file a brief on behalf of the U.S. government. This brief encour- aged the Court to hear the case and advocated reversing the decision of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. "This sent a shock wave through the Circle No. 29 on Header Service Card r d /-LL. G /-�..�1. 11��..��. •MO emical industry," says Dawson. file the Bush administration was iwn to be a big supporter of states his, it also was known to be sup- ted by chemical companies. n Casev, the U.S. Supreme Court ed unanimously to support the au- �rity of local governments, allowing h state the right to decide for itself ether a locality could enact its own ,ticide restrictions. According to the preme Court, "FIFRA leaves the al- ation of regulatory authority to the solute discretion of states them- ves, including the option of leaving al regulation of pesticide in the rids of local authority." "It was quite a victory for local gov- ernments, as well as state govern- ments," says Dawson. In its decision, however, the Supreme Court did leave a window of opportunity for Congress to legislate the issue, saying "Congress is free to find that local regulation does wreak such havoc and enact legislation with the purpose of preventing it." With this contingency, advocates of local pre-emption began organizing to invalidate the decision. Hearings and Legislation The Court's decision to give locali- ties the right to regulate pesticides act, i L YOUR ON 1002011 wnula rot E Expands Our Product Line to Six Plant Control and Maintenance Pf • Concentrated • Patented • Low dosage rate .} • E.P.A. Registered • Broad range control • No writer use restrictions following treatmen Swim, fish, or irrigate immediately ice aquatic plant growth for optimum fish prod lity Products for Water Qual • Lakes and ponds • Aquaculture • Aquascapes For further information call 1-800-SS84106 VAAW applied b4ochemists inc 6120 West Douglas Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53218 k • a ed as a catalyst for proponents of local pre-emption. In July of 1991, the Coali• tion for Sensible Pesticide Policy (CSPP) was formed. This group, com- prised of 170 state, regional and na- tional trade associations whose mem- bers use, manufacture or need access to pesticides, represents the involve- ment of nursery, floral, lawn and gar- den, agricultural and peat control groups. According to the group's mission statement, CSPP "advocates sensible, uniform federal/state regulation of pes- ticides through the passage of pre- emptive legislation, while allowing lo- cal input into the federal/state regulatory process." Organizations such as CSPP originated to fight what they feared would be a flux of pesti- cide -prohibitive ordinances. According to Steve Russell, NACA's representative to CSPP, regulations concerning pesticides should be made at the federal or state level. "There are 83,000 local jurisdictions and we believe the resulting chaos would lead to confusion and consumer misunderstanding or fear or mistrust of the products our members manu- facture or use," Russell says. Since the judicial branch had not supported their cause, those favoring preemption took their right to the leg- islative branch on both the state and federal level. One result of this campaign was the Federal -State Pesticide Regulation Partnership Act of 1991, H.R. 3850/S. 2085, which was proposed by Rep. Charles Hatcher (D-Ga.) This bill, which would reverse the Supreme Court decision and give states explicit authority to pre-empt local government authority under FIFRA, passed the house subcommittee on Department Operations Research and Foreign Agri- culture, but failed to get consideration before the House Agriculture commit- tee before the end or the 1992 legisla- tive session. In subcommittee, an amendment to the bill, proposed by Rep. Steve Gun- derson iR-Wis.) that supported pre- emption but would have allowed local governments to adopt rules regarding posting and notification was rejected. Congressional hearings on the bill included testimony by Victor Mmm, deputy assistant administrator for Pre- vention, Pesticides and Toxic Sub- stances for the EPA. In his statement Mmm conveyed to the subcommittee the U.S. government's stance, saying that FIFRA leaves the internal alloca- tion of regulatory authority to the dis- cretion of each state. He continued by saying that "nei- ther the purpose nor operation of FIFRA requires pre-emption of local regulation and, properly viewed, FIFRA, as written, establishes a reg- Circle No. 31 on Reeder Service Card American City & County / January 1993 • LJ ulatory partnership between federal, state and local governments." Members of the chemical and agri- cultural communities argued in the hearings that ordinances by localities would be inconsistent and agriculture would collapse, says Dawson. According to Dawson, these warn- ings were merely scare tactics. In fact, there were few ordinances enacted be- fore the ruling and few have been en- acted since. "Municipalities are unique units of government. Unlike the state/federal legislatures, town boards and city councils are not in the business of en- acting comprehensive regulations. What they do best is react to and re- spond to individual complaints that are brought to them by citizens," says Dawson. Dawson believes that by giving town boards the power to allocate permits for pesticide applications, the poten- tial problem with too many regulations takes care of itself. "In the rural areas where agricul- ture is king, farmer comprise the town boards. They understand what their needs are. If there is a problem and they feel it requires an ordinance, there must be a real problem," he says. Russell, however, believes that fed- eral and state governments have the necessary knowledge and technical ex - `Congress is free to find that local regulation does wreak such havoc and enact legislation with the purpose of preventing it.' The U.S. Supreme Court parties and are in the best position to regulate pesticide use. He says if there are to be restrictions they should be CG-9T deicers help keep oroge and roadway surfaces from coming to a sad end Theyre significantly less corrosive, yet remove ice just as effectively as road salt. Ask your public works people how anticorrosive deicers save taxpayers' dollars down the road Or call 1-800-544-2498, ext 501 We'll show you now the rignt deicers make everybody happier statewide. "If one county bans a p uct and the next county doesn't br product, what does the public thi If there's a problem with a proc then it should be removed across state," he says. What's Next? Before the Supreme Court's deci on Casey, Wis., 11 states had pa: preemption laws. Since then, 13 st have enacted legislation to pre-e. local governments from adopting t; own regulations. The statutes in these states va: great deal. In some states local 1 ernments can seek permission fi the state agriculture or environv departments to enact