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1998 06 18 HPC� T La� r CFy OF TNtt�� HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION AGENDA A Regular Meeting to be held in the Council Chambers at the La Quinta City Hall, 78-495 Calle Tampico, La Quinta, California June 18, 1998 3:30 P.M. I. CALL TO ORDER A. Pledge of Allegiance B. Roll Call II. PUBLIC COMMENT This is the time set aside for citizens to address the Historical Preservation Commission on matters relating to historic resources within the City of La Quinta which are not Agenda items. When addressing the Historical Commission, please state your name and address and when discussing matters pertaining to prehistoric sites, do not disclose the exact location of the site(s) for their protection. III. CONFIRMATION OF THE AGENDA IV. CONSENT CALENDAR: A. Approval of the Minutes of April 2, 1998 V. BUSINESS ITEMS: A. Preliminary Draft Archaeological Report on Test and Limited Data Recovery Programs for the Village on the Green Project. B. Phase II Archaeological Test Program for CA-RIV-5972, Cove Area of La Quinta prepared for Coachella Valley Housing Coalition. C. Consideration of submittal of a grant proposal to the State Historic Preservation Office for the Certified Local Government Program, for funding of a Preservation Plan. VI. CORRESPONDENCE AND WRITTEN MATERIAL: VII. COMMISSIONER ITEMS A. Commissioner Irwin - presentation. VIII. ADJOURNMENT REGULAR MEETING OF THE HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION A special meeting held at the La Quinta City Hall Council Chambers 78-495 Calle Tampico, La Quinta APRIL 2, 1998 This meeting of the Historic Preservation Commission was called to order by Vice -Chairman DeMersman at 3:32 p.m. who led the flag salute and asked for the roll call: I. CALL TO ORDER: A. Present: Commissioners Irwin, Puente, Wright and Vice -Chairman DeMersman. B. It was moved and seconded by Commissioners Wright/Irwin to excuse Chairman Millis. Unanimously approved. C. Staff Present: Principal Planner Stan Sawa, Associate Planner Leslie Mouriquand and Secretary Carolyn Walker. II. PUBLIC COMMENT: None III. CONFIRMATION OF AGENDA: Confirmed. IV. CONSENT CALENDAR: A. It was moved and seconded by Commissioners Irwin/Wright to approve the Minutes of February 19, 1998, as submitted. Unanimously approved. V. BUSINESS ITEMS: A. Report on an Archaeological Monitoring Program for the Retreat at the Quarry. Parcel Map 28650 City of La Ouinta 1. Associate Planner Leslie Mouriquand commented on the staff report, a copy of which is on file in the Community Development Department. 2. Staff stated this was the final report from the archaeologist for the grading and monitoring activities at the Quarry for a 7-1/2 t acre parcel that was recently graded. No subsurface cultural materials were found, but paleontological resources were found that included a clustering of freshwater bivalve clams approximately 3 to 5 feet below surface and near the ancient lake shoreline. We have marked this location on our City Paleontology Map to keep track of where the paleo resources are located. P:\CAROLYN\HPC. 4-2-98.wpd - I - '�•�� .: O O 3. There being no further comments, it was moved and seconded by Commissioners Irwin/Puente to receive and file the Archaeological Monitoring Report for the Retreat at the Quarry. Unanimously approved. B. Consideration of Conditional Use Permit 98-039 and Environmental Assessment 98- 355 for a historic structure's adaptive reuse as a Veterinary Clinic located at 77-895 Avenida Montezuma. 1. Associate Planner Leslie Mouriquand commented on the staff report, on file in the Community Development Department. She advised the Commission that this Conditional Use Permit would be going before the Planning Commission on April 14. 2. She also reminded the Commission that this structure was brought before them previously under a Certificate of Appropriateness (96-002) for seismic retrofit and other alterations. 3. The Conditional Use Permit is being brought before the Historical Preservation Commission to discuss the land use as a small animal veterinary clinic on the ground floor with the accessory residence on the upper floor. The rear shed would be used as a parking structure. The applicant is proposing to keep the existing chain link fence and add an 18-inch wide planter at the base of it with a vine planting that will grow dense to provide screening. There will also be other parking lot planting areas with an assortment of appropriate plants for this region. Also proposed is a new masonry block wall along the front of the property. The site plan shows the segment of the concrete block wall with a wrought iron gate for the front closure. There will be one-way access into the parcel off of Avenida Montezuma and patrons would park inside in the designated parking spots indicated on the site plan. They would then exit out the south gate onto the alleyway. There will be new plantings going into the old existing planting areas right in front of the building. 4. Ms. Mouriquand further advised the Commission that there would be no structural changes to the outside of the building. All of the Conditional Use Permit associated changes would be limited to the interior to facilitate the clinic downstairs and residence upstairs. Staff does not have any significant concerns about this nor do any of the agencies that have reviewed and responded to this. The City has done an environmental assessment (EA 98- 355) that is available in the Community Development Department for review. The sign request is included with the CUP. The applicant is proposing a freestanding monument sign to be placed in front, near curb side, that would give the name of the facility. It would be a wooden sign with painted and P:\CAROLYN\HPC 4-2-99.%vpd -2- ..•.Q (10,11) vinyl lettering and decoration. This sign, according to our current Sign Ordinance, would be an exception. However, as this is a historic resource, and, we are proposing approval of this sign as a mitigation measure in lieu of what could be an adversely impacting building -mounted sign bolted into the structure. Staff is therefore supporting this deviation from the Sign Ordinance as being appropriate for this historic resource. Commissioner Irwin commented there was a precedence for this type of sign in the Village, such as the one at the La Quinta Palms Realty. She was unsure of the size, but stated it was a freestanding sign that had been there for several years. 6. Associate Planner Mouriquand continued that the second sign being; proposed (illustrated in Attachment 4 - on file in the Community Development Department) would be a building -mounted sign, hanging under the eave where there is an existing similar sign. This sign has been conditioned to have the wording taken off and display only the street address numbers to be in compliance with the building street address signage and staff supports that change. Ms. Carlson (Applicant) added that the size of the sign, shown in Attachment 4, was still too large. She had indicated the sign would fit between the eaves and would be similar to the existing sign. The dimensions were the same as those shown in Attachment 4. 8. Associate Planner Mouriquand read Condition 4 which stated the building - mounted hanging sign shall be revised to have only the street address numbers. She asked if the Commission had any changes they would like to recommend to the Conditions of Approval so they could be forwarded to the Planning Commission. 9. Commissioner Irwin had a comment about the location of the sidewalk in Attachment 2. Associate Planner Mouriquand stated the position of the sidewalk was between the planting areas and where the building began. Ms. Irwin was concerned about the setbacks on the sidewalks in that area. Principal Planner Sawa stated he was unsure as to whether or not there was actually a formal plan for sidewalks in that area. Associate Planner Mouriquand advised the Commission that the Village Specific Plan was being revised, and it may address this issue. Discussion followed as to where the sidewalk was and where it might be placed in the future. Staff stated they would get a copy of the Village Plan to the Commission. Principal Planner Sawa stated the Village Plan was scheduled to go to the Planning Commission on April 14th. Associate Planner Mouriquand asked the Commission to PACAROLYN\HPC 4-2-98.wpd -3- 4.2_V OOc. Provide comments, on the Plan, to Associate Planner Wallace Nesbit. 10. Associate Planner Mouriquand further stated there were no significant issues and staff is recommending approval of the Conditional Use Permit subject to conditions and if the Commission had any questions she would be happy to answer them. Ms. Mouriquand also mentioned that the applicant and building owner were present at the meeting. 11. Commissioner Wright commented on the looks and quality of the project. 12. Commissioner Irwin stated she was pleased to see the building being used as a residence because historically that was how the building was designed and she was happy to see it going back to its original use. 13. Counnissioner Puente commented positively on the article in the Desert Sun. 14. Commissioner Wright asked if the applicant had an opening date. Ms. Fischer (building owner) answered they were hoping to have the buildling repairs completed in June. 15. Commissioner DeMersman thanked the owner and applicant for being particularly sensitive to the historic character of the buildling. The Commissioners unanimously agreed. 16. Commissioner Wright mentioned this was a benchmark for the Village. 17. Commissioner Irwin wanted to make public that the workmen were going out of their way to reconstruct the building exactly as it was. When the framers were rebuilding the back shed they went to the Historical Society to ask for pictures of the overhang because they wanted to be sure the roof overhang on the shed was exactly as it had been. That was an example of the extent they're going to recreate the original building. 18. Commissioner Irwin asked if the type of signage used on the veterinary clinic and the realty (free-standing) could be adopted in the Village Plan as the "village sign". 19. Associate Planner Mouriquand stated she had recommended a paragraph be added to the Village Specific Plan to allow an exemption process for signage in the Village area for signs that would be historically, and architecturally appropriate to historic resources. She stated this would be coming before the Historic Preservation Commission for review and recommendation. 20. There being no further comments, it was moved and seconded by Commissioners Wright/Puente to approve Minute Motion 98-003 accepting P:\CAROL,YN\HPC 4-2-9%.wpd -4- 11,01. ri the report. Unanimously approved. C. Cultural Resources Report Tentative Tract Man 26855 and 26718 Associate Planner Leslie Mouriquand commented on the staff report, on file in the Community Development Department. She explained this report was prepared to meet a condition that was originally placed on the Tract back in 1993, when both of the Tentative Tract Maps were originally approved by City Council. Back in that time period archaeological reports were often conditioned for, as opposed to today's process. The current City codes require these reports to be done prior to the approval process so there can be a more thorough environmental analysis on each project. 2. The tentative tracts are adjacent to each other and they are interdependent in their design. Throughout the processing both tracts have gone together and the City has allowed the owners to have the archaeological study done as if it were just one project area as opposed to two; both for time and cost efficiency. There were no prehistoric resources found on this survey and nothing found of significance for the historic period. The report complies with the condition requirement accepted by the Commission. 4. Vice Chairman DeMersman called for comments. Since there were none, it was moved and seconded by Commissioners Irwin/Wright to approve Minute Motion 98-004 to accept the report. Unanimously approved. D. Report of an Archaeological Monitoring Program for the La Ouinta Setif Storage Facility. Associate Planner Leslie Mouriquand commented on the staff report, on file in the Community Development Department. She stated the initial archaeological report was brought before the Commission last year and as a condition of approval archaeological monitoring was required. ]During the monitoring of this project a single ceramic sherd was recovered; idlentified as Tizon brownware. It was interesting, though not highly significant, that the remains of burned food were detected on the inside on the sherd. This is again, meeting a condition of approval for that project and it's brought before the Commission as a concluding component of that program for receive and file. Commissioner Irwin asked how it was possible that there was nothing on the site since it's so close to a notable site. Associate Planner Mouriquand answered the site was heavily disturbed by the local water company when channel improvements were made some years ago. The parcel is an elongated P:\C XROLYN\HPC 4-2-98.wpd -5- tiff... O 0 it shape of about five acres. This project is on the back (northerly) portion of the acreage. The front remainder is undisturbed and Phase I surveys have been completed and in it there are substantial archaeological findings. This parcel may have had archaeological deposits, but when the water company did their improvements, they were disturbed. When this other project comes before the Commission it may be a very highly significant site. There were observed on the surface by things blowing out of the dunes that may have been an indication of subsurface material. 3. Conunissioner Irwin asked Staff to shown them the actual site. Was it closer to the Whitewater Channel or Highway I I I? Associate Planner Mouriquand answered that it was more on the southerly portion of this parcel. This project yielded a scattering of sherds. Commissioner Irwin asked if they found anything in the area where the trailer had been. Associate Planner Mouriquand replied this was probably where the surface material was found. She thought the archaeologists were very surprised not to have found more than one sherd, but thought the front parcel was going to more than make up for what this site did not have. 4. There being no further comments, it was moved and seconded by Commissioners Wright/Irwin to receive and file the report. Unanimously approved. VL CORRESPONDENCE AND WRITTEN MATERIAL A. Associate Planner Leslie Mouriquand reviewed the correspondence. Of particular interest was the literature regarding a CLG Training opportunity by held by the Society for California Archaeology which will start April 8th in San Diego. On April 9th two meetings that deal particularly with things here in the Coachella Valley would be held . She also mentioned that if the Commissioners wanted to attend the meeting, there was a $20 per day registration fee the City would reimburse them for registration, mileage, and food. She also advised the Commission there was additional information on the Internet, and the website address was available for those interested. This meeting qualities for annual training credit. B. Staff went over a letter from SHPO about the adopted regulations for the California Register of Historic Resources and the language changes. C. The Coachella Valley Archeological Society Symposium on May 16th will be at the Annenberg Theater, in the basement of the Palm Springs Desert Museum. A flyer was included in the Commissioner's packet. Associate Planner Mouriquand mentioned that most of the speakers who were invited have agreed to attend. The PICAROLYMM'C 4-2-98.wpd -6- most important aspect of the Symposium is that it is eligible for CLG training credits. D. Staff informed the Commission there was recent news on the Catellus project, located at the northwest corner of Avenue 48 and Jefferson Street. Jim Brock from Archaeological Advisory Group was hired to do the Phase II archaeology and at a depth of five feet, in the trenching site, cranium pieces were found in association with artifacts. The bone material has not been positively identified as human, but it is not burned and there are substantial pieces that make up sizeable piece of cranium. The artifact material is very dense. There are a lot of artifacts out there and they're very deep. There have been discussions with the developer as to whether they're going to be re -designing a portion of the project or what should be proposed as mitigation. That report, once complete, will be brought to the Commission. Commissioner Irwin asked if this was part of the Burning Dune Site? Associate Planner Mouriquand replied that it was not, this site was on the other end of the block at Jefferson Street and Avenue 48 . The Burning Dune Site was located at Adams Street and Avenue 48. This site is part of what is currently being dubbed as the "48th Corridor". Commissioner Irwin asked if "The Islands" is where the midden site had been found. Associate Planner Mouriquand replied it was. VIL COMMISSIONER ITEMS: A. Commissioner Irwin informed the Commission that Katherine Saubel spoke on Sunday and was very supportive of SHPO. B. Associate Planner Mouriquand commented to the Commission that she had been in Seattle participating in a symposia put together by the New Mexico SHPO and the symposia was titled "Successes of Preservation Law at the Local Level". The paper she gave discussed how La Quinta was handling its archaeology process and all its successes. She was very proud to represent La Quinta and the State of California. The collection of papers from the symposium will be published. C. Commissioner Irwin stated she was sad she had received a copy of Ned Millis' resignation. She regretted his leaving as she enjoyed working with him as he had done a very good job. Vice Chairman DeMersman also commented he would miss him. He has been a great Chairman. His concern was echoed by Commissioner Wright who included he had been a great Chairman from the very beginning. Associate Planner Mouriquand advised the Commission that the City Clerk would be handling recruitment and processing of appointments for vacancies on commissions. The Historic Preservation Commission will have two other positions up for reappointment on June 30th. The City Clerk's intention is to process all three at the P:ACAROLYN\HYC 4-2-98.wpd -7- same time. The City Clerk will be contacting the two Commissioners whose terms are coming up regarding re -applying. D. Vice Chairman DeMersman asked if all the Commissioners had received a copy of the State Historic Preservation Conference invitation. He advised the Commissioners that it would be in Berkeley this year and encouraged them to attend. He stated it was a great conference and a great place to network with other communities across the State. This is the conference that will be in Palm Springs next year. Commissioner Irwin asked for the Conference date. Vice Chairman DeMersman replied May 7, 1998, E. Commissioner Irwin advised the Commission she would be unable to attend the May meeting. Commissioner Wright expressed his concern about having a quorum for the meeting. Associate Planner Mouriquand stated there would be a quorum as Commissioner Millis' resignation would be effective April 7th. She also told the Commission this was the only meeting that would be held in April and the next meeting would not be until May 21st. If there were items the Commission thought should be discussed prior to that meeting they should contact staff. F. Staff read a letter from the Keith Companies regarding the Eagle Hardware reburial. On March 26th they had a traditional Cahuilla Reburial Ceremony with Kathy Saubel as the local Native American representative. Dr. Paul Chace was present as well as a representative of the Riverside County Coroner's Office. It was the first such reburial for La Quinta. We may anticipate more such reburials in the future if we have cremains on sites. VIII. ADJOURNMENT There being no further business, it was moved and seconded by Commissioners Irwin/Puente to adjourn this special meeting of the Historic Preservation Commission to a regular meeting of the Historic Preservation Commission on May 21, 1998. This meeting of the Historic Preservation Commission was adjourned at 4:07 p.m. Unanimously approved. P:ICAROLYMHPC 4-2-98."d -8- BI #A HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION STAFF REPORT DATE: JUNE 18, 1998 ITEM: PRELIMINARY DRAFT ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT ON TEST AND LIMITED DATA RECOVERY PROGRAMS FOR THE VILLAGE ON THE GREEN PROJECT, LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA. PREPARED FOR: CATELLUS RESIDENTIAL GROUP PREPARED BY: JAMES BROCK, ARCHAEOLOGICAL ADVISORY GROUP BACKGROUND: The initial findings from the archaeological testing and limited data recovery for the Village on the Green project have been submitted for review and acceptance. The project site is located at the northwest corner of the intersection of Jefferson Street and 48' Avenue, on a 35-acre parcel. An affordable housing project is proposed for the parcel. The testing consisted of excavation of two previously -recorded prehistoric sites (CA-RIV-6059 and CA-RIV-6060), and a third prehistoric site (LAQ5) discovered during this investigation. Previously, a Phase I survey was conducted by Archaeological Resource Management Corporation, in 1997, in which two prehistoric and two potentially historic sites were identified. In addition, two earlier surveys had been conducted along the western and southern boundaries of the Catellus project site. This investigation consisted of testing and data recovery. Testing consisted of the excavation of 1 x I meter units, backhoe trenching, and surface collection. During the testing, a major subsurface habitation area was located at Locus B of CA-RIV-6059. A variety of artifactual material was recovered and radiocarbon dating was performed. Specialized analyses of the recovered materials is in progress. It has been determined that Locus B of this site is significant in that it is the best known and best preserved example of its type and that the variety of materials recovered should be able to provide clues to several research questions. Hearths and house circles appear to be present in the site. The other sites have been determined not to be significant because of their lack of substantial and important data. The report concludes with recommendations for monitoring of the rough grading and major trenching, and that Locus B be preserved as open space due to its research potential. RECOMMENDATION: Approve Minute Motion to accept the report as submitted to the City. Attachment: 1. Confidential Archaeological Report (HPC only) Prepared by: Associate Planner C:AMydata\Catellus.wpd Submitted by: "CMUJSTIN�EDI Planning Manager Preliminary Draft Archaeological Report on Test and Limited Data Recovery Programs for the Village on the Green Project, D ��1 . NN La Quinta, California Prepared for: Catellus Residential (Troup 5 Park Plaza, Suite 400 Irvine, CA 92714 Submitted to: City of La Quinta 78495 Calle Tampico La Quinta, CA 92253 Prepared by: James Brock and Brenda D. Smith May 1998 USCS Topographic Quadrangle: La Quinta, California Acreage: 35.9 Key Words: La Quinta; Tract 29601; Sites CA -RI V-6059, CA -RI V-6060, LAQ3-FL LAQ4-1-, and LAQ5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ADVISORY GROUP P.O. BOX 491, PIONEERTOWN, CA 92268-0491 Tel: (760) 228-1142 a Fax: (760) 3694002 E-mail: archadvgrp4,aol.com _. 012 INTRODUCTION This preliminary report, an incomplete version of the forthcoming draft report, presents the initial findings from archaeological testing and limited data recovery for the Village on the Green project in the City of La Quinta, California. The project was conducted by Archaeological Advisory Group for Catellus Residential Group. This report has been prepared to provide a preliminary assessment of the significance of the identified cultural resources and to provide background information for the specialists who are currently analyzing materials from the investigations. The study area is a 35-acre property located at the northwest corner of the intersection of Jefferson Street and Avenue 48 in La Quinta. Affordable housing is proposed ]or the property. The archaeological research described here consisted of the test excavation of two previously -identified prehistoric sites, CA-RIV-6059 (LAQ1) and CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), along with the test excavation of a third prehistoric site discovered during this project (LAQ5). Additionally, limited data recovered was conducted at Locus B of site CA-RIV-6059 when the test program located a major, well-preserved buried deposit in that location. Additional research was also conducted on two putative historical refuse deposits identified during the Phase I survey (LAQ3-H and LAQ4-H). This study was undertaken in accordance with the cultural resource requirements of the City of La Quinta. These are intended to fulfill those aspects of the California Environmental Quality Act of 1970 (as amended) which pertain to the management of cultural resources that may be impacted by development projects sponsored by state or local government agencies, or by private developments requiring a discretionary permit or license. This report was prepared in accordance with the recommended contents and format described in the State's Preservation Planning Bulletin Number 4(a) (California Department of Parks and Recreation 1989). 1 -CO 540 .: V // _ AVENUE 60 �� c9 BM 61 •� 2Qi (LIl .I I o �Trarler (Perk o -" - T•atler Park'Traile, Park ''j 1= •____ � u 0 j Well � .. .: ♦t-..V � -1 AA4CNUEu Welly I STUDY AREA '•�I- - C- W „ _ $2 �r0 _—,�[ENUE 33�I.Well n C) G==.•_ 'J I � II —Jr�EHUEJ Well n r. r•• r 0 Feet 2500 �.a 0 Meters 1000 Figure 1. Location of the study area plotted on a portion of the USGS 7.5' La Quinta, California topographic quadrangle (1959, photorevised 1980). 2 •. � 014 The Principal Investigator for this study was James Brock. The field crew consisted of Mr. Brock, Steven K. Dies, William A. Sawyer, James H. Toenjes, and Brenda D. Smith. Laboratory work was conducted by Brenda D. Smith. Field notes and other material pertaining to this study are on file with Archaeological Advisory Group (AAG Job Numbers 980203 and 980304). Curation of the artifacts/ecofacts collected during this study will be the responsibility of the City of La Quinta. SETTING NATURAL SETTING The Village on the Green project (Tentative Map No. 28601) is located in the City of La Quinta, in the Coachella Valley area of Riverside County, California. It is located at the northwest corner of the intersection of Jefferson Street and Avenue 48. The study area falls within the southwestern quarter of Section 29 of Township 'i South, Range 7 East, SBBM. This property is located on the USGS 7.5' La Quinta, California topographic quadrangle. The topography of the study area comprised large aeolian sand dunes with interspersed alkali salt flats. Soil typically comprises loose gray -tan silty sand. The elevations of the property range from approximately 42 to 70 feet msl. The nearest natural source of water is the Whitewater River drainage which, now channelized, flows west to east approximately one-half mile north of the project area. The eastern end of the study area would have been on the northwestern shoreline of the ancient Lake Cahuilla (now the Salton Sea) during its last high stand. This final stand is estimated to have been about 42 feet msl (12.8 meters). The last stand is believed to have occurred during the 1600s. Native vegetation on the study area consisted of a Creosote Scrub community, containing creosotes (Larrea tridentata), mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), burrobush (Ambrosia dumosa) and other stickery scrubs (including Dicoria canescens and Schismus barbatus). Animal species typically encountered in the area include cottontail, jackrabbit, pack rat, pocket mouse, covote, scorpion, Western Shovel -nosed Snake, Sidewinder, Desert Iguana, Side -blotched Lizard, Loggerhead Shrike, Mourning Dove, Say's Phobe, Gambel's Quail, Common Raven, Anna's Hummingbird, Red-tailed Hawk, Lesser Nighthawk, and American Kestrel. The propem• under consideration fall within the Lower Sonoran Life Zone, as does approximately 600 0 of Cahuilla territory (Bean and Saubel 1972:12). This zone extends from the desert floor to the pinyon -juniper belt (about 3,500 feet). The Coachella. Valley, 3 015 due to it placement on the eastern side of the Peninsular ranges, is blocked from receiving moisture moving eastward from the Pacific. This blockade results in low rainfall of generally less than 5 inches of precipitation annually. Not only does this region have little rainfall, but it is also one of the hottest deserts on the continent, having a mean maximum temperature in July that easily exceeds 100' (Bailey 1966:42). CULTURAL SETTING While the regional ethnography of the study area is fairly well accounted for, its precontact history is poorly understood. Archaeologists have struggled for years to put together comprehensive chronologies for what is referred to as the Prehistoric Period (time preceding contact with Europeans) of Native American history. The sequence of prehistoric habitation presented here is based primarily on the concordance of sequences presented by Warren (1984) and Warren and Crabtree (1986). Warren's timeframe divisions were based on technological changes in lithic use (i.e. millingstones and projectile points). His model was originally devised for the Mojave desert region, but because of basic technological similarities in southern California Indian cultures it is also applicable to the Colorado desert peoples. Lake Mojave Period This period probably represents the earliest phase of human occupation in southern California. It began by at least 10,000 BC and lasted until around 5000 BC. This period is characterized by hunting of larger games animals using spears and articulated spear - throwing devices termed "atlatls." Spear points of this period initially were quits: large, lanceolate in shape, and were oftentimes fluted, having a longitudinal groove along the central portion of the body for attachment to a spear. Other projectile points such as Lake Mojave, Parman, and Silver Lake points, were somewhat smaller (though still large in comparison to later arrow points) and foliate in shape. Crescents, specialized scrapers, leaf -shaped knives, drills, and some chopperOmmmerstones are other tools which have been identified with this period. Millingstones typically are not present. The artifact assemblage of this period is indicative of a generalized hunting and gathering subsistence economy. Archaeological sites from early on in this period were generally associated with Pleistocene lake shorelines. As the Altithermal (a warmer and drier climatic period that lasted from 6000 B.C. to 900B.C.) set in, sites began to concentrate around desert oases, away from receding lakes that were becoming too brackish for consumption. This movement likely spawned the technological change that would lead to the Pinto Basin complex. Pinto Period The Pinto Period dates from around 5000 to 2000 BC, corresponding roughly to the Millingstone Horizon in the coastal areas of California. Although desert and coastal peoples shared cultural traits during this period, desert peoples probably did not have the 4 same dependence on millingstones as coastal peoples. Seed grinding does not appear to be an important economic activity yet to the peoples of this period, but the presence of flat slab and occasionally shallow -basin metates along with mans, indicates ;growing importance that plant seed resources were beginning to have. Presumably these peoples were still maintaining a large and small game hunting and vegetal gathering economy during this period. Pinto points, as defined by Campbell and Campbell (1935), are the distinctive lithics of this period. These are usually found in association with heavy -keeled scrapers, and millingstones. Pinto Basin complex sites are generally found in association with ephemeral lakes, stream channels, and springs, which to some suggests a break in the Altithermal warming. Presumably there was a reoccupation of lakeshore areas around 4500 BC and then a retreat back to desert oases by 3500 BC. This time period is known as the Little Pluvial. Gypsum Period The Gypsum Period is believed to date from around 2000 BC to about AD 500. Again, primary artifacts indicative of this period are projectile points of various types, including Gypsum Cave, Humbolt series, and Elko series points. The early Gypsum period is characterized by larger projectile points when use of the dart and atlatl were still common. Later, with the introduction of the bow and arrow, smaller points become prominent. Manos and metates become more common, and the mortar and pestle come into use -- indicating a developing reliance upon fleshier seed foods such as mesquite pods and acorns. Presence of Haliotis and Olivella shell beads in sites of this period provide the earliest evidence for contact between desert and coastal peoples. Saratoga Springs Period The Saratoga Springs period lasts from about AD 500 to 1200. During this period the southem desert region, in which the Coachella Valley lies, deviates from the rest of the desert region due to heavy cultural influence by the Hakataya, a lower Colorado River group. The Hakataya influence brings drastic technological change to the peoples of this region. Buffware and Brownware pottery, made using the paddle and anvil technique, are introduced and reliance on the bow and arrow increases which leads to a new projectile point type called Cottonwood Triangular. Millingstones, including manos, metates, pestles, and mortars are present in this time period. Late Pre -Contact Period The Late Pre -Contact Period spans from A.D. 1200 to contact with Europeans. It is characterized mostly by continuing regional development, which causes groups to differentiate technologically, ethnographically, and linguistically. In the Coachella, Valley region, Hakataya influence continues, with Colorado Buffware and Tizon Brownware still present. Desert Side -notched points have become the dominant point type. 5 ,t •� 017 Proto-Historic Period Desert Cahuilla have inhabited the Coachella Valley region for at least the last 1000 years. They are a Takic speaking people who are more closely culturally tied with coastal and Colorado River groups than with most other Mojave desert peoples. First known contact with the Cahuilla by a European was during the Juan Bautista de Anza expedition in 1774- 1776. They were largely ignored by the Spanish until the establishment of the Asistencias San Ant6nio de Pala (1816), Santa Ysabel (1818), and San Bernardino (1830). Through these mission outposts the Spanish managed to indirectly influence Cahuilla religious beliefs and culture. During the Mexican occupation of California, the Cahuilla were largely left alone by intruders. It was not until 1853 when the Southern Pacific Railroad began surveying the Coachella Valley for a possible railroad route that the Cahuilla were again bothered. By this point the lands inhabited by the Cahuilla had become desired by Americans. In response to this, President Ulysses S. Grant began allotting Cahuilla lands in 1875 to give to American settlers. It was during this period when the removal of the Cahuilla to government reservations began. Ten reservations were created that affected the Cahuilla; of these four are in the Coachella Valley. Ethnography Many studies of Cahuilla culture have been conducted over the years. Among the most informative accounts are Bean (1972, 1978), Strong (1929), Hooper (1920), and Kroeber (1908). Four excellent ethnobiological studies also exist (Ebeling 1986, Barrows 1900, Kroeber 1925, and Bean and Saubel 1972), as well as archaeological accounts of prehistoric Cahuilla adaptations to the desiccation of ancient Lake Cahuilla (e.g. Wilke 1978). The Cahuilla are divided by anthropologists into three subgroups, the Desert Cahuilla of the Coachella Valley, the Pass Cahuilla of the San Gorgonio pass area, and the Mountain Cahuilla of the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto mountains. These divisions were based on geographic separation and dialect differences, but they were not necessarily recognized by the Cahuilla themselves. Actually, the Cahuilla did not consider themselves to be of one tribe as western anthropologists have designated them to be. Bean (1972:85) reported that "the maximal level of social identification among the Cahuilla was the ?iW?1p?ahrm, a linguistically and culturally defined group ... [which] refers to persons speaking the Cahuilla language and recognizing a commonly shared cultural heritage ... [but) a more precise membership criterion existed at the next level of group identity." A person's inclusion in his or her moiety and lineage (or clan) was primary to any tribal affiliation. The two moieties, or main divisions, of the Cahuilla were the Iston (coyote) and the Tuktum (wild cat). Moieties were patrilineal and exogamous, meaning that lineage was followed through the father and that members of one moiety had to marry into the other. Clans were numerous and were named after or associated with the villages they comprised. Individual clans claimed ownership over their village and the territories in which they hunted, gathered, and camped. Territories could be several square miles in extent and were only for the use of a specific lineage. Mesquite grove boundaries, for instance, were drawn to include specific Z trees. Everyone knew who those trees belong to so that if someone from another lineage was found trespassing, a fight could ensue. But in times of need, areas were shared with other clans. This allowance occurred regularly with mesquite because these groves do not produce bountiful crops each year. In the case of crop failure, a neighboring clan would invite the misfortunate person into their territory to gather. Historical Background Some homesteaders were present in La Quinta as early as late last century, however the real origins of modern La Quinta rest with the opening of the La Quinta Hotel in 1926 (Cooper 1976:40). This was a hotel and winter resort with a golf course. It was developed on part of 1400 acres owned by the Desert Development Company (Gunther 1984:286). Records at the BLM office in Riverside indicate that the study area was not part of government homestead lands but rather part of a 5291.44-acre railroad grant patent, which included all of Section 29, that dated to June 30, 1905 (BLM Serial File No. 89). The railroad sold off portion of Section 29 to small-scale farmers early in this century, although no farming appears to have taken place on the present study area. Records, Literature, and Archaeological Background Information An archaeological records search was conducted during the Phase I survey for this study (see Demcak 1997). This was conducted through the Eastern Information Center of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) at UC Riverside Prior to Demcak's investigation, two surveys were conducted on the western and southern boundaries of the current project area. The first was a reconnaissance undertaken for the Avenue 48 Extension Project that went along the southern border of the present study area (Brock 1997a). This identified one isolated buffware shed that fell onto the project area (Isolate Number 33-7897). The other survey was for a 3.2 soil stockpile area located at the southwestern end of the study area (Brock 1997b). This survey was negative. Demcak's study revealed two prehistoric sites (LAQ1 and LAQ2) and two putative historical refuse scatters (LAQ3-H and LAQ4-I). Attachment A shows the locations of these sites. Three isolated finds were also noted (I-1-H, I-2-P, and I-3-P). The study area is in a vicinity of high archaeological sensitivity. Seventeen previously recorded sites are present within a one-half mile radius of the study area. Of these, I 1 are precontact habitation sites of various sizes, typically containing pottery, chipped and ground stone, bone, charcoal, and thermally -affected rock. Of the six sites, one is a precontact pottery scatter, one is a precontact pottery scatter associated with a historic dump, two represent historic homesteads, one is a dirt road, and one is a historic refuse deposit. Based on the presence of ceramics, most of the prehistoric sites within the one -mile: radius appear to be relatively recent in date (post AD 500). 019 An additional 25 sites are present in the region from one-half to one mile away from the study area. Approximately 60 percent of the land within a one-half mile radius of the study area had been previous surveyed for cultural resources (prior to the Demcak survey). RESEARCH DESIGN INTRODUCTION A research design is a guide document to organize research and interpret findings. It provides a structure from which the evaluation of significance can be made. A research design is usually regional in scope and based on some type of statistically -based sampling program (see Binford 1964). A research design generally has the following elements: (1) a theoretical orientation, (2) research areas, or domains, under which come (3) specific research hypotheses or questions which have (4) test implications for interpretation of field data. THEORETICAL ORIENTATION The theoretical orientation which structures this research design is cultural materialism. Cultural materialism assumes that decision making by people and groups is based upon economic considerations. It assumes that behavior, at least in the long term, is rational and therefore adaptive. It recognizes that people and groups have not and do not always behave in a rational manner but from the relatively gross temporal perspective of archaeology, such behavior is not statistically significant. RESEARCH DOMAINS The research domains, or topics, which will be considered are chronology, subsistence practices, settlement systems, and exchange systems. Discussions of these domains are provided below. Chronology Chronology is the backbone of archaeology. Establishing the sequence of cultural change through time is a fundamental concern in archaeology. Unless a site can be placed in a temporal context, its ability to address the evolution of a cultural system is seriously limited. Fortunately, datable material (e.g. charcoal) is relatively abundant on sites in the La Quinta area. Abundant Late Period sites are present in the La Quinta area. A major concern in La Quinta archaeology is establishing changes in Late Period settlement and subsistence patterns in relation to the changes in the water level of H $.,; 020 ancient Lake Cahuilla. Also, earlier sites are rare. Any data helping to establish an Archaic Period chronology for the area is extremely valuable. ■ Does the site contain sufficient material for absolute or relative dating? Test implications: presence of carbon in sufficient quantity to provide absolute dates, presence of temporally -sensitive artifact types. ■ Is there any evidence for an Archaic Period use of the site? Test implications: absolute (e.g. carbon) date of pre -AD 900 or presence of artifacts (e.g. projectile points, beads) dated to pre -AD 900. ■ Can the site be tied in to one or more of the postulated stands of ancient Lake Cahuilla (see e.g. Waters 1983)? Test implication: absolute date(s) that corresponds to a postulated stand of Lake Cahuilla. ■ Is there any evidence for a post -Lake Cahuilla use of the site? Test implication: absolute or relative date of post -AD 1650, presence of historical artifacts. Subsistence Practices The presence of faunal remains, floral remains, and artifacts associated with food extraction and processing can provide valuable information on the subsistence practices of precontact Native Americans. Midden deposits can provide a good range of evidence for exploitation of faunal resources. Also, carbonized seeds from sites could provide evidence of early agricultural activities, which are suspected to have occurred in the region but, as yet, lack archaeological evidence. Reconstruction of ceramic vessel forms and the types of ground stone implements present could provide information on the types of resources being exploited by the site's inhabitants. • Is there evidence of a change in subsistence strategies at the site, particularly ones relating to the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? Test implication: change in frequencies of particular faunal or floral species in stratigraphically discrete contexts dating to the last stand and later periods. • Is there evidence of agriculture? If so, does it relate to changing subsistence practices forced by the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? ■ Is there evidence of what, if any, subsistence activity(ies) was being engaged in al. the site? 9 s_ ., 021 Settlement Systems Information on settlement patterns should be present in the information from the site. Data may present evidence of changing settlement patterns with the different lacustral episodes of Lake Cahuilla and those caused by the final desiccation of the lake. ■ Does the site indicate settlement associated with the exploitation of Lake Cahuilla resources? ■ Can settlement location be related to a particular stand of ancient Lake Cahuilla? ■ Is there evidence of a change in settlement patterns pertaining to the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? ■ Was shoreline occupation at Lake Cahuilla primarily seasonal or year round (Wilke 1978:14)? Exchange Systems Patterns of exchange should be evidenced in artifactual material from the site. Such things as lithic types, ceramics, and beads present could indicate trade relations with other groups (e.g. Colorado River or coastal California). The following research questions have been developed to address this domain: ■ Are exotic resources present at the site? Do these represent direct procurement or exchange mechanisms? ■ Is there evolution through time in the types or quantities of non -local resources present? • Is the local catchment area sufficiently diverse in natural resources to discourage trade relations? • Is there evidence of the exchange of technologies or ideas, rather than material objects? METHODS FIELDWORK TECHNIQUES Standard archaeological techniques were utilized during the project. Excavation units were one -by -one, one -by -two, or two -by -two meters. Soil was excavated in arbitrary 10 cm levels and screened using I/e-inch mesh shaker screens. All units were drawn in profile, photographed, and had soil samples taken from each discernible stratigraphic level. 