and enforce dinances. Other states have exceptions to pre-emption rule. For example, in' nessee, where pre-emption Ielgsla passed, the four largest cities in state — Memphis, Nashville, Knox and Chattanooga — are allowed to ulate pesticides if their plans are proved by the state Agriculture partment. In some states, such as Illinois, home rule system allows local lc Circle No. 32 on Reeder Service Card American City & County / January 1"3 dictions to be essentially self�ern- ing entities. In his statement to the House of Representatives subcommittee, EPA's Kimm said that "the most common form of local pesticide regulations adopted to date appear to be require- ments that pesticide users post warn- ing signs around pesticide treated sites or give notice to neighbors prior to pes- ticide application," "These requirements typically apply to commercial lawn care companies and professional pest control firms. Some outright bans on the use of par- ticular pesticides have also been im- posed by localities, for example, to deal with local groundwater contamination problems," he said. Is regulation at the local level need- ed to protect human health and the environment, or are states and the fed- eral government better equipped with the knowledge and expertise to decide what is best for public citizens? Future legislation in state legisla- tures across the country is sure to be debated. While federal legislation to preempt localities may be introduced again, at this time the power of pesti- cide sale and use is in the hands of state governments. Only they can de- cide how much or how little control lo- calities may have. _ Resources Catalog • The American Concrete Pipe As- sociation has published a revised catalog of publications and concrete pipe design software featuring SIDD (Standard Installations Di- rect Design). SIDD is the Associa- tion's recommended design method using a computer design program to make specifying precast concrete pipe quicker and easier. In Resources, topics are organized by the areas an engineer might en- counter while working on a project. For a free copy of Resources, con- tact American Concrete Pipe Asso- ciation, 8300 Boone Blvd., Ste. 400, Vienna, Va. 22182-2689. Accessibility Handbook A 242-page report by the U.S. De- partment of Transportation pro- vides detailed information to help transit designers and planners con- struct and renovate transit facili- ties so that they are accessible to individuals with disabilities of all types. The approaches are developed to assure compliance with the Septem- ber 1991 regulations implementing the Americans With Disabilities A (ADA) for transit and paratraru services. The major areas of accessibili addressed are transit facilities ar the ADA, facility site and entrance interior elements, and waiting ai boarding areas. Single copies are available state and local officials at no charg To receive a copy, send a self -a dressed mailing label with the r quest to William Hathaway, Voll National Transportation Systen Center (DTS-38), Kendall Squar Cambridge, Mass. 02142. Note r port title and document numbs DOT-VNTSC-FTA-92.4 in the r quest. ICMA Video The landfill regulations video d scribed in the December issue now being developed by the Inte national City/County Managemel Association (ICMA) with a grai from the EPA. It will be completr this spring. For more information, conta Rosalind Clarke, Environment Programs, ICMA at (202) 962-367 OUTSTANDING FEATURES • Safety -limited exposure of Persf nel to oncoming traffic • One man crew for reduced labor costs • Bottom -up compaction pro. duces dense permanent re- pairs • One truck operation ellmi. nates plant mix, tack coat and compaction equipmenl MANUFACTUR80 BY: • Aggregate and asphalt ,,n,/�j{��ri. capacities allow for full. day operation MANUFACTURING, INC. Box $23 • Shoulder maintenance. 577-029 Fr"man so to allow gradual slopes Phone: 800.627J984 and prevent undercut, FAX: 603.625.7536 Ling of pavement Circle No, 33 on Reader Service Card American City & County / January 1993 Circle No. 34 on Reader Service Card ' Herbicides ProveTCost-Effective Approach to`f/egetation Control At first hesitant to add herbicides to their vegetation management program in Jefferson County, Ala., Jerry Godwin and Byron Fowler have since become staunch supporters of these vegetation control tools. The two highway superintendents initially questioned the overall effec- tiveness of spraying herbicides, how to apply them and what the public's reaction would be to herbicide appli- cations. But after trying herbicides on a limited scale five years ago, they bought into the concept of herbicide use for the benefits it provides. "Time and knowledge cured our concerns," Godwin says. "We've found that herbicide appli- cations save us time and money and improve both aesthetics and safety on rights -of -way throughout the state," he explains. Jefferson County is divided into two separate districts, Ketona and Bessemer, overseen by Fowler and Godwin, respectively. Together, they are responsible for maintaining ap- proximately 4,300 acres of vegeta- tion. Personnel and budgetary limi- tations increased in the late 1980s, forcing the county to improve its roadside vegetation control efficiency. In a combined effort, state officials and Monsanto educated the county on the cost-effectiveness of spraying herbicides. "Alabama's DOT numbers were there in black and white, with savings of approximately 50 percent in both time and money," says God- win, the Bessemer District superin- tendent. "The state proved to us that adding herbicides to a vegetation manage- ment program was an economical al- ternative to mechanical control mea- sures." Seeing the state's savings still did not fully convince the highway su- perintendents; to begin spraying her- bicides, the company set up test plots for them to analyze. ultimately, Fowler and Godwin say that was what sold them on making the move towards herbicides. "The bottom line showed that her- bicides provide better, longer lasting and more cost-effective results com- pared to the mechanical alternatives we were currently using," says 1:tYP4 va. mi s 'Y-ii-L-rsssYLeA i6wih.,Sd"+s Alamo versa® Mower. Alamo Sicklebar® Mower Alamo Interstaterg nail mowing system Fowler, the Ketone District supenn tendent. "One important factor to remem bar when starting a herbicide prc gram, is to use low herbicide rate and build from there," he adds. "A a result, you will be more confiden with different herbicide application and eventually obtain the best re suits." Even though it took three to five years to develop a good comfort leve and get the herbicide program mti full swing, results were evident al most immediately. "Coats decrease) and the public saw a tremendous im prevenient in aesthetics compared t before we sprayed," Godwin explains "For example, we established Bermuda grass ground cover, whit! hid litter on the rights -of -way. "Time and money savings hav continued to escalate over the pas four years," he adds. The cost of mow ing ranges from $30 per acre for small mower to $300 per acre fo bushhogging. Spraying costs onl about $10 to $15 per acre. Specifi herbicide costs, of course, depend o. the treatments. The Alamo Group. Because the world isn't flat. N1id. mounted for easy mo niton ng, Alamo t'ensog.