10 r.., 0242 In areas of light artifact density surface collection was done by transit and 50 meter hand tape or stadia rod. At Locus A of CA-RIV-6059 surface collection was conducted by grid due to the high density of artifacts. Due to the potential for buried prehistoric deposits to be present on the study area, backhoe trenching was conducted systematically across the property in a 50 meter grid (see Attachment C). This excluded the fill at the southwestern corner and the disturbed area adjacent to the Evacuation Channel. The backhoe grid was used in closer intervals when Locus B at CA-RIV-6059 was being defined. All backhoe dirt was screened using 1,/4 inch mesh screening on a stationary stand. This proved to be a successful technique. The sampling strategy was systematic when possible and otherwise intuitive. In accordance with State Historic Preservation Office guidelines, all cultural materials, structures, features, and objects over 45 years in age were considered for potential cultural resource value. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES General Laboratory work consisted of the cleaning, sorting, cataloging, and analysis of the recovered specimens. A computer database program was utilized for the artifact/ecofact catalog. Specimens from the site are numbered with the California state trinomial and a catalog number. Catalog numbers are five digits. The first two numbers denote the material/analysis category: CA (carbon), CE (ceramics), CL (clay), CS (chipped stone), FA (faunal), GL (glass), MI (miscellaneous), and PR (plastic/rubber). FINDINGS FIELDWORK DETAILS AND GENERAL FINDINGS Fieldwork for this project comprised two phases, Phase II (Test Program) and Limited Phase III (Data Recovery and Boundary Definition). Phase I had already been conducted by Archaeological Resource Management Corporation in 1997 (Demcak 1997). Phase H Phase II consisted of test excavation and surface collection at the two prehistoric sites recorded during the Phase I survey, CA-RIV-6059 and CA-RIV-6060. Additionally, work was conducted at another prehistoric site, LAQ5, that was newly discovered by AAG. Fieldwork took place on the following days in 199& 2/12, 2/13, 2/16, 2/17, 2/18, 2/19, 11 023 2/20, 2/23, and 2/24. The following personnel assisted with the Phase II work: James Brock, Brenda D. Smith, William A. Sawyer, Steven K. Dies, and James H. Toenjes. All units dug during Phase II were one -by -one meter in size. Five units were dug at CA- RIV-6059 (Units 1-5), five units were dug at CA-RIV-6060 (Units 1-5), and one unit was dug at LAQ5 (Unit 1). Additionally, three features were investigated at CA-13.I11-6059 (Features 1-3) and one unit was examined at CA-RIV-6060 (Feature 2-Feature 1 had been previously excavated). All four features were surface rock scatters. Attachment B shows the locations of units and features. Also during Phase II systematic backhoe trenching was conducted to look for buried deposits. Backhoe trenches were generally dug on a 50 meter interval grid (see Attachment Q. Backhoe trenches were dug directly to the west of grid points and were generally 60 centimeters wide, 2 meters long, and 1 to 2 meters in depth. The din was screened through Y. inch mesh. A total of 27 backhoe trenches were dug during Phase H. The backhoe trenching proved highly successful. A major buried habitation area was located at Locus B of CA-RIV-6059. This discovery facilitated another phase of research to better define the extent of the deposit and to acquire a sample of the material that is present. This was termed "Limited Phase III". Limited Phase III This phase of research entailed the excavation of additional hand units and backhoe trenches in order to better evaluated the nature and extent of the buried deposit present at Locus B of CA-RIV-6059. Work took place on the following days in 1998: 3/26, 3/27, 3/28, 3/29, and 3/30. The crew consisted of James Brock, William A. Sawyer, and Steven K. Dies. The units varied in size from one -by -one, one -by -two, to two -by -two meters in size They are numbered 6 to 11 (see Attachment B). The backhoe trenches were dug on the same grid employed during the test phase but were excavated at closer intervals to determine the extent of the deposit (see Attachment Q. Eleven additional backhoe trenches were excavated. Unit Descriptions Detailed unit information will follow in the subsequent report. The following tables are provided to assist the artifact/ecofact analysis specialists. 12 V. 024 Unit Locus Size (m) Depth (cm) Number 1 A lxl 40 2 A lx1 30 3 B I x 1 30 4 A I x 1 40 5 A I x 1 30 6 B 2x2 100 7 B l x 2 110 8 B lx2 50 9 B I x 2 120 10 B I x 1 50 11 B I x 1 70 Table 1. General information about CA-RIV-6059 units. Note: depth does not include portholes dug in unit bottoms. Units 7-11 are depths below clearance level not ground surface. Unit Number Unit Size (m) Depth (cm) I Ixl 50 2 lx1 50 3 1 x 1 80 4 lxl 50 5 Ixl 50 Table 2. General information about CA-RIV-6060 units. Note: depth does not include portholes dug in unit bottoms. Depths are below ground surface. The unit excavated at LAQS was one -by -one and excavated to a depth of 30 centimeters and then postholed. ANALYSIS OF RECOVERED MATERIAL This is a preliminary report. Analysis of recovered material is underway at present. Only brief notes are presented at this time. CA-RIV-6059 Radiocarbon Dating Three radiocarbon age determinations have been provided by Beta Analytic. These are all from Locus B. 13 °• 025 Sample Number Unit Depth Date BP (cros) (present=1950) Beta-116954 7 10-20 190 +/40 BP Beta- 116955 7 60-70 190 +/-50 BP Beta-116956 9 3040 570 +/40 BP Table 3. Radiocarbon dates from CA-RIV-6059, Locus B. Chipped Stone Preliminary analysis indicates 40 pressure flakes of which 33 are obsidian. There are 8 pieces of debitage. Two points were recovered: a Cottonwood Triangular and a Desert Side -Notched. Ceramics A large quantity of brownware and buffware ceramics was recovered. Sherd total is in 1000s. Burned Clay Burned clay fragments are abundant on the site. These are frequently found on prehistoric sites in this region. Possible uses range from lining storage containers, to flooring, to daub for siding of structures, to use in baking. Faunal Material Analysis of vertebrate faunal is being conducted by Dr. Thomas Wake of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory, UCLA - Ground Stone The ground stone collection from CA-RIV-6059 comprises three metates. The first metate is represented by five fragments of partially burned sandstone with obvious grinding surfaces. The second metate is evidenced by two heavily burned, granitic fragments. The grinding surface of the second metate has several cracks, presumably resulting from being fired. The third metate is represented by a bifacially worn, lightly burned, granitic fragment. 14 026 Macrobotanical Study A macrobotanical analysis of sample from Locus B is being conducted by Dr. Virginia Popper at the Paleoethnobotany Laboratory at UCLA. Pollen Analysis A pollen analysis of samples from Locus B is being conducted by Dr. Owen Davis, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona. Other Material 22 freshwater shell fragments were identified as comparing favorably to freshwater mussel (Anodonta). Ten other pieces of shell were identifiable only as univalves and one fragment was unidentifiable. Eleven of the total shell fragments were thermally -affected. Thermally affected rock: 122 granitic, 3 schist. CA-RIV-6060 Radiocarbon Dating One radiocarbon age determination has been provided by Beta Analytic from charcoal in Feature 1 at this site (Beta-] 12309, 350 +/-30 BP). Ceramics A small quantity of brownware and buffware ceramics was recovered. Burned Clay A small quantity of burned clay is present on the site. Faunal Material Analysis of vertebrate faunal is being conducted by Dr. Thomas Wake of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory, UCLA. A human cremation was recovered from this site during monitoring for the Avenue 48 Extension Project (Brock 1998). This was excavated as Feature 1. The material was immediately turned over to the Riverside County Coroner's Office and has subsequently been reburied along with remains from the Eagle Hardware project. LAQ3-H Analysis of glass artifacts from this deposits indicates a probable date of post-] 950. 15 027 immediately turned over to the Riverside County Coroner's Office and has subsequently been reburied along with remains from the Eagle Hardware project. LAQ3-H Analysis of glass artifacts from this deposits indicates a probable date of post-1950. LAQ4-H Analysis of glass artifacts from this deposits indicates a probable date of post-1950. LAQ5 A small quantity of indigenous ceramics and burned clay was recovered from this site. PRELIMINARY DISCUSSIONANTERPRETATION Five sites have been identified on the study area: CA-RIV-6059 (LAQ1), CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), LAQ3-H, LAQ4-H, and LAQ5. The northeastern part of site CA-RIV-6059, Locus B, was found to contain a large, deep, buried prehistoric occupation site. This site occupies 0.76 acre of the study area. Its minimal depth below the ground surface is approximately 40 centimeters and it goes over 2 meters in depth in some places. This site relates to the shoreline of the last stand, of the Ancient Lake Cahuilla, or possibly the second to last stand. There is also evidence: that it was used after the desiccation of the lake. This site is capable of addressing many of the research questions presented in the Research Design above. The southern portion of CA-RIV-6059, termed "Locus A," contained a large quantity of pottery and thermally -affected rock. This material was confined to the ground surface with the soil the area having been deflated. It was subsequently picked over by relic seekers and disturbed by vehicular traffic. It subsequently has little research value. Sites CA-RIV-6060 and LAQ5 are light deposits of prehistoric material. These have limited research value. With the exception of Feature I at CA-RIV-6060 these two sites are undateable. The two putative historical refuse deposits, LAQ3-H and LAQ4-H, have material that indicates they date to the second half of this century and consequently do not qualify as cultural resources. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS SITE EVALUATION 16 C'• 1 028 Under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act a cultural resource can be regarded as potentially significant, and therefore potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), if it meets one or more of the following criteria: A. Association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history. B. Association with the lives of persons significant in our past. C. Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. D. Have yielded or may be likely to yield information important in history or prehistory. Under Appendix K of CEQA an archaeological resource is significant if it meets one; of the following criteria: (a) it is associated with an event or person of recognized significance in California or American history, or recognized scientific importance in prehistory; (b) it can provide information which is both of demonstrable public interest and useful in addressing scientifically consequential and reasonable archaeological research questions; it has a special or particular quality such as oldest, best example, largest, or last surviving example of its kind; it is at least 100 years old and possesses substantial stratigraphic integrity; or (e) it involves important research questions that historical research has shown can be answered only with archaeological methods. Additional criteria of significance is found in eligibility for the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHP), which is based upon the criteria used for Federal undertakings whereby resources are evaluated for their eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (see above). Our research has indicated that CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), LAQ3-H LAQ4-H, and LAQ5, along with the southern portion of CA-RIV-6059 (LAQ1), are non -unique or insignificant due to their inability to provide data to increase our knowledge of the prehistory and history of the area in a substantial and meaningful way. Locus B of CA-RIV-6059 is significant in that it is the best known and best preserved example of its type and it contains a full spectrum of materials that are capable of addressing numerous research questions. Material consists of a wide range of ceramics, stone tools, faunal remains (bone and shell), burned clay, and charcoal, among; other things. Features such as hearths and house circles also appear to be present. 17 r•'' 029 RECOMMENDATIONS It is strongly recommended that all rough grading and major trenching be monitored by a qualified archaeological monitor. The project area is in a region of high sensitivity for buried archaeological resources. When and if additional resources are encountered, during grading work should halt in the vicinity of the find and an assessment of the significance of the find should be made and a treatment plan should be developed, as necessary, to mitigate impacts. It is recommended that the area of Locus B of CA-RIV-6059 shown in Attachment B be preserved, in situ, as park space because of the research potential of the site, along with its substantial depth, thickness, and high density of material. It preservation is unfeasible a data recovery program is recommended. REFERENCES CITED Bailey, Harry P. 1966 Weather of Southern California. California Natural History Guides 17. University of California Press, Berkeley. Barrows, David P. 1900 Ethno-botany of the Coahuilla Indians. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Bean, Lowell John 1972 Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley 1978 Cahuilla. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 575-587. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Bean, Lowell John, and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum, Banning. Binford, Lewis R. 1964 A Consideration of Archaeological Research Design. American Antiquity 29:425-441. Brock, James 1997a Heritage Resource Assessment for the Extension of Avenue 48 Between Jefferson Street and the Emergency Evacuation Channel, City of La Quinta, California. Ms. on file, Eastern Information Center, California Historical Resources Information System, UC Riverside. 18 `' 030 1997b Cultural Resources Assessment for a Proposed Stockpile Site North of Avenue 48 Between Jefferson Street and the Emergency Evacuation Channel, City of La Quinta, California. Ms. on file, Eastern Information Center, California Historical Resources Information System, UC Riverside. 1998 Report on Archaeological Monitoring for the Extension of Avenue 48 Between Adams Street and Jefferson Street, La Quinta, California. Ms. on file, Eastern Information Center, California Historical Resources - Information System, UC Riverside. California Department of Parks and Recreation 1989 Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARM&): Recommended Contents and Format. California Office of Historic Preservation, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Campbell, E.W.C., and W.H. Campbell 1935 The Pinto Basin Site: An Ancient Aboriginal Camping Ground' in the California Desert. Southwest Museum Papers 9:1-51. Cooper, Madge E. 1976 La Quinta-The Gem of the Desert. In Heritage Tales of Coachella Valley, edited by Florence Powell, pp. 40-41. American Association of University Women, Palm Springs, California. Demcak, Carol R. 1997 Archaeological Assessment of 40-Acre Parcel in La Quinta (La Quinta Quad), Riverside County, California. Ms. on file, City of La Quinta. Ebeling, Walter 1986 Handbook of Indian Foods and Fibers of Arid America. University of California Press, Berkeley, California Gunther, Jane D. 1984 Riverside County, California, Place Names: Their Origins and Their Stories. Rubidoux Printing, Riverside, California. Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R Hester 1978 Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms and Chronology. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology and History No. 10. Ballena Press, Socorro, New Mexico. Hopper, Lucille 1920 The Cahuilla Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 16:316-379. Berkeley. 19 1 Kroeber, A.J. 1908 Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:29-68. Berkeley. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. 1976 reprint edition. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Strong, William Duncan 1929 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 26:1-349. Berkeley. Toenjes, James H. 1998 Consideration of Clay Uses. In Investigations at the Burning Dune Site (CA-RIV4754), Avenue 48 Extension Project, La Quinta, California (draft), by James Brock and Brenda D. Smith, pp. 63-65. Ms. on file, City of La Quinta, La Quinta, California. Warren, Claude N. 1984 The Desert Region. In California Archaeology, by Michael J. Moratto, pp. 339-430. Academic Press, New York. Warren, Claude N., and Robert H. Crabtree 1986 Prehistory of the Southwestern Area. In Great Basin, edited by Warren L. D'Azevedo, pp. 183-193. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 11, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C. Waters, Michael R. 1983 Late Holocene Lacustrine Chronology and Archaeology of Ancient Lake Cahuilla, California. Quaternary Research 19:373-387. Wilke, Philip J. 1978 Late Prehistoric Human Ecology at Lake Cahuilla, Coachella Valley, California. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 38. University of California, Berkeley. 1111El0El007 20 032 Attachment A. Cultural resources identified on the study area plotted on a portion of the USGS 7.5' La Quinta, California topographic quadrangle (1959, photorevised 1980). &-., 033 +Nl9 Nt!MYdp Unit a l /Nt� im N19VY� Unit 11 Unit 10,, Unit Unit 6-e- t` t Unit t •-Feature 3 17 ocus r A TO BE SERVED N9 W iture 2 ED Unit 1, CA-RIV-6060,( umeaF/`/aawre s ^\ rUnlit 2-: 1 \ 1 v •- Feature, Unit 6- Im IC -fRM ------------------------------------- ® 0 Meters 100 0 Feet 300 0 1 LAOS u!J J J -- -' -------------- Village on the Green, La OWN Plan of Prehistoric Sites Attachment B. Map of the eastern portion of the study area showing unit and feature locations in relation to the prehistoric sites. Ii,-" 034 RESTRICTED INFORMATION —NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION N170AN75 N170M CKelNtnnnn N N1231W275 N75M1275 N251W273 Flll Ar" VILLAGE ON THE GREEN Plan Showing Locations of Backhoe Trenches ® . Fee ISO wo N150WN - _•-Ni5aNM N150MI125 - �- - % N150Ml50 N137-VM25 -� Locus B . N137.5AW5N125M/5 N1251W225 N125PW125 � N12M _ N12SW75- N100AN75 N1251W 37.Y'"_/ N112.51W125- /N100MH 0 N100AN125- - N100MI50 / N87.5W 00� N87.SIW75 N75NVM wsrw 5 / N75M 125 _N7,I/ / / CA-RIV-6059 / � CA-RN-6060 � N25Mf223 N25MW75 N25M25_ / N25M75� Locus tea, / l (Udt Pa / DENSE S251W225- S25W75_ S25MI25 VEOETAnDN S751W225 . SMV175 - S75M i25 - S75ws / LAQS Ave. 48 Attachment C. Map of the eastern portion of the study area showing backhoe trench locations in relation to the prehistoric sites. 035 HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION STAFF REPORT DATE: JUNE 18, 1998 ITEM: PHASE II ARCHAEOLOGICAL TEST PROGRAM FOR CA-RIV- 5972, COVE AREA OF LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA PREPARED FOR: COACHELLA VALLEY HOUSING COALITION PREPARED BY: JAMES BROCK, ARCHAEOLOGICAL ADVISORY GROUP BACKGROUND: The report of the results of a Phase II test excavation program for CA-RIV-5972 has been submitted to the City for review and acceptance. The site is a prehistoric archaeological resource located in the Cove area on three lots on Avenida Herrera. The testing consisted of surface collection and six hand excavated units. Recovered were 49 ceramic sherds of Cahuilla pottery. A base fragment of a jasper Cottonwood Triangular projectile point was also found during the excavation. The report points out that it is unlikely that such a site could survive in a newer subdivision given the rough grading techniques used today. The site is thought to be a satellite processing camp that was a part of a larger system of settlement. The site has been determined not to be significant or unique according to state of federal criteria. However, because there could be subsurface cultural deposits remaining on the three lots, the report recommends that archaeological monitoring (spot checking) be conducted for trenching activities connected with house construction on the three lots. RECOMMENDATION: Approve Minute Motion to accept as submitted the report, with the recommendation to the Building Official that archaeological monitoring of the utility and foundation trenches on the three subject lots be spot checked by an archaeologist for subsurface deposits. Attachment: 1. Confidential Archaeological Report ( HPC only) Prepared by: ,, LIE MOURI AND Associate Planner C AMydatatriv 5972. wpd Submitted by: /, U CHRISTINE DI IORI Planning Manager a.:. C36 Phase II Archaeological Test Program for CA-RIV-5972, Cove Area of La Quinta, California (APNs 773-084-017, 773-084-019, and 773-085-006) Prepared for: Coachella Valley Housing Coalition 45-701 Monroe Street, Suite G Indio, California 92201 Prepared by: James Brock, MA, RPA April 1998 USGS Topographic Quadrangle: La Quinta, California Acreage: Less than one Key Words: La Quinta, The Cove, Site CA-RIB✓-5972 P.O. BOX 491, PIONEERTOWN, CA 92268-0491 Tel: (760) 228-1142 o Fax: (760) 369-4002 E--mail: archadvgrpCfsaol.c C 3 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ManagementSummary ............................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 4 Setting .............. ... ...:......................... ................ ........................................................... 4 tting.................. NaturalSe................................................................................ CulturalSetting............................................................................................... 5 ResearchDesign.......................................................................................................... 10 Methods........................................................................................................................ Fieldwork Technigues.................................................................................... 12 12 Laboratory Techniques .................................................................................. 13 Findings........................................................................................................................ Fieldwork Details and General Findings .................................................... 13 13 Analysis of Recovered Material................................................................... 16 Discussion/Interpretation.......................................................................................... 19 ManagementConsiderations..................................................................................... 21 SiteEvaluation................................................................................................ 21 Recommendations.......................................................................................... 22 ReferencesCited......................................................................................................... 22 Appendix 1: Personnel Qualifications..................................................................... 25 Appendix 2: Site Artifact Catalog............................................................................. 26 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. General location of study area................................................................ 2 Figure 2. Specific location of study area................................................................. 3 Figure 3. Site map for CA-RIV-5972...................................................................... 14 15 Figure 4. General view of the site............................................................................ 15 Figure 5. View of completed Unit 1........................................................................ 17 Figure 6. Stratigraphy of Unit 2............................................................................... 17 Figure 7. Stratigraphy of Unit 3............................................................................... Figure 8. View of completed Unit 4........................................................................ 18 Figure 9. View of completed Unit 5........................................................................ 18 Figure 10. Selected ceramics from CA-RIV-5972................................................ 20 Figure 11. Cottonwood Triangular point fragment .............................................. 20 4.- 038 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY This report presents the results of a Phase II test excavation program conducted for archaeological site CA-RIV-5972 in the Cove area of the City of La Quinta. The study investigated three lots on Avenida Herrera (APN numbers 773-084-017, 773-084-019, and 773-085-006) that contain portions of the site. A surface collection was conducted along with the excavation of six one - by -one meter test units. The site produced 52 specimens of which 49 are ceramics comprising Native American brownwares and buffwares. One projectile point fragment was found. No features or material for radiocarbon dating were encountered. The site can be loosely dated to AD 500 to AD 1800. It has little ability to address the research questions proposed in the Research Design and consequently is evaluated as ineligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and as non -unique by CEQA standards. Limited monitoring of utility and foundation trenching is recommended as a condition of approval for the project. INTRODUCTION This reports presents the findings of a Phase H (test excavation) cultural resources study for archaeological site CA-RIV-5972 which was conducted in advance of disturbance to the site by single family home construction on three lots (APN numbers 773-084-017, 773- 084-019, and 773-085-006). These lots front on Avenida Herrera between Calle Hildalgo and Avenida Montezuma. This site is in the "Cove" area of the City of La Quinta, California (Figures I and 2). The study comprised fieldwork consisting of surface collection of artifacts by transit and hand excavation, along with mapping, drawing, and sampling of deposits. The detailed analysis of this recovered information is presented herewith. The project was conducted by Archaeological Advisory Group for the Coachella Valley Housing Coalition. 1 WILDE .Bench h' iud Palppr�" ,Ul�<lely o s nd Pal s « l Fan, MY0 1 R nWw Kiiago c Rea t - c ~ware • ND RE$ C�bPla HHIS STUDY AREA xae 1 F 11iACI CUNtA1N - —I f `— > > (� 1 M vi w :' C ach Ila Ran U�G TINE L_l — W 4 Tier l i In A--h. IT Pumping sla' _ \1,: a/ �t TORR 5 sting a\p �:., SBEEb UNi,�a Y.. •L .}Cam 1. A. ra e \ b l q .� e1roel,Ru . ez RTIN INDIA 70 �6EA+c4i 1NS q � 0 MILES 10` 1 TOR REST Mp Rl"It, `YNDIApr RESE A r 0 KILOMETERS 15 Figure 1. General location of the study area plotted on a portion of the USGS Western United States Series 1:250,000 Santa Ana, California map (1959, revised 1979). 2 0 Feet 2500 0 Meters 1000 W ate, W water --JLS Well Ij Weil LJu a Quinta k�x Figure 2. Location of the study area plotted on a portion of the USGS 7.5' La Quinta, California topographic quadrangle (1959, photorevised 1980). 3 6.,; C41 The present site under consideration, CA-RIV-5972, was discovered during a Phase I survey in September 1997 of 30 lots in the La Quinta Cove (Brock 1997). The site was recorded as a pottery, scatter of 30+ sherds measuring 40 by 40 meters. The site fell within 3 of the 30 lots under consideration in the study (APNs 773-084-017, 773-084-019, and 773-085-006). These lots were consequently dropped from the report to expedite building approvals for the 27 unaffected lots. So while these lots were not described in the Phase I report they were actually surveyed as part of that study and they obviously had positive results. Various legal requirements resulted in this study being prepared. Because the project is sponsored in part by HUD, Federal archaeological requirements are applicable. This study is specifically intended to address the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Executive Order 11593, and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as defined in the regulation of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, "Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties" (36 CFR Part 800). The cultural resource requirements of the City of La Quinta are also applicable. These are intended to fulfill those aspects of the California Environmental Quality Act of 1970 (as amended) which pertain to the management of cultural resources that may be impacted by development projects sponsored by state or local government agencies, or by private developments requiring a discretionary permit or license. This report was prepared in accordance with the recommended contents and format described in the State's Preservation Planning Bulletin Number 4(a) (California Department of Parks and Recreation 1989). The Principal Investigator for this study was James Brock. The field crew consisted of Mr. Brock, William A. "Pony" Sawyer, James H. Toenjes, and Steven K. Dies. Laboratory work was conducted by Brenda D. Smith. The qualifications of these individuals are given in Appendix 1. Field notes and other material pertaining to this study are on file with Archaeological Advisory Group (AAG Job No. 980202). Curation of the artifacts/ecofacts collected during this study will be the responsibility of the City of La Quinta. SETTING NATURAL SETTING CA-RIV-5972, the Avenida Herrera site, is located in the City of La Quinta, in the Coachella Valley area of Riverside County, California (Figures 1 and 2). The three lots under investigation, which comprise portions of site CA-RIV-5972, are located on Avenida Herrera between Calle Hildalgo and Avenida Montezuma. These comprise APN numbers 4 C42 773-084-017, 773-084-019, and 773-085-006. The parcels are in the "Cove" area of the City of La Quinta, Riverside County, California. The study area falls within the southern half of Section 1 of Township 6 South, Range 6 East, SBBM. This site is located on the USGS 7.5' La Quinta, California topographic quadrangle (Figure 2). The three study area lots form components of an existing subdivision built on an alluvial plain. The area has been graded and consequently the original topography is unknown. Soil typically comprises a gray -tan silty sand with gravel and cobbles that ranges from loose to well compacted. The elevation of the site is approximately 55 feet msl. The nearest natural source of water is Bear Creek drainage which, severely channelized, now flows south to north approximately one -quarter mile west of the project area. The study area would have been slightly higher than the northwestern shoreline of the ancient Lake Cahuilla (now the Salton Sea) during its last high stand. This final stand is estimated to have been about 42 feet msl (12.8 meters). The last stand is believed to have occurred during the 1600s. Native vegetation in the Cove area has been largely eliminated. It would have comprised a Creosote Scrub community, containing creosotes (Larrea tridentata), mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), burrobush (Ambrosia dumosa) and other stickery scrubs (including Dicoria canescens and Schismus barbatus). Animal species typically encountered in the area include cottontail, jackrabbit, pack rat, pocket mouse, coyote, scorpion, Western Shovel - nosed Snake, Sidewinder, Desert Iguana, Side -blotched Lizard, Loggerhead Shrike, Mourning Dove, Say's Phobe, Gambel's Quail, Common Raven, Anna's Hummingbird, Red-tailed Hawk, Lesser Nighthawk, and American Kestrel. CA-RIV-5972 falls within the Lower Sonoran Life Zone, as does approximately 1501/o of Cahuilla territory (Bean and Saubel 1972:12). This zone extends from the desert floor to the pinyon -juniper belt (about 3,500 feet). The Coachella Valley, due to it placernent on the eastern side of the Peninsular ranges, is blocked from receiving moisture moving eastward from the Pacific. This blockade results in low rainfall of generally less than 5 inches of precipitation annually. Not only does this region have little rainfall, but it. is also one of the hottest deserts on the continent, having a mean maximum temperature in July that easily exceeds 100' (Bailey 1966:42). CULTURAL SETTING While the regional ethnography of the study area is fairly well accounted for, its precontact history is poorly understood. Archaeologists have struggled for years to put together comprehensive chronologies for what is referred to as the Prehistoric Period (time preceeding contact with Europeans) of Native American history. The sequence of prehistoric habitation presented here is based primarily on the concordance of sequences presented by Warren (1984) and Warren and Crabtree (1986). Warren's timeframe 5 divisions were based on technological changes in lithic use (i.e. millingstones and projectile points). His model was originally devised for the Mojave desert region, but because of basid technological similarities in southern California Indian cultures it is also applicable to the Colorado desert peoples. Lake Mojave Period This period probably represents the earliest phase of human occupation in southern California. It began by at least 10,000 B.C. and lasted until around 5000 B.C. This period is characterized by hunting of larger games animals using spears and articulated spear - throwing devices termed "atlatls." Spear points of this period initially were quite large, lanceolate in shape, and were oftentimes fluted, having a longitudinal groove along the central portion of the body for attachment to a spear. Other projectile points such as Lake Mojave, Parman, and Silver Lake points, were somewhat smaller (though still large in comparison to later arrow points) and foliate in shape. Crescents, specialized scrapers, leaf -shaped knives, drills, and some choppers/hammerstones are other tools which have been identified with this period. Millingstones typically are not present. The artifact assemblage of this period is indicative of a generalized hunting and gathering subsistence economy. Archaeological sites from early on in this period were generally associated with Pleistocene lake shorelines. As the Altithermal (a warmer and drier climatic period that lasted from 6000 B.C. to 900B.C.) set in, sites began to concentrate around desert oases, away from receding lakes that were becoming too brackish for consumption. This movement likely spawned the technological change that would lead to the Pinto Basin complex. Pinto Period The Pinto Period dates from around 5000 to 2000 B.C., corresponding roughly to the Millingstone Horizon in the coastal areas of California. Although desert and coastal peoples shared cultural traits during this period, desert peoples probably did not have the same dependence on millingstones as coastal peoples. Seed grinding does not appear to be an important economic activity yet to the peoples of this period, but the presence of flat slab and occassionally shallow -basin metates along with manos, indicates growing importance that plant seed resources were beginning to have. Presumably these peoples were still maintaining a large and small game hunting and vegetal gathering economy during this period. Pinto points, as defined by Campbell and Campbell (1935), are the distinctive lithics of this period. These are usually found in association with heavy -keeled scrapers, and millingstones. Pinto Basin complex sites are generally found in association with ephemeral lakes, stream channels, and springs, which to some suggests a break in the Altithermal warming. Presumably there was a reoccupation of lakeshore areas around 4500 B.C. and then a retreat back to desert oases by 3500 B.C. This time period is known as the Little Pluvial. Gypsum Period The Gypsum Period is believed to date from around 2000 B.C. to about A.D. 500. Again, primary artifacts indicative of this period are projectile points of various types, including Gypsum Cave, Humbolt series, and Elko series points. The early Gypsum period is characterized by larger projectile points when use of the dart and atlatl were still common. Later, with the introduction of the bow and arrow, smaller points become prominent. Manos and metates become more common, and the mortar and pestle come into use -- indicating a developing reliance upon fleshier seed foods such as mesquite pods and acorns. Presence of Hahotis and Olivella shell beads in sites of this period provide the earliest evidence for contact between desert and coastal peoples. Saratoga Springs Period The Saratoga Springs Period lasts from about A.D. 500 to 1200. During this period the southern desert region, in which the Coachella Valley lies, deviates from the rest of the desert region due to heavy cultural influence by the Hakataya, a lower Colorado River group. The Hakataya influence brings drastic technological change to the peoples, of this region. Buffware and Brownware pottery, made using the paddle and anvil technique, are introduced and reliance on the bow and arrow increases which leads to a new projectile point type called Cottonwood Triangular. Millingstones, including manos, metates, pestles, and mortars are present in this time period. Late Prehistoric Period The Late Prehistoric Period spans from A.D. 1200 to contact with Europeans. It is characterized mostly by continuing regional development, which causes groups to differentiate technologically, ethnographically, and linguistically. In the Coachella. Valley region, Hakataya influence continues, with Colorado Buffware and Tizon Brownware still present. Desert Side -notched points have become the dominant point type. Proto-historic Period Desert Cahuilla have inhabited the Coachella Valley region for at least the last 1000 years. They are a Takic speaking people who are more closely culturally tied with coastal and Colorado River groups than with most other Mojave desert peoples. First known contact with the Cahuilla by a European was during the Juan Bautista de Anza expedition in 1774- 1776. They were largely ignored by the Spanish until the establishment of the Asistencias San Antonio de Pala (1816), Santa Ysabel (1818), and San Bernardino (1830). Through these mission outposts the Spanish managaed to indirectly influence Cahuilla religious beliefs and culture. During the Mexican occupation of California, the Cahuillla were largely left alone by intruders. It was not until 1853 when the Southern Pacific Railroad began surveying the Coachella Valley for a possible railroad route that the Cahuilla were again bothered. By this point the lands inhabited by the Cahuilla had become desired by Americans. In response to this, President Ulysses S. Grant began allotting Cahuilla lands 7 li.0 045 in 1875 to give to American settlers. It was during this period when the removal of the Cahuilla to goverment reservations began. Ten reservations were created that affected the Cahuilla; of these four are in the Coachella Valley. Ethnography Many studies of Cahuilla culture have been conducted over the years. Among the most informative accounts are Bean (1972, 1978), Strong (1929), Hooper (1920), and Kroeber (1908). Four excellent ethnobiological studies also exist (Ebeling 1986, Barrows 1900, Kroeber- 1925, and Bean and Saubel 1972), as well as archaeological accounts of prehistoric Cahuilla adaptations to the desiccation of ancient Lake Cahuilla (e.g. Wilke 1978). The Cahuilla are divided by anthropologists into three subgroups, the Desert Cahuilla of the Coachella Valley, the Pass Cahuilla of the San Gorgonio pass area, and the Mountain Cahuilla of the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto mountains. These divisions were based on geographic separation and dialect differences, but they were not neccessarily recognized by the Cahuilla themselves. Actually, the Cahuilla did not consider themselves to be of one tribe as western anthropologists have designated them to be. Bean (1972:85) reported that "the maximal level of social identification among the Cahuilla was the ?ivi?lyu?atum, a linguistically and culturally defined group ... [which] refers to persons speaking the Cahuilla language and recognizing a commonly shared cultural heritage ... [but] a more precise membership criterion existed at the next level of group identity." A person's inclusion in his or her moiety and lineage (or clan) was primary to any tribal affiliation. The two moeities, or main divisions, of the Cahuilla were the Istam (coyote) and the Tuktum (wild cat). Moieties were patrilinear and exogamous, meaning that lineage was followed through the father and that members of one moiety had to marry into the other. Clans were numerous and were named after or associated with the villages they comprised. Individual clans claimed ownership over their village and the territories in which they hunted, gathered, and camped. Territories could be several square miles in extent and were only for the use of a specific lineage. Mesquite grove boundaries, for instance, were drawn to include specific trees. Everyone knew who those trees belong to so that if someone from another lineage was found trespassing, a fight could ensue. But in times of need, areas were shared with other clans. This allowance occurred regularly with mesquite because these groves do not produce bountiful crops each year. In the case of crop failure, a neighboring clan would invite the misfortunate person into their territory to gather. Historical Background Some homesteaders were present in La Quinta as early as late last century, however the real origins of modern La Quinta rest with the opening of the La Quinta Hotel in 1926 (Cooper 1976:40). This was a hotel and winter resort with a golf course. It was developed on part of 1400 acres owned by the Desert Development Company (Gunther 1984:286). The Cove area is the earliest residential subdivision in La Quinta, dating back to the 1930s. The little 100 by 50 foot lots typically sold for 300 to 700 dollars (Cooper 1976:41). Some 3 k+. 