%fewer loans up or down into its work catting a wide swath under less -then -idea; ^+owing conditions For other lobs, the same frame will support optional wide -swath 1`ydrsuhc equipment - boom, ditcher, alckletar rail head - all from the Alamo Group. Other dependable Alamo equipmenti P'lumph Sickle Bar mower reaches under water, ncxes up or down to cut slopes or ditch hsnks For one -pass roadside manicures, add a trailing, Alamo fall or Alamo rotary Diesel. powered Area fnterstaterg nail mowing systems offer 88' to 21 cut, adjust by hydraulics to mow curbs, dikes, ditches, up, down, or level. Ask for our free Cost Cutter Study, You could slash labor and maintenance costs by replacing most of your mowers with wide -swath Alamo equipment We'll compute your aavings using your own data No charge, no obligation TERRAIN KING F A .s`I is asno6rnup Alamo Group PO Drawer 549 Tingle Source Seguin. Texas 71115n 11549 Call 512-379-1480 Circle No. 30 on Reader Service Card American City d County / January 1993 Xeriscaping Provides Lush Landscapes With Little Water Keriscaping, an up-and- coming approach to andscaping, saves not snly on water, but also on .he wallet. From the Greek word :eros, ripening dry, ceriscaping is often mis- :onstrued as desert land- scaping, says Michael 3olsinger, director of the xtension service in Sara- sota County, Fla. Trade - narked by the National (eriscape Council, the vord xeriscape originated n the early 1980s and •efers to a landscape that •equires minimal water, iot a cactus garden bor- iered by rocks and dry earth. Micro -irrigation — !hanging the focus of wa- ver use from gallons per ninute to gallons per hour — and irrigation should )e the centerpiece of the reriscape. Careful plan- vng can lead to savings of 50 to 80 percent of irriga- tion water, Holsinger says. `This doesn't have to be terribly expensive," he says. "Whether you're starting a new landscape trintegrating conserva- tion concepts into an old >ne, you can start small and work your way through it." Grass, or turf, is the :rain component of most andseapes, but xeriscapes limit turf areas. Because it accounts for up to 80 percent of irrigation and other maintenance re- quirements, turf should be limited. Holsinger sug- gests using its space for patios, decks or walkways, which do not detract from the areas' functionality and do conserve water. When grass is used, water it according to the space it consumes, not according to an arbitrary time peri- od. Grouping plants with similar irrigation needs is another means by which xeriacapes conserve water. Natural zones, in which plants live on rainfall, are appropriate for native plants, since they are ac- customed to the area's en- vironment. Some cultivat- ed plants have adapted to area environments, but they are usually heartier in shaded areas of natural zones. Drought -tolerant zones should include plants that can survive without rain- fall or irrigation for ex- tended periods of time. These plants include pines, oaks, some holly and certain palms, in ad- dition to varieties partic- ular to certain geographic areas. While they will re- quire some water, water will not be wasted on them, as it would if they were located with other plants. Oasis zones should be created for plants re- quiring frequent irriga- tion. Flower or vegetable Keriscapsp has become theroaekspty, Important In slates with dense populations and dry ollmates. gardens or grassy areas are often reserved for these zones. "Garden areas are very popular, but you can make up for the water they re- quire by planting more drought -tolerant plants in other parts of the land- scape," Holsinger says. While identifying zones is necessary for water con- servation, the basic irri- gation system is still im. portant. Holsinger says area water management districts and cooperative extension offices across the nation, particularly in warm -climate states, can advise what irrigation sys- tems are best for particu. lar landscape features. For example, spray systems work well on grassy areas, but bubbler, drip or micro - sprinklers are better for plants, which need water to reach their root system before the water evapo- rates. Automatic controllers with multiple program- ming capability, rain shut- off devices and low -trajec- tory sprinklers are other features that help the landscape to benefit from micro -irrigation. Natural features can be incorporated into the land- scape design to make bet- ter use of irrigation sys- tems. Drainage, north -south orientation and slope of the land should be assessed to make the best use of the wa- ter. Irrigating in the early morning also conserves wa- ter, since evap- oration occurs less during these hours. Water reten- tion can be in- creased through the of fective use of mulches, Holsinger says. Organic matter breaks down quickly in warm -cli- mate areas, but organic mulches can still moder- ate soil temperature and slow soil erosion. Organic mulches such as topsoil and manure can maintain and accent some features of the landscape's design. Maintenance is essen- tial to keep the xeriscape attractive and also con- serve water, but Holsinger warns not to over -main- tain. "Most people think that they're helping plants by watering and fertilizing them, but overwatering and overfertilizing are common mistakes that lead to extra expense," Holsinger says. "Water and fertilizer has an obvi- ous cost. In addition to that, overwatering leads to insect and disease prob- lems, and overfertilizing can result in a too -fast growth process that caus- es plants to become weak." Pesticides can also pose a problem to landscapes, since broad-spectrum pes- ticides applied to all plants can be as harmful to some as they are helpful to oth- ers. Instead of broad-spec- trum spraying, identify plants that attract dan- gerous pests, and focus pest -control efforts on this vegetation. Some insects, such as ladybird beetles and predaceous bugs, are beneficial predators. While some people rec- ognize xeriscaping as a trend, Holsinger says it's one that's time has come. "With all of the urban growth that Florida, like many other areas, is ex- periencing, water conser- vation has become in- creasingly important," he says. "Many dry states, such as California, Texas and Colorado, are also densely populated. Xeriscaping and water management is just as im- portant in these places., . This article was written by Erin Hart, a freelance writer in Gainesville, Fla. American City & County / January 1"3 V Bowman Hill Wildflower Project Keeps the Predators Out Apreservation