046 of the oldest houses in La Quinta can be found in this area, which has never been fully built out. Records, Literature, and Archaeological Background Information An archaeological records search was conducted during the Phase I survey for this study (see Brock 1997). This was conducted by the Eastern Information Center of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) at lJC Riverside. This records search indicated that the three lots had not been surveyed prior to the Phase I study and that no cultural resources had been recorded on them. Five cultural resources had been identified within one mile of the study area. Only about 15 percent of the area within a one -mile radius had been previously surveyed for cultural resources. Of the five previously recorded sites one falls within one-half mile of the study area. This is CA-RIV-296, which falls to the east of the study area and, until the recording of CA- RIV-5972, was the only previously recorded site to fall within the Cove. This was recorded by McKinney and Gothold of Pacific Coast Archaeological Society in 1963. This is described as a surface deposit with a cremation, burned bones, charcoal, painted and plain sherds (some drilled), a metate and mano, several points, a square shell bead, an abalone pendant, "cooking rocks," and chipping waste. Four additional sites fall to the southeast within the one-half to one mile range. These are described as follows: CA-RIV-I179: Habitation area with sherds, fire -affected rock, carbonized basketry, fish bone, and cremations. CA-RIV-2825: One grinding slick. CA-RIV-2826: One bedrock mortar and 5 grinding slicks. CA-RIV-2827: Large site complex with "brown plainware," fire -affected rock, Anadonta shell, and a metate fragment. Based on the presence of ceramics, all of the prehistoric sites within the one -mile; radius appear to be relatively recent in date (post AD 500) with the possible exception of the bedrock milling features (CA-RIV-2825 and CA-RIV-2826). The present site under consideration, CA-RIV-5972, was discovered during a Phase I survey in September 1997 of 30 lots in the La Quinta Cove (Brock 1997). The site was recorded as a pottery scatter of 30+ sherds measuring 40 by 40 meters. The site fell) within 3 of the 30 lots under consideration in the study (APNs 773-084-017, 773-084-019, and 773-085-006). These lots were consequently dropped from the report to expedite building 9 W(; 00 7 approvals for the 27 unaffected lots. So while these lots were not described in the Phase I report they were actually surveyed as part of that study and they obviously had positive results. Archival research was also conducted during the Phase I study (Brock 1997). It is largely immaterial for the present research but, if interested, the reader should refer to it. RESEARCH DESIGN 1� 117111L��CIL`I A research design is a guide document to organize research and interpret findings. It provides a structure from which the evaluation of significance can be made. A research design is usually regional in scope and based on some type of statistically -based sampling program (see Binford 1964). A research design generally has the following elements: (1) a theoretical orientation, (2) research areas, or domains, under which come (3) specific research hypotheses or questions which have (4) test implications for interpretation of field data. THEORETICAL ORIENTATION The theoretical orientation which structures this research design is cultural materialism. Cultural materialism assumes that decision making by people and groups is based upon economic considerations. It assumes that behavior, at least in the long term, is rational and therefore adaptive. It recognizes that people and groups have not and do not always behave in a rational manner but from the relatively gross temporal perspective of archaeology, such behavior is not statistically significant. RESEARCH DOMAINS The research domains, or topics, which will be considered are chronology, subsistence practices, settlement systems, and exchange systems. Discussions of these domains are provided below. Chronology Chronology is the backbone of archaeology. Establishing the sequence of cultural change through time is a fundamental concern in archaeology. Unless a site can be placed in a temporal context, its ability to address the evolution of a cultural system is seriously limited. Fortunately, datable material (e.g. charcoal) is relatively abundant on sites in the La Quinta area. Abundant Late Period sites are present in the La Quinta area. A major concern in La Quinta archaeology is establishing changes in Late Period settlement and subsistence patterns in relation to the changes in the water level of ancient Lake Cahuilla. Also, earlier sites are rare. Any data helping to establish an Archaic Period chronology for the area is extremely valuable. 10 �.:, 048 • Does the site contain sufficient material for absolute or relative dating? Test implications: presence of carbon in sufficient quantity to provide absolute dates, presence of temporally -sensitive artifact types. ■ Is there any evidence for an Archaic Period use of the site? Test implications: absolute (e.g. carbon) date of pre -AD 900 or presence of artifacts (e.g. projectile points, beads) dated to pre -AD 900. ■ Can the site be tied in to one or more of the postulated stands of ancient Lake Cahuilla (see e.g. Waters 1983)? Test implication: absolute date(s) that corresponds to a postulated stand of Lake Cahuilla. • Is there any evidence for a post -Lake Cahuilla use of the site? Test implication: absolute or relative date of post -AD 1650, presence of historical artifacts. Subsistence Practices The presence of faunal remains, floral remains, and artifacts associated with food extraction and processing can provide valuable information on the subsistence practices of precontact Native Americans. Midden deposits can provide a good range of evidence for exploitation of faunal resources. Also, carbonized seeds from sites could provide evidence of early agricultural activities, which are suspected to have occurred in the region but, as yet, lack archaeological evidence. Reconstruction of ceramic vessel forms and the types of ground stone implements present could provide information on the types of resources being exploited by the site's inhabitants. ■ Is there evidence of a change in subsistence strategies at the site, particularly ones relating to the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? Test implication: change in frequencies of particular faunal or floral species in stratigraphically discrete contexts dating to the last stand and later periods. ■ Is there evidence of agriculture? If so, does it relate to changing subsistence practices forced by the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? • Is there evidence of what, if any, subsistence activity(ies) was being engaged in at the site? 11 -" 049 Settlement Systems Information on settlement patterns should be present in the information from the site. Data may present evidence of changing settlement patterns with the, different lacustral episodes of Lake Cahuilla and those caused by the final desiccation of the lake. ■ Does the site indicate settlement associated with the exploitation of Lake Cahuilla resources? ■ Can settlement location be related to a particular stand of ancient Lake Cahuilla? ■ Is there evidence of a change in settlement patterns pertaining to the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? • Was shoreline occupation at Lake Cahuilla primarily seasonal or year round (Wilke 1978:14)? Exchange Systems Patterns of exchange should be evidenced in artifactual material from the site. Such things as lithic types, ceramics, and beads present could indicate trade relations with other groups (e.g. Colorado River or coastal California). The following research questions have been developed to address this domain: ■ Are exotic resources present at the site? Do these represent direct procument or exchange mechanisms? ■ Is there evolution through time in the types or quantities of non -local resources present? ■ Is the local catchment area sufficiently diverse in natural resources to discourage trade relations? ■ Is there evidence of the exchange of technologies or ideas, rather than material objects? METHODS FIELDWORK TECHNIQUES Standard archaeological field methods were utilized during this project. Excavation units were one -by -one meters. Soil was excavated in arbitrary 10 cm levels and screened using 1/8a'-inch mesh shaker screens. All units were drawn in profile, photographed, and had soil samples taken from each discernible stratigraphic level. Surface collection was done by transit and 50 meter hand tape. 12 C. � 059 The sampling strategy was intuitive due to the constraints of working with selected lots and having a road traversing the middle of the site. ,In accordance with State Historic Preservation Office guidelines, all cultural materials, structures, features, and objects over 45 years in age were considered for potential cultural resource value. Geological Consultation Harry M. Quinn, consulting geologist, inspected the site during the excavation on February 26, 1998. His findings are presented in a separate brief report (Quinn 1998). The stratigraphy generally comprises sands with fluvial characteristics and silts with ponded sediment characteristics. Native American Consultation Anthony Andreas, a Cahuilla consultant, visited the excavation on February 26, 1998 and provided helpful input. He expressed no major concerns about the site given its disturbed condition and low density of material. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES General Laboratory work consisted of the cleaning, sorting, cataloging, and analysis of the recovered specimens. A computer database program was utilized for the artifact)'ecofact catalog. Specimens from the site are numbered with the California state trinomial (CA- RIV-5972) and a catalog number. Catalog numbers are five digits. The first two numbers denote the material/analysis category: CE (ceramics), CS. (chipped stone), FA (faunal), MI (miscellaneous), and SH (shell). FINDINGS FIELDWORK DETAILS AND GENERAL FINDINGS A detailed map of CA-RIV-5972 showing unit and surface collection locations is presented as Figure 3. This map should be referred to when following this discussion. Fieldwork for this data recovery project was conducted on the following days in 1998: February 25, 26, and 27. The field crew consisted of James Brock, William A. Sawyer, Steven K. Dies, and James H. Toenjes. A photograph of work in progress is shown as Figure 4. No features were located on either the ground surface or in the excavation units. 13 r- C 51 Curb APN 773-084-017 r� Unit 5 � oo° l o o � C0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ® ®—Unit 2 Unit 6 0 0 Datum (lot corner) Existing House� Not a Part Unit 4\o 0 APN 773-084-019 0 Key: ® — Test Excavation Unit o — Surface Artifact (pottery) CA-Rid-5972 / Extent of Site Unit 3 O APN 773-085-006 Unit 1,� = o Curb Not a Part J J Existing House 0 Meters 20 0 Feet 60 Figure 3. Site map for CA-RIV-5972 showing surface artifact distribution and test excavation unit locations. 14 14 , 052 Figure 4. General view of the site with work in progress, looking northeast. Figure 5. View of completed Unit 1, looking south. 15 Surface Collection The surface collection resulted in the acquisition of 23 pottery sherds from 21 locations. These are shown in Figure 3. Three of the sherds are buffware while 20 are brownwares. No other types of artifact/ecofact were found during the surface collection. Two globular cobalt bead that were noted during the survey phase were not relocated. Unit Descriptions Six units were excavated at the site (see Figure 3). These were 1 by 1 meter in size. The stratigraphy across the site was generally the same. All units produced disturbed modern material to 30 to 40 centimeters. These upper levels were disturbed silty sands. The modern material typically consisted of such things as bottle glass fragments, nails, cigarette butts, and plastic, metal, and rubber fragments. The modern refuse was noted but not collected. The prehistoric pottery recovered from the units generally came from levels producing modern refuse. Minor charcoal flecking was apparent in the upper levels of all units but this was of insufficient quality and quantity to allow for radiocarbon dating. Sterile soil was generally reached at 50 to 60 centimeters and postholes were dug; in the bottoms of the units to ensure that further artifact producing layers were not present; below the unit floor. Below the disturbed layer the stratigraphy consisted of silty sands with minor silt lenses. Unit 1 contained intact, prehistoric material from 30 to 50 centimeters. This was the only area of the site where the prehistoric material was not mixed with later refuse. It was dug to 60 centimeters and postholed (see Figure 5). The stratigraphy of Units 2 and 3 are shown in Figures 6 and 7. Units 4 and 6 produced no prehistoric material. The stratigraphy of Unit 4 is shown in Figure 8. Unit 5 produced four sherds in its top, disturbed level (Figure 9). ANALYSIS OF RECOVERED MATERIAL A total of 323.0 grams of cultural material came from CA-RIV-5972. Of this, 321.11 grams (99.4%) comprised indigenous ceramics, with the balance of the material comprising one chipped stone fragment and two faunal specimens. Appendix 2 contains the site artifact catalog which should be referred to for detailed information about the collection. Ceramics CA-RIV-5972 produced 49 sherds of Cahuilla pottery. Twenty three specimens came from the surface collection and 26 came from the test units. Forty one (83.7%) of the sherds are brownware and 8 are buffware (16.3°/u). No further typing of the brownwares and buffwares was attempted. 16 Unit 2 Stratigraphic Profile of West Wall O 0• ° O ° o o P ° 5 n e a 0 20cm Unit 3 Stratigraphic Profile of West Wall 0 20cm Figure 6, Stratigraphy of Unit 2. Figure 7. Stratigraphy of Unit 3. 17 1 Olive (6Y 413) fine silty sand with coarse sand. Contains modern refuse and prehistoric ceramics. 1a Olive (5Y 413) loose Pole sand and humic lenses. 2 Modem fill. Olive (10Y 513) slightly compact very fine sand. Contains plaster fragments, modern refuse and prehistoric ceramics. 3 Loose to slightly compact silty sand. Grayish brown (2.5Y 612). No cultural material. 4 Moderately compact silt tense. No cultural material. 6 Slightly compact fine silty sand. No cultural material. 1. Disturbed silty finely layered olive (6Y 413) sands and organics. Gravels and modern material. 2 Olive 15Y 513) slits avid fine sands. 3 light olive gray silty sands. 4 Same as Layer 2. 6 Olive gray (5Y 612) Silty sands with a little gravel. 6 Olive (SY 613) silty sands Interspersed with sifts and fine sands. 7 Olive (5Y 513) compacted silty sands. i C55 Of note was a particularly large (144.8 grams) brownware sherd from Unit 1 (Figure 10). Three rim sherds were collected (see Figure 10). Of these, none are of sufficient size to indicate the type of vessel they represent, although all are suspected to be cooking pots. Chipped Stone One chipped stone specimen made of jasper was recovered from the 20 to 30 centimeter level of Unit 2. This is a base fragment of a Cottonwood Triangular projectile point (Figure 11). This would indicate a Late Prehistoric date for -the site (see Heizer and Hester 1978). Faunal Material One unidentified univalve shell and an unidentified bird bone fragment were recovered from Unit 1. DISCUSSIONANTERPRETATION The discovery and test excavation of CA-RIV-5972 is instructive in that it demonstrates the potential for prehistoric sites to remain intact in older developed subdivisions, in this case, the La Quinta Cove. Given the mass grading techniques of today it is unlikely that such sites could survive a modern subdivision project. Unfortunately the potential for CA-RIV-5972 to provide significant research data is very limited as will be seen during the addressing of research domains below. Chronology CA-RIV-5972 failed to produce material (e.g. carbon) that could provide an absolute date for the site. Instead, the pottery and the one projectile point present only indicate a Late Period date for the site. This could date anywhere from AD 500 to AD 1800. Subsistence Practices The material recovered from CA-RIV-5972 provides little evidence of subsistence activities undertaken at the site. The one projectile point fragment indicates hunting of small game. The pottery, if cooking vessels, indicates some sort of food processing on the site. What is interesting is the negative evidence. The absence of fish bone may indicate that the site was not associated with the exploitation of Lake Cahuilla resources and may reflect a time of use when the lake was not full. 19 '• 057 Figure 10. Selected ceramics from CA-RIV-5972. Left: large brownware sherd from Unit I (Cat. No. CE023). Right, top -to -bottom, rim sherds: brownware (Cat. No. CE009), brownware (Cat. No. CE024), buffware (Cat. No. CE035). 20 Figure 11. Cottonwood Triangular projectile point fragment with original form extrapolated (Cat. No. CS001). `-" C 58 Settlement Systems It seems clear that CA-RIV-5972 represents a satellite processing camp in a larger settlement system. Because the site can not be reliably dated and because the activities occurring on it are unclear, it aids little in enlightening us on past settlement systems in the region. Exchange Systems Very little information on exchange systems can be gleaned from the CA-RIV-5972 investigations. No exotic materials were recovered from the site. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS SITE EVALUATION Under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act a cultural resource can be regarded as potentially significant, and therefore potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), if it meets one or more of the following criteria: A. Association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history. B. Association with the lives of persons significant in our past C. Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. D. Have yielded or may be likely to yield information important in history or prehistory. Under Appendix K of CEQA an archaeological resource is significant if it meets one of the following criteria: (a) it is associated with an event or person of recognized significance in California or American history, or recognized scientific importance in prehistory; (b) it can provide information which is both of demonstrable public interest and useful in addressing scientifically consequential and reasonable archaeological research questions; it has a special or particular quality such as oldest, best example, largest, or last surviving example of its kind; it is at least 100 years old and possesses substantial stratigraphic integrity; or (e) it involves important research questions that historical research has shown can be answered only with archaeological methods. 21 C59 Additional criteria of significance is found in eligibility for the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHP), which is based upon the criteria used for Federal undertakings whereby resources are evaluated for their eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (see above). Based upon the results of this test program CA-RIV-5972 can not qualify as significant or unique under either Federal or State of California criteria. RECOMMENDATIONS The Phase II test excavation program resulted in a small sample of the site being dug. It is possibly, although unlikely, that significant resources could exist on the site and could be impacted by the house construction proposed for the three lots investigated. It is therefore recommended that archaeological monitoring be conducted for utility and foundation trenching at the site. This should minimally include a spot check of open utility and foundation trenches. The most cost effective way to conduct this monitoring is to excavate the trenches for the three structures at the same time, thus only requiring one or two visits to the site by an archaeologist. A brief report on the results of the monitoring should be prepared and submitted to the City of La Quinta. REFERENCES CITED Bailey, Hairy P. 1966 Weather of Southern California. California Natural History Guides 17. University of California Press, Berkeley. Barrows, David P. 1900 Ethno-botany of the Coahuilla Indians. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Bean, Lowell John 1972 Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley 1978 Cahuilla. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 575-587. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Bean, Lowell John, and Katherine Siva Saubel 1972 Temalpakh. Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum, Banning. 22 060 Binford, Lewis R. 1964 A Consideration of Archaeological Research Design. American Antiquity 29:425-441. Brock, James 1997 A Cultural Resources Assessment of 27 Lots in the La Quinta Cove Area, City of La Quinta, California (Self Help Groups 6, 7, and 8). Ms. on file, CHRIS, University of California, Riverside. California Department of Parks and Recreation 1989 Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommetuled Contents and Format. California Office of Historic Preservation, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Campbell, E.W.C., and W.H. Campbell 1935 The Pinto Basin Site: An Ancient Aboriginal Camping Ground in the California Desert. Southwest Museum Papers 9:1-51. Cooper, Madge E. 1976 La Quinta-The Gem of the Desert. In Heritage Tales of Coachella Valley, edited by Florence Powell, pp. 4041. American Association of University Women, Palm Springs, California. Ebeling, Walter 1986 Handbook of Indian Foods and Fibers of Arid America. University of California Press, Berkeley, California Gunther, Jane D. 1984 Riverside County, California, Place Names: Their Origins and Their Stories. Rubidoux Printing, Riverside, California. Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester 1978 Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms and Chronology. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology and History No. 10. Ballena Press, Socorro, New Mexico. Hopper, Lucille 1920 The Cahuilla Italians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 16:316-379. Berkeley. Kroeber, A.J. 1908 Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:29-68. Berkeley. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. 1976 reprint edition. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. 23 t, 061 Quinn, Harry M. 1998 Short Report on the Avenida Herrera Site in the Cove Area of La Quinta, California. Ms. on file, Archaeological Advisory Group, Pioneertown, California. Strong, William Duncan 1929 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 26:1-349. Berkeley. Warren, Claude N. 1984 The Desert Region. In California Archaeology, by Michael J. Moratto, pp. 339-430. Academic Press, New York. Warren, Claude N., and Robert H. Crabtree 1986 Prehistory of the Southwestern Area. In Great Basin, edited by Warren L. D'Azevedo, pp. 183-193. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 11, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C. Waters, Michael R. 1983 Late Holocene Lacustrine Chronology and Archaeology of Ancient Lake Cahuilla, California. Quaternary Research 19:373-387. Wilke, Philip J. 1978 Late Prehistoric Human Ecology at lake Cahuilla, Coachella Valley, California. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 38. University of California, Berkeley. 24 �,62 APPENDIX 1: PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS James Brock (President/Chief Archaeologist) ■ BA (Anthropology) UC Santa Barbara ■ MA (Archaeology) University of Durham, Durham, England ■ Registered Professional Archaeologist (ROPA Member) ■ 18 years of experience as a Principal Investigator on cultural resource management projects throughout southern California William A. Sawyer (Senior Archaeologist) ■ BA (Anthropology) CSU Long Beach ■ Graduate work, CSU Long Beach • 20 years of cultural resource management experience throughout southern and central California Steven K. Dies (Archaeologist) • BA (Anthropology) Humboldt State University ■ 20 years of cultural resource management experience in California James H. Toenjes (Archaeologist) ■ BA (Historical Archaeology) UC Santa Cruz ■ Graduate work, University of Tennessee ■ 20 years of cultural resource management experience in California Brenda D. Smith • BS in Antropology, UC Riverside ■ MA candidate, Native American Studies Program, UCLA ■ 5 years of cultural resource management experience in southern California 25 �;63 APPENDIX 2: SITE ARTIFACT CATALOG 26 Page No. 1 04/16/98 SITE ARTIFACT CATALOG FOR CA-RIV-5972 (THE HERRERA STREET SITE) AAG FORM:LCI-CAT.FRM CATALOG LEVEL OTHER FEATURE NUMBER MINIMUM DIMENSIONS WEIGHT NUMBER UNIT (CMS) LOCATION NUMBER OF PCS NUMBER DESCRIPTION TYPE NOTES (CMS) ISMS) CE001 - SCOOT 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP 5.6 GR-BR/RED- MR TNT, BR EXT CE002 SCO02 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M (MC) 6.4 GR-BR TEMP SM TNT, EXT CE003 SCO03 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP MENDS TO SC004 7.6 BR/BT MR TNT SAME AS S0005 SM EXT BT CE004 SCO04 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP MENDS TO CE.003 7.4 BR/BT MR TNT SAME AS CE:005 SM EXT (INC) BT CE005 SCO05 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP SAME AS CE003 & 2.8 BR/BT MR TNT CE004 SM EXT BT CE006 SCO06 2 1 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M (MC) 7.3 GR-BR/BR TEMP MR INT, EXT LB CE007 SCO07 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP 9.1 BR/BR-BT MR TNT XR EXT BT CE008 SCO08 1 0 SHERD, BODY BUFFW, M TEMP 2.0 RED -TAN SM TNT, EXT LB CE009 SCO09 1 0 SHERD, RIM BRNW, C TEMP 5.2 GR-BR/BR XR TNT, EXT CE010 SC010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BUFFW, C TEMP 2.2 RED-TAN/RE MR INT D SM EXT CE011 SCOTT 1 0 SHERD, BODY BUFFW, C TEMP 3.2 RED-TAN/GR XR TNT SM EXT LB CE012 SCO12 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP 7.3 GR/RED-BR MR INT, EXT LB CE013 SCO13 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M (MC) 9.6 RED -BR TEMP MR TNT, EXT CE014 SCO14 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C (MC) 3.3 BR/BR TEMP MR TNT, EXT 27 n c Page No. 2 04/16/98 SITE ARTIFACT CATALOG FOR CA-RIV-5972 (THE HERRERA STREET SITE) AAG FORM:LQ-CAT.FRM CATALOG LEVEL OTHER FEATURE NUMBER MINIMUM DIMENSIONS NUMBER UNIT (CMS) LOCATION NUMBER OF PCS NUMBER DESCRIPTION TYPE NOTES (CMS) CE015 SCO15 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP BR/BR SM INT, EXT CE016 SCO16 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP GR/BR MR INT, .. EXT . LB? CE017 SCO17 2 1 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP BR/GR-BR SM INT, EXT LB CE018 SCO18 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP BR-BT/ BT SM INT, EXT BT CE019 SC019 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M (MC) RED-BR/BR TEMP MR INT, EXT CE020 SCO20 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M (MC) RED -BR TEMP MR INT, SM EXT CE021 SCO21 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP RED -BR MR INT SM EXT CE022 01 030-040 1 1 BRNW, RED -BR BRNW, C TEMP RED -BR ME INT, EXIT CE023 01 040-050 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP BR/RED-BR MR INT SM EXT LB CE024 01 040-050 3 1 SHERD, RIM BRNW, C TEMP BR/BR SM.INT, _ EXT LB CE025 02 000-010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, GR M TEMP SM INT, EXT BT CE026 02 000-010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP GR-BR SM INT, EXT BT CE027 02 000-010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BUFFW, F TEMP RED-TAN/TA SM INT, N EXT CE028 02 000-010 2 1 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP BR/GR XR TNT MR EXT CE029 02 010-020 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP RED-BR/GR XR INT MR EXT CE030 02 010-020 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M (MC) BR/BR TEMP SM INT, EXT LB w WEIGHT (GMS) 1.3 2.3 w 6.0 3.5 2.2 1.1 144.8 6.5 0.9 0.9 1.6 5.1 5.4 t. 066 Page No. 3 04/16/98 SITE ARTIFACT CATALOG FOR CA-RIV-5972 (THE HERRERA STREET SITE) AAG FORM;LQ-CAT.FRM CATALOG LEVEL OTHER FEATURE NUMBER MINIMUM DIMENSIONS WEIGHT NUMBER UNIT (CMS) LOCATION NUMBER OF PCS NUMBER DESCRIPTION TYPE NOTES (CMS) ISMS) CE031 02 020-030 1 0 SHERD, BODY BUFFW, C TEMP 4.4 RED-TAN/RE XR INT D SM EXT CE032 02 020-030 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M (MC) 3.9 BR/BR TEMP .. .. •' 9R INT .. MR EXT CE033 03 000-010 3 1 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP 8.0 BR/BR XR INT, EXT LB CE034 03 000-010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP 3.7 BR/BR SM INT, EXT LB CE035 03 020-030 2 1 SHERD, RIM BUFFW, C TEMP 7.9 RED-TAN/TA MR INT, N EXT LB CE036 03 020-030 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW; C TEMP 2.7 GR-BR/RED- SM INT, BR EXT LB CE037 03 020-030 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M TEMP 0.8 GR-BR/GR SM INT, EXT 8T CE038 05 000-010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, M (MC) 4.0 BR/BR TEMP SM INT, EXT LB CE039 05 000-010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, C TEMP 1.5 BR/GR-BR SM INT, .. EXT.. CE040 05 000-010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BRNW, F (MC) 2.3 BR/BR TEMP SM INT, EXT CE041 05 000-010 1 0 SHERD, BODY BUFFW, F TEMP 12.5 RED-TAN/RE SM INT D MR EXT CS001 02 020-030 1 0 POINT BASE FRAG COTTONWOOD JASPER, 0.4 TRIANG PURPLE FAO01 01 020-030 1 0 BONE, FRAG LONG, 0.2 SHAFT FS001 01 030-040 1 0 UNIVALVE UNIDENTIFI 1.3 ED *** Total *** 323.0 29 061 BI #C HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION STAFF REPORT DATE: JUNE 18, 1998 ITEM: CLG GRANT PROPOSAL FOR 1998 BACKGROUND: Staff is preparing a grant application for the 1998 CLG Grant Program to seek funds for the development of a Preservation Plan for the City of La Quinta, and to revise the City's Historic Preservation Ordinance. The plan would be integrated into the Cultural Resources Element of the General Plan that is currently being drafted for the General Plan Update. The City has a draft Preservation Plan that was prepared by staff in 1996, but it is not comprehensive and detailed and needs to be revised and updated. The ordinance would be reviewed for any necessary changes to ensure that it provides the best protection requirements and procedures for the cultural resources in La Quinta. The best suited consultant would be selected through the Request for Proposals process to prepare the Preservation Plan and revise the ordinance. The application will request $10,000 in grant funding with a 40% match from the City of la Quinta required. The matching portion will consist of in -kind services such as, staff time, postage, office supplies, commissioner time for review and comments, etc. The grant monies, if awarded, would pay the consultant's fee. The project would begin in October 1998. The total value of the project would be $14,000. The grant application is attached to this report. The grant application is scheduled to be considered by the City Council on July 7, 19987 after which with Council approval, staff will submit the application package to the State Office of Historic Preservation. RECOMMENDATION: Approve Minute Motion to recommend to the City Council that the City submit the CLG grant application. Attachment: 1. CLG Grant Application for 1998 Prepared by: �L SLIE MOUR�UAND Associate Planner Submitted by: c 4 CHRISTINE DI IORI Planning Manager C:Wvdata\HPCJuneI Rclgapp.wpd n ATTACHMENT #1 1416 96 Street, Room 1442-7/P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 95814/94296-0001 GRANT APPLICATION CHECKLIST (Include with Application Form) NOTE: Even though no points are provided for completeness, be aware that all elements listed here must be received by JUNE 1 1998. If not received, the package will be considered incomplete and will not be reviewed X Environmental Certification X Certification of Professionalism X Civil Rights Assurance of Compliance (DI Form 1350) X Certifications Regarding Debarment, Suspension and Other Responsibility Matters, Drug -Free Workplace Requirements and Lobbying. X Copy of Preservation Plan or element that ties in with proposed project. Applicable maps and estimated acreage (see Application -Form) required for survey proj ects. Applicable maps and photographs plus significance statement for National Register projects. X Applicable resumes of Key Personnel or Volunteers to Work on Project. NOTE: No, this year the OHP is not requiring a resolution from the governing body authorizing the application and matching funds. However, the Application Form must be signed by an authorized representative responsible for executing all documents including the contract, which assures matching share; i.e. Director of Planning. doc1m.108 4w 063 FISCAL YEAR 1998 APPLICATION FORM CLG APPLICANT: City of La Quinta Contact Person: Leslie Mouriquand Address: 78-495 Calle Tampico La Quinta Phone:(760) 777-7068 Fax:(760) 777-1233 County of. Congressional Names(s) & District(s): Rep. Mary Bono 44th District 2. PROJECT SUMMARY: Summarize in one or two sentences within the space provided the vitle, objectives, activities, or desired results of your project. A more detailed description will be completed under Project Scope. Title: City of La Quinta Preservation Plan and Historic Preservation Ordinance Revision. Ohiectives and activities: To develop a comprehensive Preservation Plan that will he integrated into the City's new General Plan Cultural Resources Element; and to revise the City's Historic Preservation Ordinance to provide the best procedures and requirements for protection of the local resources. 3. TYPE OF PROJECT FEDERAL S REOUESTED Context $ Fully Developed? Survey_ : $ Intensive Reconnaissance Approximate acreage to survey National Register $ Training $ XX Other $_ 0 000 L] Model Training Program •" 079 dochn. 108 4. PROJECT SCOPE (65 points) (Be brief! Use continuation sheet only if necessary.) /n 1996, the City of La Quinta staff prepared a draft Preservation Plan to accompany a CLG grant application for the same year. Tire draft plan was prepared as a requirement of the SHPO, and is very basic. This basic plan is in need of revision and completion to tailor it to the specific needs and requirements of the City of La Quinta with its historical, archaeological, and paleontological resources. In the past few years, the City's Preservation Program has evolved to a more sophisticated level of preservation efforts, creating a need for more refined preservation guidelines and tools. For example, the City would like to develop guidelines.for resource (paleontological, historical, and archaeological) investigations, establish a Mills Act program, establish a list of historical structures needing seismic retrofitting and the procedures, develop the City's Landmark program guidelines, among other procedures and programs. The Preservation Plan would contain the structure, goals, and policies for these program components. With the requested grant money, La Quinta would hire a consultant, through the Request For Proposals process, to assist in the revision of the City's Preservation Plan. The City will match the requested grant money with staff time and in -kind services and supplies. The revised and completed Preservation Plan would become an integral component of the newly established Cultural Resources Element of the La Quinta General Plan. The City is updating its' General Plan this year and will be including the new element, thus the need to revise the existing Preservation Plan. Tree current Historic Preservation Ordinance for the City of La Quinta is also in need ,of revision to include additional procedures and mechanisms for consideration and protection of the City's cultural resources. In the past few years, as staff has implemented the existing ordinance, there have been sections of the ordinance that have been identified as lacking certain provisions and mechanisms needed by staff to implement the ordinance with real success for preservation. The ordinance revision would be a second component of the project scope to be.funded by the requested grant money. This component of work would also be researched and prepared by the same consultant selected to prepare the City's Preservation Plan, in coordination with City staff. 071 dochn.108 4 5 6. 7 PRODUCTS: What products) will be derived from the projects? A. Comprehensive Preservation Plan document B. Revised Historic Preservation Ordinance document ADMINISTRATION (10 POINTS) (Names and/or experience of individual groups necessary to implement your project.) La Quinta City Council - will approve final products, hiring of consultant, and grant proposal submittal. La Quinta Community Development Department - will administer the contract using "Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines" and serve as staff to the La Quinta Historic Preservation Commission (LQRPQ). La Quinta Historic Preservation Commission - will oversee progress of consultant and review products toward forwarding recommendations to the City Council for adoption. BUDGET (25 Points) (Break out fringe benefits, if any.) A. Amount of Federal Funds Requested $1 o.000 oo Amount of matching share* $6,666.00 *Match must directly relate to the implementation of the proposed project. NOTE: In calculating match, use the following formula: Amount of funds requested - .60 = Total Project Cost Total Project Cost x .40 = Required Matching Share FOR EXAMPLE: If you are requesting $15,000: $15,000 = .60 = $25,000 (total project cost) $25,000 ..40 = $10,000 (required match) B. SOURCE OF NON-FEDERAL MATCH (1) Donor : City of La Quinta Source : General Fund Kind : In -kind Services Amount: $6,666.00 (2) Donor Source Kind Amount doc1m108 e. 072 C. BUDGET Cost Categories Rate Used To Calculate Cost Cash From Grant Other Cash In -Kind Scrv�ces $ Per hour x no. of hours Salaried Employees Associate Planner Fringe $ x 38,1 ION, Planning Manager Fringe Community Development Director Fringe $ x 33.06% Executive Secretary Fringe $ x 44.28% Secretary_ Fringe $ x 52.02% City Attorney $135 x Finance Department Volunteers* Architect (1) $35.50 x Historian (1) $21_00 x Volunteers with no experience $5.75 x Supplies, copying, postage, etc. (be specific) Photocopying $0.25/pg x Postage & tnisc. supplies $15000 Travel Costs** Staff $0.24 x mi City Office Space 100 sq. Ft $1.00/sq. Ft. x 1 me. $100 Ull 180 sq. Ft @ 1.00/sq. Ft. x '/z mo. $90.00 $190.00 *Rate shall not exceed $53.50 per hour 073 dochn.108 6 Cost Rate Used To Cash From Other In -Kind Categories Calculate Cost Grant Cash Scrvices Contracted Services $10,000 Matching share $6,666.00 "Maximum allowable car mileage rate is $.24 per mile 7. SIGNATURE. (Original application must be sued and dated in ink.) (Elected official or authorized signature) Mayor City of La Quinta Title Date 074 dochn.108 ENVIRONMENTAL CERTIFICATION Based upon a review of the application, proposal narrative, and the supporting documentation contained in the application, it has been determined that the proposed Historic Preservation Fund project meets the criteria for categorical exclusion.* City of La Quinta Applicant June 11,.1998 _ Date *NPS Environmental Review Compliance Requirements are attached as part of the Appendices for ,your information, and do not need to be returned. 075 Notice of Exemption Appendix 1 To: ® Office of Planning and Research 1400 Tenth Street, Room 121 Sacramento, CA 95814 ® County Clerk County of Riverside P 0 Box 751 Riverside CA 92502 From: (Public Agency) City oi' La Quinta 78-495 Calle Tampico (Addrar) La Quinta California Q9^F'l Project Title: City of La Quinta Preservation Plan Project Location - Specific: City-wide in La Quinta Project Location - City: La Quinta Project Location - County: Riverside Description of Project: Grant funded development of Historic Preservation Plan for City of La Quinta Name of Public Agency Approving Project: City Council for City of La Quinta Name of Person or Agency Carrying Out Project: Historic Preservation Commission Exempt Status: (check one) ❑ Ministerial (Sec. 2108MXl); 15268); ❑ Declared Emergency (Sec. 210WbX3)-.I5269(a)); ❑ Emergency Project (Sec. 21080(b)(4); 15269(bXc)); 13 Categorical Exemption. Slate type and section number. ❑ Statutory Exemptions. State code number. Information Collection - 15308 Reasons why project Is exempt- Project consists of research, development of policies, goals, and objectives. Lead Agency Contact Person: Leslie Mouriquand AreaCodeJrelephone/Extension: (760) 777-7068 If riled by applicant: 1. Attach certified document of exemption finding. 2. Has a notice of exemption been filed by the public agency approving the project? ❑ Yes [n No Signat`7�ioh(�i��1 w Date: July 7, 1998 'title: Associate Planner ❑ Signed by Lead Agency Date received for filing at OPR: ❑ Signed by Applicant oo'v 0 % 6 Revised Octobo 1989 U. S. DEPARTMENT Of THE INTERIOR CIVIL RIGHTS ASSURANCE As the authorized representative of the applicant. I certify that the applicant agrees that as a condition to receiving any Federal financial assistance from the Department of the Interior, it will comply with all Federal laws relating to nondiscrimination. These laws include, but are not limited to: (a) Title VI of Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 20o0d-1), which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race. color. or national origin: (b) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. as amended (29 U.S.C. 794). which prohibits discrimination on the the basis of handicap: (c) the Age Distzinunation ACE of 1975. as amended (42 U.S.C. 6101 eL seq.). which prohibits discrimination on the basis of age: and applicable regulatory requirements to the end that no person in the United States shall, on the grounds of race, color. national onein. handicap or age. be excluded from participation in, be•denied the benefits of, or he otherwise subjected to discrimination under any program or activity conducted by the applicant. THE APPLICANT HEREBY GIVES ASSURANCE THAT it will immediately take any measures necessary to effectuate this agreement. THIS ASSURANCE shall apply to all aspects of the appiicant!s operations including those parts that have not received or berietined from Federal tin=cial assist „ce If any real property or structure thereon is provided or improved with the aid of Federal financial assistance extended w the Applicant by the Department. this assurance shall obligate the Applicant. or in the case of any transter of such property, any transferee, for the period during which the real property or structure is used for a purpose for which the Federal financial assistance is extended or for another purpose involving the provision of similar services or benefits. If any personal property is so provided, this assurance shall obligate the Applicant for the period during which it retains ownership or possession of the property. In all other cases. this assurance shall obligate the Applicant for the period during which, the Federai anancaai assistance is extended to it by the Department. THIS ASSURANCE is given in consideration of add for the purpose of obtaining any and all Federal grants. loans. contracts. property, discounts or other Federal financial assistance extended after the Jate hereof to the Applicant by the Department. including installment payments after such date on account of applicants for Federal dmancaai assistance which were approved before such date. The Applicant recognizes and agrees that such Federal financial assistance will be extended in reliance on the representations and agreements made in this assurance. and that the United States shall have the n2ht to seek judicial enforcement of this assurance. This assurance is binding on the Applicant. its successors. transferees. assignees. and subrecipients and the person whose signature appears below who' is authorized to sign this assurance on behalf of the Applicant SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIFYING OFFICULL I TITLE Mayor APPLICANTIORGANIIATION DATE SUSUMED City of La Quinta I July 7, 1998 APPLICANTIORGANIZATION NAILING ADDRESS I BUREAU OR OFFICE EXTENOING ASSISTANCE 78-495 Calle Tampico La Quinta, California 92253 DI-1350 (REVANI) „�. ., 677 NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION FUND SUBGRANT PROGRAM CERTIFICATE OF PROFESSIONALISM AND CONFORMANCE PROJECTNAME: City of La Quinta Preservation Plan Community Development Director Title of Responsible Official Authorized for Signature I