enthusiast is finally at work with his 10-member crew o keep predators from destroying rhat wildflower enthusiasts have mrtured over the last 58 years at iwman's Hill Wildflower Preserve n Washington Crossing, Pa. The road from planning and sub - cutting the bid proposal through pro- ect implementation had led Ken lantman, president of Eagle Fence ;o., Philadelphia, over both politi- al hurdles and tough terrain to in - tall almost two miles of 10-foot-high, ,inyl-coated aluminized steel chain ink fence and 1,200 feet of orna- nental steel picket fence. The mission of the W-acre preserve of )atural garden in A'ashington Crossing, 'a., ib to provide a pro- (•cted place for Penn- ,ilvan ia's native )!ants to thrive and for he public to vibit and m)oy Hantman's mis- non on the lob paral- els this rationale. His usual fencing obs mean helping to ,tem the tide of ag- ;ression for his clients. But Eagle's customary :ontracts are more likely to involve keep- ing vandals out of busi- ness properties, pris- iners at bay in :nnfinement and waste transfer projects :ontained. So the fence :ompany president is keenly aware ,f the need for a less stressful envi- ronment and closely identifies with the Preserve's mission statement. Containing human aggression along the Preserve's 26 trails has been possible through enforcing vis- itor regulations. Containing aggres- sion by the area's huge deer popula- tion had become a losing battle and costly proposition. This is where Hantman helped to provide another cost-effective solution to an aggres- sive situation. To stop the deer from foraging, Preserve groundskeepers had taken to caging rare and difficult -to -grow species in different wire mesh con- figurations. Jim Avens, Preserve Grounds Supervisor, says that"oth- erwise some plants would be com- pletely foraged right after planting." A special effort is made to ensure that all plants in the Preserve's col- lection are native to Pennsylvania. After positive identification, propa- gation can take several years. Then site selection and preparation occurs, which requires special knowledge and expertise regarding suit and cli- mate conditions. All of the preparation for planting is followed by the care and protec- tion a seedling needs to become es- tablished and thrive. To assist this process, the Pre- serve's six -person staff and members of 10 Delaware Valley garden clubs help to maintain and establish plants along the Preserve's trails as well as sponsor events and sales fur main- Mountain laurel — Pennsylvania's state flower — Is expected to thrive once the fence has been completed. tenance and preservation projects. But the backbone of the Preserve remains the staunch support of the Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve Association (BHWPA), which pays for three Preserve staff positions and so far has contributed an additional $38,000 for project expenses that stretched beyond the initial $250,000 allocation figure. According to BHWPA chair Peggy Smith of New Hope, Pa., the extra funds were provided to handle addi- tional security and aesthetic features that association members thought were essential to the overall success of the project. The work of establishing and pro- tecting certain species subject to deer browse has become overwhelming in recent years and discouraging to pre- serve staff and benefactors. Beauti- ful, even naturally hardy and well - established plants like mountain laurel, have come to look like un- natural topiaries along one trail due to deer eating the foliage and flowers ! from the ground up to their 4A foot browse line. As many as 80 plants of special concern in Pennsylvania, some of which are listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, as well as more than 800 other wild- flower, shrubs, trees and ferns in- digenous to Pennsylvania, stand to be protected by the $267,000 fence project. The Preserve's purpose is to grow, care for and exhibit a living collec- tion of Pennsylvania's native plants, to be a continuing source of these plants and their seeds, and to provide educational programs, exhibits and literature centered on this regional flora. By the year 20U0, for- mer site administrator Tom Lainhoff expects the Preserve to be known worldwide as the premier place to see native plants of' the mid -Atlantic region. To implement the technically difficult fence project, Hant- man's crew will have to make two large stream crossings and three smaller stream cross- ings of Pidcock Creek, a tributary of the Delaware River. They also are charged with erecting fenc- ing material on steep slopes and rocky terrain to maintain the Pre- serve's integrity and protect its nat- ural state. Hantman's lifelong pro- fessional experience, specialized knowledge and affiliation with the American Society of Testing Mate- rials proved to be invaluable assets in meeting the job's challenging re- quirements. The former site administrator ex- pects the profusion of plant growth to be considerable once the fence is fin- ished and the plants are allowed to thrive with minimal interference. Unnatural physical barriers to ap- preciation of the plants in their nat- ural habitats, like the assortment of wire cages, will be able to be re- moved with completion of the fence project, and "we will finally be able to dispense with our zoo in reverse," says Lainhoff. w­dwww fob L Bn„rib r Iwnuwnr 1411a39 3looming Color in Drought- Tolerant Landscapes By Sherri, Virtual% nutcd water supplies don't need to preclude a colorful disphq of J (lowers and luliagc. ']'here ate plant design considerations than can keep hig Ishcs of color In tine garden. _'(tents don't ha%c to give up bloonung ,crs when landscape prolessiunals select uals and perenmals that naturally are 'c heat- and drought-tolcnull and stratc- illy place Ihenh In the landscape. I Isle tip% for landscape pruic%shunals to con- I..dung with sonic pLmt rcconunco- uns pare the lluwer lied% well -prepared flower bed holds ntuis- longer. reducing the irrigation needs, says y Wasowski, a landscape designer and ve plant specialist from Dallas, TX. A mon mistake contractors [[take is design - flower beds that are too small. Beds lowers should be at least six feet wide 15 feet long. Nasowski uses lots of compost and lure. Mix in compost with site soil at a 0 ratio to a depth of six inches. If the soil placed with sandy loam, a bowl effect is led that inhibits drainage. Poor drainage kill a plant faster than the lack of water. If you do the soil preparation right, you can go with many choices" of (lowers, she says. Wtuuwski +Messes nhattluining the soil ,ulat' Installation. She dues this bNSpIcodmgafour-tusi<-Inch r la\Ciof mulch tin top of the llower bed, which insulates the : .all and helps prevent weed glt)wlh. dhel'CthY le%%l'llllllt water III ,mull area plantings and window boxes, D,:so" L. D.n Img, 11 landscape ,uchnect ,aid huhuculturtal in Suusbur%. =! C'I, mixes polymers into the soil. Polymers retain water, making moisture available to plants longer. Identify Site's Microclimates Identify the site's microclimates. Plants' water requirements vary according to the amount of direct sunlight they receive. Plants in shade or part shade need less water because there is less transpiration from plant leaves and less evaporation from the soil. Shade factors include structures, fenc- ing and tree canopies. Remember that shade factors can change with the seasons. If site conditions are equal, plants use Left: Small, aomple flower beds, while attractive, can be impractical from a maintenance standl Bottom: Beds of ye marigolds with lirioi brighten a sunny location at the Dalla Arboretum, Margue chrysanthemums at containers. Photo courtesy: Professlo Plant Growers Association. water at a certain rate regardless of wh they're in a container or in the gn Plants in containers need more free watering, but the overall water vo they use is less. Select plants and group according to their water requirem These zones ease maintenance and rt water waste. Automate Irrigation Properly managed automatic inig systems save water. Update waterin quencies and tithing by season, or if pa nhly. Sprinkler systems tend to prevero rwatenng, as long a%they're not running !n it rams. Too often. homeowner; who ,are manually Turn the wafer on and Ica%e Inning lot hour%. 'II's up to u. In cclucalc The honor ter," Darling ;ay%. ^A lot of people asking.' How am I going to water my gar - and not waste or use excess water?' plc go crazy if they have a real nice gar- s and they hear there's going to he der) rationing." rrigate land;cape; either in the earl% rnmg or early evening. Wafering (luring heat of the da% wa%te%water through poration. nt Color In Containers An alternative to flower beds. accent the d%capc with blooming plank in con. fers. For c%on,plc, it, the Tucson. \/. a. do%ail nt,oigold and do%erl hq,n,C popullvcomauicrplmtlmg%. C'onlanui. IN: nmdc pro fable. moving the plant; min ;is needed to Ilo%%cr (hill nor during The :nse heal of the day) and info shade to Ter (t o reduce c,aporalton). Thi% I% or mfcn;oe. No it I% not for c%crvonc. cling say%. The heal way to Irrigate tit; in container% I% to place The con. ter (pole and hanging ha;kcfJ In a tub ,%,ncr. %he cyptaim. Let the plant eoak the water it need% then remove it. The seeded water stays in the tub to be used other plants. sign Suggestions for Selecting Color Plant selection should start with con- ering annuals and perennials that are live to the site. Also, try natives that close to the area or from parts of the rid with a similar climate. Then Gon- er the plant's size, blooms and bloom tim- 1. Darling approaches each drought- erant landscape design differently. But : follows some basic guidelines. " Design color into the public parts of : landscape where the most people can joy them, such as a front entrance or a tio. Then, select varieties to give con- uous color. * Use more perennials. Annuals generally quire more sun, and plants that soak up nshine generally require more water. ie advantage to using more perennials. she Vs. is that many will do well in shade or rtial shade. Fill in with annuals each ason until perennials mature in size. * Use a plant's natural spacing so that ten mature, the leaves touch and form a nopy to shade the soil, reducing cvapo- tion. * Mass one type of bedding plant so iu're not dealing with the water require- ents of various plants. Massing not only ves the benefit of a large display of color, it 12 plants growing separately use more eter than those same 12 plants planted Berber, Planted separately. there is no leaf nopy to shade the soil. and water runs off continued on page 20 Circle 110 on Postage Free Card "LANDDESIGNER 15 BETTER THAN A $5P000 CAD PACKAGE..." DON Rost, MOUNTAIN STATES U opts .,c. uwP't. CO Now from the developers of LandDesigner comes londDesignerPro, a powerful CAD package designed specifically for landscaping industry professionals. Create and modify professional looking plans; develop comprehensive estimates in minutes. landDesiginerPro lets you: is creaU plan and We views of your drawings m easily search for plants with spedfic groni aaeria m create reporn Including materials Ihh, cast estimates end more :• annotate your drawings with an architectural style drafting font +a createfuBsi:ed color plots UnclDesignerPro Is also: m fulyiategraledwthtondDoslgner Mont LibrodecooWmwmxa Ie designed for IBM Personal Computers and compatibles 800-336.3127 Grin Thumb lorimon Inc 23/e eohlu Dine kndupunnto Po Box Teat. 9oulior. co am ' Circle 111 on Postage Free Card lught-Tolerant Landscapes quad from page 19 )where versus running off to an adja- blooming plant. Follow the grower's recommenda- for plant spacing. If planted too close- ey will compete for water, creating more lems later. Create shade with trees and/or shrubs• es or other structures. This indirectly educe the amount of water the garden need. Include a groundcover or mulch in the m. This reduces water evaporation so soil retains moisture, making more r available to plants. It also cuts down veed growth. Weeds need water to I, and they steal it wherever they can. Look at the plant's foliage. It will indicate the water need. A plant's r requirement is proportionate to the size and shape. "Large, dark green :s require a generous amount of water." ing says. -Narrow or needlelike, gray, ry or furry indicate that their origin is • lands." For example• portulaca holds rider drier conditions. "You can let it ry. and it'll come back. It has succulent - leaves," she explains. y keeping in mind these guidelines, land- e professionals can continue to use r when planning low -water -use Land- es. For help in selecting plants, the Professional Plant Growers Association (PPGA) otters a 28-page, four-color brochure, "The Professional Guide to Flowering Annuals," The publication offers gardening tips for professionals, includ- ing a mathematical formula for estimating the number of plants needed for an area. Cultural information for certain annuals is provided in chart form, and full -color pic- tures identify 63 of the most popular annu- als. Copies are available from PPGA, P.O. Box 27517, Lansing, MI 48909, 7 Editor's Now Sherry Harlass is a com- munications specialist with J&S Creative Croup, Arlington, Tx. She wrote this ard- de on behalf of the Professional Plant Growers Association, Lansing, MI. Plant Recommendations By Region The following are some region -by -region recommendations for annuals and peren- nials that will do well in hot, dry conditions. The plants listed are by no means the only plants that will do well, but they are some suggestions to try. :Northeast Desiree Darling of Simsbury, CT, has a few favorite annuals and perennials she uses frequently when designing drought -tolerant landscapes in the New England area. They include: 4• .CAL141NCA.. .LANDSCAPE :^';t`?