certify that all research, investigations, surveys, nomination studies and reports prepared as part of this grant assisted project will be professionally prepared by individuals meeting the professional qualifications specified in the Federal Register, Volume 48, No. 190, September 29, 1983. All such work will be done according to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. Any work not meeting such Standards will not be reimbursed. H Christine di Iorio Name Planning Manager 11, 1998 07S U.S. Department of the Interior Certifications Regarding Debarment, Suspension and Other Responsibility Matters, Drug -Free Workplace Requirements and Lobbying Persons signing this form should refer to the regulations referenced beicw far complete instructions: Certification Regarding Debarment. Suspension, and Other Responsibility Matters- Primary Covered Transactions. (The prospective .primary participant further agrees by submitting this proposal trot It will Include the clause titled, 'Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension, Ineligibility and Voluntary Ezeluslon- Lower Tier Covered Transaction,' provided by the department or agency entering Into this covered transaction. without modification, in all lower tier covered transactions and in ail solicitations for lower tier covered transaetlom. See below for language to be used; use V= forth for confarbon and sign; or use Department of the Interior Form tt164 (0I- 1954). See Appenda A of Subpart 0 of 43 CFR Part 12). Certification Regarding Debarment. Suspension. InekibiTdy and VOWMary Ezehmen - Lower Tier Covered Transactions - (See Appends 8 of Subpart 0 of 43 CFR Part 12) Certification Regarding Drug -Free Workplace Requirements - Aitemate I. (Grantees Other Than Individuals) and Alternate It. (Grantees VVho are - Individuals) - (See Appends C of Subpart 0 of 43 CFR Part 12) Signakae on this form provides for compliance wah osrtffintion requirements undar43 CFR Parts 12 and 18. The ecftl4cation s shall be treated as a ma , * rapaartUdaa of fact upon which reliance will be plsead when the Department of the Interior determines to award the covered transaction gram cooperative agreement or loan. PART A. . Certification Regarding Debarment Susponsion, and Ottw Responsibility Matters . Primary Covered Transactions CNECF IF THIS CERT97CAMN IS FOR A PRWARY COVERED TRArfSACTION AND IS APPIaCAA E (1) The prospective prim ary participant conliles to the bat of its loawiedge and bdd, that it and its prI '; Ic (a) Are not Presently debarted. suspended, proposed for debuirm dedared is6gible, or vokxtk* ezduded froth covered transactions by any Federal departrneM or agony (b) HavenctwithkraCves-yes►periodpraesdingCts; -F' dbeanconvictedcfcrtuad.acidJudgmentianda against them for eommisaiori of fraud or ■ cknkul offense in contedlon with obtaining. attempting to a1, - 1 1 or po lonnkq a public (Federal, State or bcaQ transaction or oonbact hnde a pinball transaction; ablation of Fades d or State antitrust statutes or commission of embecdernerrL tt dt,forgery, bribery.f or destnjoondheooeds nmaidiq false statements, or ieeeivirg stolen property (a) Are not presently Indicted for or otheroAse cknksgr or• ddly charged by a governmental ordffy (Fedeni, Sins or • Ideal) with commission of any use the Manes maananaded In paragraph (1)(b) of this cons cello; taut (d) Have not "Idth a ttt Oe-Yo r Period Placedq ills applWfsrlproPosel had ore or men pubic trarmaaelora (Federal, State or locel) toemiruded for cause or ddoudL (2) Whoa the prospective primary participant is unable to cerft to any of the etatanents in this oattlladon such poapecke participant shell aaadh an eapfaetbrh to cads pmposaL PART 0: Certification Regarding Debarment, suspension, Ineligibility and Voluetary Ezelualon • -- Lower Tier Cowed Transactions CHEC/f�lF TMS CERTIFICATION IS FOR A LOWER TER COVERED TRAHSACTfON AND IS AppUCAdLE (1) The prospective sower tier partldpant catllfea by submission of Qds Proposal, that re8hei It nor Ifs pkzipals Is presently debarred. suspended. proposed for debarment deft ttAgil in or vokzrfarfy cmkdad from patidpatbrh in tide fransaWon by ary Fedeni depabns oragency (2) 1 Where the pospectM lower tler parti I; Is tnabls to rsn8jr to ay of tie atatenhatta in this oatffl p N 9 h. such pnepa g's Po ddpo SW attach an a :Flo atlon to this proposal C 79 PART C: Certification Regarding Drug -Free Workplace Re"ramems CHECK IF THIS CERTIFICATION IS FOR AN APPLICANT DMfO IS NOT AN RCMDUAL Alternate 1. (Grantees Other Thum individuais) A. The grantee certifies that It will or continue to provide a ding -free workplace by: (a) Publishing a statement notifying employees that the unlawful manufacture, distribution, dispensing, possession, or use of a controlled substance is prohibited in the grantee's workplace and specifying tha actions that will be taken against employees for violation of such prohibition; (b) Establishing an ongoing ding -free awareness program to Worm employees about— (1) The dangers of drug abuse -in the workplace; (2) The grantee's polity of maintaining a drug -free workplace; (3) Any available drug counseling. rehabilitation, and employee assistance programs: and (4) The penalties that may be imposed upon employees for drug abuse violations oc urcig in the Workplace: (c) Making It a requirement that eadh employee to be engaged in the performance of the grant be given a copy of the statement requ red by pnrragraph (a): . (d) NoWytng the employee in the statement required by pwagraph (a) that, as a condition of employment under the Want the employee Wia — (1) Abide by Cos terms of the statement: and (2) No* the employer In writing of his or her conviction for a violation of a aft dnp staktla wig in the workplace no later than five calendar days after such convictioi ; (e) _ Notifying the agency it writing. within ten obndar days after receiiiing notice under subparegratptt (d)(2) from an employee or otherwise receiving actual r 1dr a of such convklbn. Empbyets of eonvkxed athpbyess mot provide notice. i ckedhhg position title. to wary gram officer an wlhouia grant activity the convicted employes was workhq. unless the Federal agency has designated a ostmai pots for to. of side ratan Notice ehd 6hctuds Cle identification nuntbers(s) of each sIfected prattle M Taking one of the f flowng actions. w&M 30 calendar days of receiving n, 9, under subparagraph (d)(2), with' respect to any a. iployee Who is to conYkted — (1) Taking appropriate persamhM action against such w employee, up to and including tannnatiM coralete+t with Me requirements of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended. or (2) Requkng such amp"" to pertidpefe saddectortiy In a drug abuse assistance or rehabilitation program approved for sari purposes by a Federal, State. o brat health, law enforpemei a odm pp al: agency, (g) Making a good faith effort to continue to matrdan a dap -tree workplace through in Pills witaft of paragraphs (a) (b). (c). (d). (a) arhd M. B. The gru"S may used In the apace provided babes to sits($ forthe palonnence of warts dons in carhner it m with the spec grant Plow of Performance (Street address, city. county, state. zip code) Check N there are worfptere an file Comm not klantlfted has. PART D: CarCflesCon Ragarcdng Drug -Free Workplais Requirements piEd( If THIS CO"ViiICAT)ON IS FOR AN APPL)CAW WO 13 AN /lI CAMAL Alternate II. (Grantees Who Are trhdivlduafs) (a) The grantee tar"fin that, as a condition of to grant, he or she wQ not er gage in Ina tnimful mererlbolin. Mstrtbutim dispensing. Poem a Ilse of a e0 11011 abetaeroe n oaductkM arty SC&* tMlh Cie grant: (b) N convicted of a cil ill dap oRensa ra$udtkp tram a Hkileft o=wkq during ffie tlondud mf mV t)tartt octivily. he or she WS repot On convition, in vAb wffl* 10 alendar days of the bonvkft to to gramd oMM or other des". hfilesa the Federal agency desgnat n a antral poet for the tac,•ipt of such notices. YAw 01 is node to won n central point it shd lndcrula the kWdMcadon amber(*) of each sneezed WanL ce 080 PART E: Certification Regarding Lobbying Certification for Contracts, Grants, Loans, and Cooperative Ag ea ems CHECK IF CERTIFICATION IS FOR THE AWARD OF ANY OF THE FOLLOIMNG AND THE AMOMT EXCEEDS 5100,00& A FEDERAL GRANTOR COOPERATIVE AGRF.F.AfENT,• SUBCONTRACT, OR SUBGRANT UNDER THE GRANT OR COOPERATIVE AGREEMFM. CHECK IF CERTIFICATION IS FOR THE AWARD OF A FEDERAL LOAN EXCEEDING THE AMOUNT OF $150,000. OR A SUBGRANT OR SUBCONTRACT'i:XXCEEDING S100,0K UNDER THE LOAAL The undersigned certifies, to the best of his or her knowledge and belief, that (1) No Federal appropriated funds have been paid or va be paid, by or on behalf of the undersigned, to any person for influencing or attempting to nfiuenee an officer or employee of an agency, a Member of Congress, and oflicar or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with Qro awo ng of any Federal contract, the making of any Federal grant, the making of any Federal ban, the ennarng Into of any Cmpenative agreen enL and the eMension, rxmkhuation, renewal, amends or modification of any Federal contract, Brent, loan, or cooperative agreement. (2) If any fiords other than Federal appropriated Amds have been paid or will be paid to any person for kdiror aftemptup to influence an, officer or employee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or on employee of a Member of Congress In connection with this Federal contract, grant, ben, or cooperatiheagreement, the undersigned shad complete and submit Standard Form-I.I.L. Misdosure Forth to Report Lobbying." in ao with Its Instructions. (3) The undersigned shad require that the language of this certification be Included in the award documents for of subawards at all tiers (ndudng subcontracts, subgranb, and dartracb urnder grants, bans, and cooperative spewnb) and the of subredpients shad CK* nocordnglY This certification is a material representation of fact upon whidh refienoa was placed when this transaction was made or a to into. Submission of thiseardficx6on is a prerequisite for maid: are to ing krto this bmrsacdon knposa , by Section 135Z title 31. U.S. Code. Any person who fads to file to reputed cartl0ufbn shad be subject to a civil penalty of not less then $10.000 and not more than $100.000 for each such fadrae. As the authorized certifying official. I hereby cer*. that the above specified c P Nile- o ions are true. SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED CERTIFYING OFFICIAL John Pefra, Mayor TYPED NAME AND TITLE July 7, 1998 DATE ';.J 08, MARIA L. PUENTE 78-620 Forbes Circle La Quinta, CA. 92253 # (760) 345-4411 1990-98: Bilingual Elementary and Secondary Teacher. Desert Sands Unified School District, California, USA. 1993, 1996: Teacher for the G.A.T.E. (Gifted and Talented Education) Program. Taught Music and Spanish at the elementary level, at Desert Sands Unified School District. 1988-90: "History of Music' Teacher at High School Level in Madrid, Spain. 1986: "Solfeggio" Music Substitute Teacher at the Royal Conservatory of Music, Madrid, Spain. 1983: University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain. Practicing School of Archeology for the Basque Country. Formally enrolled for one school year. Took part in the excavations in the Cave of Arenaza I (Bilbao, Spain). EDUCATION 1999: University of Redlands, CA. M.B.A. candidate. 1997: U.C.R. (University of California, Riverside.) Certificate in the Education for the Gifted and Talented. 1996: U.C.R. (University of California, Riverside.) Certificate for the Study of the Multiple Intelligences. 1995: California Professional Clear Teaching Credential: - Multiple Subjects (Grades k-5). - Single Subject (Spanish), Grades 9-12. - BCLAD (Spanish) Professional Clear Credential. 082 1993: Canadian Studies Seminar, organized by the Ministry of Education of Toronto (Ontario) and the Foreign Affairs Ministry. 1993, 92, 95: Attended C.A.B.E. (California Association for Bilingual Education) Congress, in San Francisco and Anaheim. California. 1990: Presentation to the XXIII International University Congress in Madrid, Spain, on "Musical Dissonances at the end of the Present Milenium", which was later published by the University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.. 1989: Presentation to the XXII International University Congress in Rome, Italy, on "Music during the French Revolution", which was later published By the University Complutense of Madrid, Spain 1988: University Complutense of Madrid, Spain. Institute of Educational Sciences: Certificate of Pedagogical Competence. 1987: University Complutense of Madrid, Spain. M.A., Double Major in History and Art. 1989: Royal Conservatory of Music, Madrid, Spain. Superior Degree in Classical Piano. Superior Degree in Chamber Music. EXTRA ACTIVITIES 1997: Reappointed as a member of the La Quinta Historic Preservation Commission, La Quinta, California. SKILLS Languages: Spanish, English, limited Italian and beginning French and German. Computers: Proficient in Apple Macintosh and IBM PC programs. Pianist: Played in numerous piano concerts, social occasions and in Musical Plays. TRAVEL 1989-97: France, Italy, England, Mexico, Canada (Ontario and Quebec), Guatemala, Puerto Rico, British and U.S. Virgin Islands and in the U.S. California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Vermont, New York And Hawaii. LESLIE J. MOURIQUAND 52-500 Calhoun St. Coachella, California 92236 (760) 398-1581 Home (760) 777-7068 Work E-Mail CRMlady@aol.com. EDUCATION 1992 Master of Arts, Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton. Thesis Title: Planning for Community Archaeology It's Applications to The Eastern Coachella Valley. (Leslie J. Mouriquand-Blodgett) 1983 Bachelor of Science, Anthropology/Geography, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Emphasis on Anthropology/Archaeology. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Thirteen years of increasingly responsible professional experience in Urban/Environmental Planning and Cultural Resource Management. July 1992 - Present: City of La Quinta Community Development Department 78-495 Calle Tampico La Quinta, CA 92253 (760) 777-7125 Title: Associate Planner Areas of responsibility: • Perform development, land division, and use permit reviews and project processing, Specific Plans, General Plan Amendments, Zone Changes, Ordinances, etc. • Serve as Environmental Officer for review and coordination of Environmental Impact Reports and preparation of Environmental Assessments. Preparation of Mitigation Monitoring Plans. Developed City guidelines for compliance with California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). • Staff support to the La Quinta Historic Preservation Commission. • Presentations given before the City Council, Planning Commission, Historic Preservation Commission, and Director's Hearings. • City representative to the Coachella Valley Habitat Conservation Policy Advisory Group. • Research and preparation of City's Historic Context Statement and Preservation • Plan documents. • Serve as City archaeologist. Conduct archival research, field surveys, site testing, and report preparation and review. Coordination with archaeologists and other environmental experts for specific development projects. October 1991 - July 1992: City of Palm Springs Planning & Zoning Department 3200 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way Palm Springs, CA 92263 Title: Planner II - Environmental Areas of responsibility: • Preparation and review of environmental documents. • Special Projects - research and report writing. • Staff support to the Parks, Open Space & Trails (POST) Foundation • Staff liaison to the Agua Caliente Tribal Council. • Served as City archaeologist. Prepared and reviewed archaeology reports. • City representative to the Coachella Valley Association of Governments - Environment and Technology Committee. July 1991 - October 1991: Terra Nova Research & Planning 275 N. El Cielo Palm Springs, CA 92263 Title: Planner Areas of responsibility: • Prepared environmental assessment documents to meet state and federal requirements. • Prepared and managed planning and development projects. • Performed contract municipal current and advanced planning duties for the City of Desert Hot Springs. • Served as staff archaeologist. Reviewed archaeology reports for form and content. January 1990 - April 1991: Riverside County Planning Department 79-733 Country Club Drive Bermuda Dunes, CA 92201 Title: Planner I & Planner II Areas of responsibility: • Performed development, use permit, and land division reviews and project processing. • Prepared environmental assessments to meet state and federal requirements. • Presentations before the East Area Planning Council, County Planning Commission, and Planning Director Hearings. • Prepared the award -winning Cahuilla Hills Area Development Study. • Research for policy and ordinance development. • Researched and answered public inquiries. • Served as staff archaeologist. Prepared and reviewed archaeology reports. June 1985 - February 1990 Leslie Mouriquand-Blodgett, Consultant 3077 N. Shasta Pomona, CA 91768 Title: Archaeologist- Principal Investigator Areas of responsibility: • Consultant to environmental planning firms for the preparation of archival research, environmental studies, Cultural Resource Management Plans, field reconnaissance surveys, opportunity and constraints studies, mitigation plans for the following project types in the following locations: General Plan Documentation - La Verne, Victorville, Orange, Palmdale, Duarte, Santa Clarita. Environmental Impact Report Documentation - Palmdale (2), Oxnard (3), Pasadena (2), La Mirada, San Marino, El Monte, Palm Springs, Los Angeles(8), Sunland, Lake Elsinore, Poway, Yorba Linda, Rancho Palos Verdes, Idyllwild, Calabasas, Santa Monica Mountains. Environmental Assessment Documentation - Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County (2), Lake Elsinore. Master Plan Documentation - Palmdale (2), Redevelopment Plan Documentation - Agoura Hills. Project types: Residential developments, municipal water and sewer systems, light rail transit routes and stations, mountain resort complex, raceway complex, municipal reservoirs, university improvements, quarry permitting, redevelopment and commercial projects, etc. GRADUATE ASSISTANTSHIP 1985 - 1987 California State University, Fullerton, Department of Anthropology. Research and teaching assistant (four semesters) AWARDS AND GRANTS 1996 Certificate of Recognition - Outstanding Local Cultural Resource Management Program. Awarded by Association of Environmental Professionals - Inland Empire Chapter. 1990 Riverside County Planning Department Merit Award: "Cahuilla Hills Area Development Study". 1988 California State University, Fullerton - Organizational Award: Founding President of Lambda Alpha National Anthropology Honor Society- Eta of California Chapter. 1987 California State University, Fullerton - Department of Anthropology Writing Competition: Best Student Paper for "The Burial Practices of the Elite: Missouri -Illinois Hopewell." 1987 Jenkins, Douglas, Gardner Memorial Research Grant Award: "Prehistoric Clay Figurines of California." 1986 CSUF Departmental Association Council Research Grant: "Prehistoric Clay Figurines of California." MEMBERSHIPS AND APPOINTMENTS Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP) Society for California Archaeology (SCA) Lambda Alpha National Honor Society for Anthropology Coachella Valley Archaeological Society (CVAS) -Symposium Committee, President 1998 Society for American Archaeology (SAA) Malki Museum Association California Women for Agriculture (CWA) Archaeological Survey Association IASA) American Rock Art Research Association (ARARA) Joshua Tree National Park Advisory Commission - Appointed Commissioner 7/97 to 7/01 ACTIVITIES Participant - Project Archaeology, curriculum development for elementary and middle school students. Department of Defense program. 1996-1997 Invited Speaker - local elementary classrooms to talk about archaeology and the Cahuilla people. Organizer - Historic Preservation Workshoo, sponsored by the City of La Quinta, November, 2, 1996. Contributor - Coachella Valley Archaeological Society Newsletter, (Articles, News briefs, etc.). Invited Organizer/Leader - American Planning Association Conference Mobile Workshop on Coachella Valley Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management, October 3, 1996. Invited Speaker - Historic Preservation Workshoo, sponsored by the State Office of Historic Preservation, January 24, 1997, El Centro, California. Invited Speaker - Palm Desert High School, Advanced Drafting Class, "Archaeology and the Planning Process", April 8, 1997. Organizer/Master of Ceremonies - "First ymposium on the Archaeologv of the CQ cchhella Valley and Adjacent Areas". May 3, 1997, La Quinta, California. Participant, SCA Southern Data Sharing Meeting, Oct. 18, 1997, paper presented - "Cultural Resource Management in La Quinta" Invited Speaker - Indio Soroptomists Club, Nov. 20, 1997, "Cultural Resource Man clement in La Quinta". Invited Speaker - Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, March 27, 1998, Symposium title: The Power of Local Preservation Law; Paper title: "A Tale of Two Cities- La Quinta Then and Now" Organizer/Master of Ceremonies - "2nd Annual Symposium on the Archaeology of the Coachella Valley & Adiacent Areas," May 16, 1998, Desert Museum, Annenberg Theater, Palm Springs, California. Invited Speaker - Carter School, Palm Desert, CA. 2"' graders, "Archaeology and Indians," May 28, 1998. 087 Title 7 HISTORIC PRESERVATION Chapters: 7.02 General Regulation and Administration 7.04 Historic Preservation Commission 7.06 Historic Resources, Historic Landmarks and Historic Districts 7.08 Permits and Permit Procedures 7.10 Enforcement —Penalties 161 ( Q Q(L. Q.. }93) 7.02.010 Chapter 7.02 GENERAL REGULATION AND ADMINISTRATION Sections: 7.02.010 Short title. 7.02.020 Purpose and intent. 7.02.030 Boundaries and areas of application. 7.02.040 Definitions. 