=`•-(rrk:;,.TM.r,�};§,:,��;c- November NATIONWMRrR!tTM aS `; Winner of Cruise to Bahamas 1 4 t; ;y. The Yard Works •t`r. Pleasanton. CA r We're celebrtung our . 30at Anniversary f n6� by g vmg away a out howy onto. find out how you tube one of our lucky �. •-. e>sY - a' �'tTO',l�iDEq DEt;IC�s� �: y+3y 1800 95T0T20f Y f TECH LINE ALIF4 Il4��D5Ci4PE WGHTI�tG; f1811gt,AVaalfeks(gllage, CA� a1a62„ ¢ ; :A ■ Daylilies. (femeroeallis) W massed, daylilies fill in quickly. They handle full or partial sun. There are set varieties to select from to give the right < and height for the landscape. ■ Hostas. (Hosta) For shade, not beats the wide varieties of hosta a able. Once established, they don't I much water. ■ Impatiens. (Impatiens) For an color in the shade, Darling selects fron wide color palette of impatiens. C established, they grow together, fur shading the soil. However, during ino summer afternoons they need fregi watering. ■ Marigolds (Tagetes) For colt sunny locations. Darling groups planl of marigolds. Frequently this is with groundcover. If she has any input int< maintenance of the site, she recomm, pinching off the dead flower heads sc plant's energy goes into growing, not during seed. This helps the flowers sun on less water. Triploid marigolds are ile so they don't require deadheadin South In Texas and other southern landsa many perennials bloom profusely it conditions with minimal water. Some gestions include: continued on pal SPORTS TURF INSTITUTE AND GROUNDS OPERATIONS CONFERENCE March 23,1993 Expanded Educational Program NOW INCLUDES GROUNDS OPERATIONS AND IRRIGATION 'Trade Show & Equipment Demonstrations 'Sports Turf Management Techniques 'New Grounds Operations Program FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL (714)869-2219 DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE, CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomon; G 9176e Circle 112 on Postage Free Card Circle 113 on Postage Free Card ought -Tolerant Landscapes tinued from page 20 ■ Texas lantana. (Lantana horrida) a can use this yellow -orange bloomer as hrub for sunny areas. By pruning it, can use itasa groundcover for shady :es. Turks cap. (Malvaviscus arboreus ummondii') For shady areas. this ennial has bright red flowers that per - from blay to November. Hummingbird plant. (Anisacanthus fghtii) This small, drought -tolerant ennial shrub can handle reflected heat, cing it a good choice for patio contain - Plant it in partial shade or full sun to ieve maximum color. Rock rose. (Pavrmia Lealopetalu) The k flowers open every morning and ,e in the afternoon from late spring if frost. It can be massed in beds in par - shade to full sun or does well in con- iers. 0 Butterfly weed. (Ascleplas tuberosa) orange -yellow clusters of flowers om from April to September. This ught- tolerant perennial is long-lived. :ing bushier and producing more blooms h year. It grows in partial shade to full sun. ■ Gaura. (Gaura Lindheimerl) The nt forms an airy, vase- shaped cluster of ny fine stems with branched flower Spikes of pink buds from May until frost. Once established, it requires watering only during extended periods of drought. Other drought -tolerant natives recom- mended by the Native Plant Society of Texas include: Calylophus species (calylophus), Cassia roemerana (two -leaved Senna), Coreopsis lanceolara (coreopsis), Datura 'WrightiF (datura), Echinacea angustijoliu (black Sampson), Engebaanniu potnutijidu (Engelmann daisy), Hvmenuxys scapuset (Pour -nerve daisy), Ipumupsis rubrd (stand- ing cypress), Liatrfs mucronata (gayfeath- er), Melampodium leucanthum (blackfoot daisy), Oenuthem rriloba (yellow buttercup), Pulygulu alba (white milk wort), Ratibida cohonnuris (Mexican hat). Sal ia engel- munmi (Engelmann sage), Sul is lia•inaceu ( mealy blue sage), Sculellarht ' Drummundii' (shrubby skullcap), Thele+pernta jilijbli- uni (greenthread), Verbena bipinnatiida (prairie verbena), Verbesina encelioides (cowpen daisy), Wedeliahupida (zexmema). California Altman Specialty Plants of San Marcos, CA, tries to have a wide selection of drought -tolerant plants available through- out the year. Most of the varieties are perennials available in l- gallon containers. Deena Altman, vice president, reported on the top 12 selling plants: Alyogyne Huegehi (blue hibiscus), Curb Machines The New California Model "III' Bubba" with its patented stain- less steel auger allows the business owner to operate with half the man power previously needed with older plunger machines W' Bubba has the shortest wheel bow of any curb machine enabling it to turn a shorter and fighter richus when pouring, cur) I)elow ground level %ah bl Buhlrr you will add enormous profits to your currvni business Whidden Manufactur•ing Co., Inc. ,616 Narcoossee Rd., Orlando, FL 32822 (407) 381-9880, Fax (407) 381-219-1 Circle 115 on Postage Free Card Anisodontea (hibiscus bits), Cistus I rose), Convolvulusmauriianicus'Lavar (lavender), Limonium (blue stet Oenodu ra (Mexican primrose), Pena Rosmarinus off fchutlis (rosemary), S Greggii (cherry sage or Texas red s Santohna (lavender cotton) and Tulbi violaca. Midwest The Kansas State University Cooper Extension Service in Manhattan, has: than a dozen annuals and a dozen perer it recommends for drought -tolerant stapes. The suggestions are as follow ■ Annuals, Amaranthus (Jacob's c Catharanthus (Madagascar periwin Celosia (cockscomb), Euphorbia (snot the -mountain), Gazania (gazania), Kr (burning bush), Lobularia (sweet alysa Mirabilis (four o'clock), Portulaca moss), Salvia (salvia), Sanviralia (cret zinnia), Senecia (dusty miller) and Tid (Mexican sunflower). ■ Peretmlak Add 2w (yarrow), Arse (silver mound), Asclepias (butterfly er), Aurinia (basket -of -gold), Bal (false indigo), Cmisopsis (fickseed), Fin (fleabane), Euphorbia (spurge), Gaill (blanket flower), Hemerocallis (daylily (iris), KnOwfra (torch lily), Liaois (gayl er), Rudbeckfa (black-eyed Susan), S (sage), Sedum (stonecrop), Solidago ( enrod) and Yucca (Spanish bayonet SANTA FE BAG CO. INTRODUCES Rolls of NEW smoulder -resistant Available in — ,.Maturat or Gree Suppliers of JUTE MESH Burlap bags & Burlap sheets for grass clippings We also stock PolyFilm available in: 10'-40' width x 100' length 4, 6, & 10 Mil CALL FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY SANTA FE BAG CO. 4950 E. 49th, Vernon, CA 90058 (213) 585-7225 Circle 116 on Postage Free Card avin ensure n event almost as rare as a California eondorsight- ing happened on a Monday morning in December. It rained in Southern California. For Terry Craig, maintenance super- )r at Leisure Village in Camarillo, CA, neant assigning the lead irrigator to t off the site's 100 irrigation controllers. controllers operate irrigation on the site's irrigated acres that include residential dscapes, common recreational areas I an IS -hole, par-3 golf course. 1'wo years into an irrigation renova- i program, Craig can enjoy rainfall a lot re these days. He knows he has the ity to turn off the system so the area res- nts aren't complaining about irrigation ;rating when its raining. He also has ter control of irrigation cycles when he :s run the system. ,,The biggest challenge we have is that aren't irrigating just a golf course or a k or some common grounds," Craig s. "We have about 150 acres of turf all the homes are set in. One valve may trol turf around four homes. You can e many microclimates in those areas. The Ilenge is to figure out how to irrigate with iimal runoff and maximum infiltration, le still maintaining good -quality turf." : onserving water in Southern California's ti-arid climate is more than just a fash- able trend; its a necessity. Craig laughs m you ask him what constitutes normal tfall. Camarillo, which is about 10 miles from the Pacific Ocean, should receive about 18 inches of rainfall annually. It's been years since that has happened. "Normal" now is considered closer to 12 inches of pre- cipitation. When Craig arrived at Leisure Village in 1986, he inherited a grab bag full of irrigation systems. The retirement com- munity was completed in phases, starting in 1973. The design and installation of the landscape irrigation was bid out in each phase. As a result, there were a myriad of different design concepts. "Different kinds of systems and prod- ucts were used in each phase," says Craig. "We have the gamut." As a result, developing an overall irri- gation schedule was impossible. Each sys- tem operated with a different efficiency. The previous strategy had been to water for the least efficient system, also known as water- ing to wet the dry spots. This required the irrigation system to run from midnight to 5 a.m. daily. Early morning walkers in the village complained about streams of water flowing down the gutters each morning. Craig knew he had to take some action immediately, so he cut irrigation back by 10 percent and inventoried his irrigation sys- tem. "My first assessment of the system was, 'We have a mess."' By Holly Gibson Searching for Solutions Craig's quest to find a better w irrigate began. First, he had to convin board that there was a problem. Al! knew he had to propose something would improve the situation at a reasc cost. In May 1988, a village resident h Craig receive a $10,000 water audit fro metropolitan water district and other ty agencies. At that point, the area s year three of the drought. Water ust site as large as Leisure Village was, tern. "it was probably the best thing to my way," Craig says. "The intent of the audit was to find ways to save water out requiring large expenditures of me The results showed that lots of r would be needed to provide water ings. It validated the fact that Craig was all he could with the present syste system overhaul was the only way ti gate more efficiently. The recommendations called for c ing to more accurate irrigation contra retrofitting the station valves to ref water pressure at the heads, and up; the sprinkler heads so they had matche cipitation rates. Armed with the report, Craig made sentation to his board. He reques program that would begin to phase recommendations. Reality told Cr would have to happen a little bit at a The site has more than 3.000 valves and continued on p • ving Water at Leisure Village tined from page 44 160,000 sprinkler heads. Even if they Id afford to purchase all the equip- u, they wouldn't have the time, money nanpower to install them all. fhe program calls for $30,000 a year to :hale and install Griswold brass pres- s regulating valves and Rain Bird 1800 es sprinklers with brass nozzles. They about two years into the program. ig estimates they will constantly be acing sprinkler heads. -raig conducts a simple water audit on r section before changing out the heads. monitors irrigation efficiency before the nge and then afterwards. Just updating natched precipitation rate sprinklers roves irrigation efficiency by 10 to 30 sent, depending on the area, Craig says. uses his figures to show the board how nvestment is saving water. itroiling Irrigation ;electing irrigation controllers was one he most important steps for Craig. nost from the time he took over at sure Village, Craig was investigating ration controller options. He wanted an rdable controller that would provide him i the flexibility to irrigate for areas as iplex as a golf course or as simple as a imon turf area. In addition, the irrigation controllers needed to be simple to use. For many of the irrigation technicians, English is a second language. They needed to be able to eas- ily understand how to make simple adjust- ments, such as turning off the system dur- ing a rain shower. Craig selected Rain 'vidster's Evolution controller line. He installed the first group of controllers in 1991. Other units fol- lowed the success of the first wave. The wide variety of station configura- tions allowed Leisure Village to reduce the number of controllers on site by almost half, down from 180 to 100. This saves time when crew members need to shut off the system for ram or emergencies. Although the funding was not imme- diately available for a central control sys- tem. Leisure Village could upgrade the Evolution stand alone controllers to a central control system. Craig is tracking his water use to determine if the site conditions can justify central control. Craig and Luis Ortega, lead irrigator, meet weekly to review the amount of water the irrigation system applied in comparison to local evapotranspiration data. They can then make adjustments to the next week's irrigation schedule, depend- ing on weather conditions. The new con- trollers make it simple to adjust irriga- tion for special items, such as new plan sod installations. During the drought last year, C was forced by water rationing and ge at conservation sentiments to drasticall back water use. "We were very stingy remembered. He managed to cut Ovate by about 25 percent from the prey year. With the drought abating somev Craig is able to relax irrigation curb enough to ensure plant health. Stil has managed to maintain water savu "Our current water -use figures re sent a good, solid 10-percent savir Craig says. "We achieved this savmf going to high -quality solid-state contrc with good flexibility and accuracy." In the future, Craig hopes to cont with the irrigation system renovai installing updated equipment that allow him to make the most of each g; of irrigation water. He now has his b( the staff and Leisure Village residen his side. When someone sees an it tion system problem, it is reported in diately. Within 24 hours. Craig's c try to fix the problem. By teamin technology, common sense and good v manship, Leisure Village is able to prc residents with enjoyable landscaping also represents environmental stew ship. THE BURNING MUST STOP. The world's rain forests are burning. And a wealth ofwildlife is trapped in the fire's path. Rain forests occupy just 2% of the earth's surface. Yet, these rain forests are home to half of the planet's tree, plant and wildlife species. Tragically, 96,000 acres of rain forest are burned every day. You can help stop this senseless destruction. Right now you can join The National Arbor Day Founda- tion, the world's largest tree•plant- i ng envi ronmental organization, in hyar Aftk,SW. AA The National „Arbor Day Foundation ad support Rain Forest Rescue When you join, you will elp establish natural rain )rest barriers to stop irther burning and sup- ort on -site conservation ianagement plans to rotect threatened )rests. .ach and every second, rain forest area the Ize of a football field goes up in moke. You'd better call now. W1 Rain Forest Rescue. 1-800-255.5500 Irrigation System Features That Can Save Money By Dr. J. L. Meyer n he degree of interest in turfgrass and IL landscape water management is directly proportional to the cost I availability of water. Therefore, it ies as no surprise during drought peri- that irrigation controllers are increas- y scrutinized as the mechanism to deliv- irecise amounts of water. =very irrigation system is a study of ipromises. The best compromises are se that do not adversely affect the qual- if the irrigation system but still keep sys- i costs within a budget. Operational :s cannot be overlooked because annu- rigation management costs are becom- more important to private and public elopments. Water conservation should be one of iv goals. The irrigation system should i tool for the turfgrass manager. Cost jus- the various features on the irrigation sys- . The goal is to finance features that will ify costs based on the amount of water money saved during the project life. rhere are some irrigation system features are costly but are gaining acceptance ause of the amount of money they save perational expenditures. When water .s a golf course more than $1,000 per ith, it is easy tojustify spending anoth- 1.000 to $3,000 on equipment that can ice the amount of water by five to 10 per- t. rew irrigation system features that are available and have been shown to for their initial costs in as few as two rs are the following: doisture Sensing Devices. Sensors in a shallow and deep root zones of rep- :ntative areas of the landscape can can - )redetermined start -and -run times of the em when a preselected level of moisture tailable in both root zones. The equip - it may work on vacuum or electric con- tivity. lain Sensing Devices. Automatic irri- on systems suffer public ridicule when operate during a rainstorm. A rain sens- device will put an end to this problem urning off the irrigation system when dent rainfall eliminates the need for sup- aental irrigation. This feature can either end irrigation at a given point in the cycle gill reset to the beginning of the next e. This device also is most efficient a used in conjunction with moisture sens- ;quipment. Vind Sensing Devices. An overhead irrigation system will not be useful when wind velocity exceeds 10 mph. Therefore, irrigation should be suspended when wind velocities reach 10 mph. Under these con- ditions, there are features on some equip- ment that will cause suspension of the water cycle. This feature may cause resump- tion of the cycle when the wind tapers off or it may reset to the beginning of the next irrigation cycle. UDw•Precipitation Sprinklers. Irrigation system designers are beginning to use this type of sprinkler to help in water conser- vation. Low -precipitation rate sprinklers can reduce runoff, improve uniformity, reduce application rates, and allow for a larger area to be irrigated with a given amount of water. Matched Precipitation Sprinklers These sprinklers aid in water management by allowing more uniform coverage of a sys- tem. Annual irrigation management costs are becoming more important to private and public developments. Excess Flow Sensing Devices. This device can sense when the water flow in a system is abnormally high, due to a broken line or missing sprinkler, and will shut the system down, usually giving a warning. This alerts the system manager to locate and solve the problem. With today'ssophisti- cated electronics, the controller can pinpoint the problem to a station where excess flow occurs, Check Valves. Check valves prevent water from draining through low heats, whether investigated in the sprinkler or the lateral line. This saves water that would be lost from the pipelines each time the sys- tem is used, and it also prevents exces- sively wet areas around low heads. Master Valves. A master valve is an automatic valve in the main line of the system upstream from all automatic valves. It is opened any time the system is operated and is closed when the system completes its cycle. If there is a break in the main down- stream of this valve or if an automatic valve fails in the open or running posi- tion, the master valve will prevent water from discharging through the break or 1 valve, except when the system is wit running cycle. This feature is used ii of an excess flow sensing device. N valves will signal a problem, help pri loss of water through the failure, and avoid potential downstream damagt Multi -Cycle Irrigation Stations or V This automatic controller feature is a when moisture sensing is used. It is i worthwhile feature on a system wil moisture sensing and can conserve i by reducing runoff, while keeping the ture level in the root zones closer to the mum level for longer periods of time on non -multi -cycling. Dual Programming. Dual or multi gramming features of an automatic cont can conserve water by enabling the i a for to match more closely the lands and water needs. When an automatic troller has more than one program i able, you can water turf on a separau more frequent program than groundcc shrubs, or trees. This can be accompli by circuitry that uses one common ci or two individual commons. Usually common circuit limits the amount of sti you can place on a second program. common circuits allow more variatic programming. Another approach for the multi gramming is the use of electronic or hyd pressure signals to allow operatic valves on varying programs. Electronic Accuracy. Solid-state tronics offer improved timing accura minutes of water are required, the troller can deliver exact minutes of w Mechanical electrical controllers des six minutes of water previously deliv somewhere between five and 10 minute were subject to change, depending on and weather. The days of programs a station to run a minimum of five mir due to equipment limitations are also I Most electronic controllers can be acci to one minute. 7 Editor's Note Dr. J.L. Meyer is an gation and soilsspecfatist emeritus wit Cooperative Extension of the Univi of California, Riverside This talk was lished in Xeriscape Update: Plannir Practice, the proceedings of the 1989 Q California Xeriscape Conference, s, sorts by CIT and the Cahfomia Agrlcu Technical Institute.