7.02.050 Review of development plan. 7.02.010 Short title. This title shall be known as the "historic preservation ordinance." (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.02.020 Purpose and intent. It is the intent and purpose of this title to: A. Effect the protection, enhancement and perpetuation of historic resources, landmarks and districts that represent or reflect elements of the city's diverse cultural, social, economic, political and architectural history; B. Safeguard the city's historic heritage, as represented by its historic resources, landmarks and historic districts; C. Stabilize and improve property values; D. Foster civic pride in the character and accomplishments of the past; E. Protect and enhance the city's attraction to residents, tourists and visitors and servo: to support and stimulate business and industry; F. Strengthen the economy of the city; G. Promote the use of historic districts and landmarks for the education, enjoyment and welfare of the people of the city. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § l (part), 1992) 7.02.030 Boundaries and areas of application. This title shall apply to all historic resources, publicly and privately owned, within the corporate limits of the city. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § I (part), 1992) 7.02.040 Definitions. Whenever the following words or terms are used in this title they shall have the meaning established by this section: A. "Alteration" means any change or modification, through public or private action, of any historic resource or of any property located within a historic district, including, but not limited to, exterior changes to or modi- fications of a structure or any of its architectural details or visual characteristics, including; paint color and surface texture, grading, surface paving, new structures, cutting or removal of trees and other natural features, disturbances of archaeological sites or areas, and the placement or removal of any objects such as signs, plaques, light fixtures, street furniture, walls, fences, steps, plantings and landscape accessories affecting the historic qualities of the property. B. "Archaeological site" means an area where remains of manor his activities prior to keeping of history are still evident. C. "Certificate of appropriateness" means a certificate issued by the city council approving such plans, specifications, design or statements of work for any proposed alteration, restoration, construction, removal, relocation or demolition, in whole or in part, of or to any historic resource or to any improvement within a historic district. D. "Commission" means the historic preservation commission established by this title. E. "Contributing structure" means a structure within a designated historic district which has a special character, special historic or aesthetic interest or value, and is incorporated into the district for that reason. F. "Exterior architectural feature' means the architectural style, design, general arrangement. components and natural features and all the outer surfaces of the improvement, including, but not limited to, the kind and 162-1 ��„ tiQg<9a: 9 1 17 1 texture of the building material, the type and style of all windows, doors, lights, signs, walls, fences, and other fixtures appurtenant to such improvement, and the natural form and appearance of any grade, rock, body of water, stream, tree, plant, shrub, road, path, walkway, plaza, fountain, sculpture, or other forth of natural or artificial landscaping. G. "Historic district" means any area which contains one or more historic resources or landmarks which has a special character or special historical value, along with other structural, cultural, architectural, archaeological, agricultural, community or aesthetic value, or which represents one or more architectural periods or styles typical to the history of the city; that has been designated a historic district pursuant to this title. H. "Historic resource" means improvements, including, but not necessarily limited to, buildings, landscape, structures, signs, features, sites, places, areas, or other objects of scientific, aesthetic, educational, cultural, architectural, agricultural or historic significance to the citizens of the city. I. "Historic resources inventory" means the historic resources inventory adopted and maintained by council pursuant to Chapter 7.06 of this title. J. "Improvement" means any building, structure, place, site, structural work of art, landscape feature, plant life, life -form, scenic condition, parking facility, fence, gate, wall or other object constituting a physical betterment of real property, or any part of such betterment. K. "Landmark" means any property or improvement, manmade or natural, which has special (historic, cultural, architectural, archaeological, community interest or value as part of the development, heritage or history of the city, the state of California, or the nation, and that has been designated as a landmark pursuant to this title. L. "Ordinary maintenance" means any cleaning, painting, and/or other restoration which does not result in the alteration of an improvement or landmark. M. "Paleontological site" means an area where fossilized or otherwise preserved remains of plants or animals which generally predate man's emergence on the earth are still evident. N. "Person" means any individual, association, partnership, firm, corporation, public agency, or political subdivision. O. "Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation" means the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings by the U.S. Department of the Interior, or the National Park Service. P. "Site" means any parcel or portion of real property which has special character or special historic, cultural, archaeological, architectural, community or aesthetic value. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.02.050 Review of development plan. As part of the environmental review of development projects affecting historic resources, the plan and application shall be referred to the historic preservation commission for review if a potential impact has been identified. The commission may recommend that specific environmental studies be done as part of the environmental review for the project. The commission shall receive notice of all environmental review decisions on a project potentially affecting any historical resource and may submit written comments to the land use planning director. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § I (part), 1992) Ira Quime 4-94) 162-2 090 7.04.010 Chapter 7.04 HISTORIC PRESERVATION Sections: 7.04.010 Creation. 7.04.020 Appointment. 7.04.030 Duties. 7.04.040 Organization, rules and procedures. 7.04.010 Creation. There is established in the city a historic preservation commission, hereinafter referred to as the "commission," consisting of five members appointed by the city council. All members of the commission shall have a demonstrat- ed interest in and knowledge of historic preservation and the cultural resources of the city. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.04.020 Appointment. A. Three commissioners shall be appointed from among professionals in the disciplines of architecture, history, architectural history, planning, or other historic preservation -related disciplines, such as urban planning, American studies, American civilization, cultural geography or cultural anthropology. Two commissioners shall be lay members who have demonstrated special interest, competence, experience or knowledge in historic preservation, American studies, cultural anthropology, cultural geography or other historic preservation -related disciplines. B. The initial appointment of the members of the commission shall be as follows: two members for three years and three members for two years. Thereafter, appointments shall be made for a three-year term. C. A member of the commission may be removed from his or her position by a majority vote of the city council. A vacancy is filled in the same manner as the original appointment. A person appointed to fill a vacancy serves for the remainder of the unexpired term. D. The commission shall fix the time and place of its regular meetings in accordance with State Open Meeting Law. The commission shall not meet less than once in each three-month period. E. The commission shall elect a chair and vice chair from among its members. The chair .and vice chair serve for a term of one year and until the successor of each is elected and takes office. The secretary shall be the planning and development director or his/her designee. F. 1. Chair. The chair shall preside at all meetings of the commission. He/she shall appoint each committee and shall perform the duties necessary or incidental to his/her office. 2. Vice Chair. The vice chair is chair in the absence of the chair or the inability of the chairperson to act. 3. Secretary. The secretary shall keep minutes of each meeting and shall record the official actions taken. On all official actions on which a vote is taken, the secretary shall record the vote by roll call, with the chairperson voting last. The secretary shall certify each official act and/or resolution of the commission. The secretary shall maintain records of operations and shall perform such other duties as the commission assigns. (Ord. 280 § 1, 1996; Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.04.030 Duties. A. The commission shall act in an advisory capacity to the city council and planning commission in all matters relating to the identification, protection, retention, and preservation of historic areas and sites within the city. B. It shall be the responsibility of the commission to provide advice to the city council on the following matters: 1. Criteria for guidelines to be used in a comprehensive historic survey of properties within the city; 2. The designation of historic landmarks or historic districts; 3. Historic sites and areas to be considered for listing on La Quinta's historic resources inventory; 4. The adoption of standards to be used by the commission in reviewing applications for permits to construct, change, alter, modify, remodel, remove or significantly affect any historic resource; 162-3 (La Quinn 9-96) L_ 091 7.04.030 5. The purchase of interests in property for purposes of historic preservation; 6. Any other matter which the city council deems necessary to protect historic resources. C. The commission shall be responsible for: 1. Reviewing the conduct of land use, housing and redevelopment, municipal improvement and other types of planning and programs undertaken by any agency of the city, the county or state, as they relate to the historic preservation of the community; 2. Publicizing and periodically updating survey results; 3. Maintaining La Quinta's historic resources inventory; 4. Maintaining a local register of historical areas and sites within the city; 5. Performing any other functions that may be designated by the city council; 6. Investigating and making recommendations to the city council on the use of various federal, state, local or private funding sources and mechanisms available to promote historic resource preservation in the city; 7. Approval or disapproval, in whole or in part, or approval with conditions of applications for permits pursuant to Chapter 7.08 of this title; 8. Reviewing all applications for permits and environmental documents pertaining to local, state or federal designated or potentially designated historic resources. The planning and development department shell forward all such documents to the commission for review and comment, prior to review and approval by the planning commission as appropriate; 9. Reviewing the actions and proposed actions and advising on environmental review processes of all city departments and public agencies concerning the effects of their actions, programs, capital improvements, or activities on designated and potential historic resources within the city; 10. Considering whether denial of certificates of appropriateness (permits) affecting cultural resources results in economic hardship to the property owner according to the procedures outlined in Chapter 7.08; 11. Cooperating with local, county, state and federal governments in the pursuit of the objectives of historic resource preservation; 12. Assuming whatever responsibilities and duties may be assigned to it by the state under the certified local government provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended; 13. Providing opportunities for direct public participation in all responsibilities delegated to the certified local government, including the survey and National Register nomination process. Commission meetings shall be open to the public with published agendas and minutes in accordance with the California Open Meeting Act. The published agenda shall be mailed in advance of meetings to individuals and citizen organizations interested in the commission's activities; 14. Rendering advice and guidance, upon the request of the property owner or occupant, on the restoration, alteration, decoration, landscaping or maintenance of any historic resource, including landmarks, landmark sites, historic districts or neighboring properties within public view; 15. Rendering advice and guidance to property owners or occupants on procedures for inclusion of a historic resource on the National Register of Historic Places, and encouraging such inclusions; 16. Participate in, promote and conduct public information, educational and interpretive programs pertaining to historic resource preservation; 17. Undertaking any other action or activity necessary or appropriate to the implementation of its power or duties to fulfill the objectives of historic resource preservation. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.04.040 Organization, rules and procedures. The historic preservation commission shall establish such rules, regulations and procedures as are consistent with this chapter for the transaction of business, and shall keep a public record of its resolutions, transactions, findings and determinations. A. A quorum of the commission shall be defined as three voting members. B. The commission shall develop and adopt its own operating rules and bylaws, thereafter having the power and authority to perform all of the duties hereinafter enumerated and provided. The operating rules and bylaws are to be approved by the city council. ()a Quin 9-96) 162-4 092 C. Keep minutes and records of all meetings and proceedings, including voting records, attendance, resolutions, findings, determinations and decisions. All such material shall be matters of public record. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § l (part), 1992) 162-5 (L� Q.m 494) 093 7.06.010 Chapter 7.06 HISTORIC RESOURCES, HISTORIC LANDMARKS AND HISTORIC DISTRICTS Sections: 7.06.010 Establishment of historic resources inventory. 7.06.020 Criteria for historic resources inventory. 7.06.030 Landmark designation procedures. 7.06.040 Historic district designation procedures. 7.06.010 Establishment of historic resources inventory. The city council shall establish and maintain a historic resources inventory according to the requirements of the State Historic Preservation Office. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part). 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.06.020 Criteria for historic resources inventory. A historic resource may be considered for inclusion in the historic resource inventory based on one or more of the following: A. It exemplifies or reflects special elements of the city's cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering or architectural history; or B. It is identified with persons or events significant in local, state or national history; or C. It embodies distinctive characteristics of a style, type, period or method of construction. is a valuable example of the use of indigenous materials or craftsmanship or is representative of a notable work of an acclaimed builder, designer or architect; or D. It is an archaeological, paleontological, botanical, geological, topographical, ecological or geographical site which has the *potential of yielding information of scientific value; or E. It is a geographically definable area possessing concentration of site, buildings, structures, improvements or objects linked historically through location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and/or association, in which the collective value of the improvements may be greater than the value of each individual improvement. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.06.030 Landmark designation procedures. Landmarks shall be established by the city council in the following manner: A. Any person may request the designation of an improvement as a landmark by submitting a written request for such designation to the historical preservation commission. The historical preservation commission, planning commission, or city council may also initiate such proceedings by motion. B. Any such request shall be filed with the planning and development department upon prescribed forms and shall include the following data: 1. Name and address of property owner and assessor's parcel number and address of site; 2. Description of the proposed landmark, including special aesthetic, cultural, architectural or engineering interest or value of a historic nature, including information about the architecture, notable features, construction and other information indicating the historical significance of the site; 3. Sketches, photographs or drawings; 4. Statement of condition of the improvement: 5. Explanation of any known threats to the improvement of the site; 6. Additional information: a. Site plan in appropriate scale, b. Legal description of the property, c. Photographs, old and recent, d. Proposed use, e. Existing zoning, f. Bibliography and references, g. Chain of title, if available. eta Q.�.M a94) 162-6 091 7.06.030 C. Within forty-five days of the date of the request, the commission shall hold a public hearing to review the landmark application according to the criteria of Section 7.06.020. D. Notice of the public hearing shall be published in a paper of local circulation at least ten days prior to the hearing date. In addition, notice of the date, place, time and purpose of the hearing shall be mailed, return receipt requested, to the owner of the proposed landmark property as shown on the last equalized assessment role at least fourteen days prior to the date of the public hearing. Failure to send notice by mail to any property owner when the address of such owner is not on the latest equalized assessment role shall not invalidate any proceedings in connection with the proposed designation. E. A notice of the request for designation as a landmark shall be forwarded to the building and safety department and no building or demolition permits for any alteration to any exterior architectural features of the proposed landmark shall be issued while the matter is pending final decision. F. After the public hearing, the commission shall, by resolution, make a report and recommendation to the city council. If the commission determines that the improvement does not meet landmark criteria, the process shall terminate and the commission shall notify the property owner and applicant of such termination in writing within ten days of the commission's determination. If the commission determines that the historical resource warrants landmark designation and the property owner has consented to same in writing, then the commission shall submit a written recommendation to the city council incorporating its reasons in support of the proposed landmark designation. Without the property owner's consent to the proposed designation, the proposal shall terminate. G. The city council shall hold a public hearing on the proposed historic landmark designation within thirty days of the receipt of the recommendation from the commission. H. At the conclusion of the public hearing on the proposed designation, the city council shall, by resolution, designate, conditionally designate, or disapprove the designation of the landmark. Written notice of the city council action shall be mailed to the property owner. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.06.040 Historic district designation procedures. Historic districts shall be established by the city council in the following manner: A. The procedures for designating a historic district shall be the same as for designating a landmark, except as otherwise provided in this section. B. Any application for designation of a historic district shall be filed with the planning and development department upon the prescribed form and shall include the following data: 1. Boundaries of the proposed district and a list of names and addresses of property owners, assessor's parcel numbers and addresses of properties within the boundaries; 2. Description of the proposed historic district, including special aesthetic, cultural, architectural or engineering interest or value of a historical nature; 3. Sketches, photographs or drawings; 4. Statement of condition of structures and improvements within the district; 5. Explanation of any known threats to any historic resource within the district; 6. Other information requested by the planning and development department. C. If written consent of two-thirds of the owners of property within the proposed district to the proposed designation is not obtained at the time of the historic preservation commission hearing, the process shall terminate and the commission shall notify the property owners and applicant of the termination within fourteen days of the commission's determination. D. If the commission determines that the area warrants historic district designation, it shall submit a written recommendation to the city council incorporating its reasons in support of the proposed district designation, within thirty days of its decision. Such recommendation shall include a report containing the following information: 1. A map showing the proposed boundaries of the historic district and identifying all structures within the boundaries, contributing or noncontributing; 2. An explanation of the significance of the proposed district and description of the cultural resources within the proposed boundaries; 3. Recommendations as to appropriate permitted uses, special uses, height and area regulations, minimum dwelling size, floor area, sign regulations, parking regulations and any other modification to existing development standards necessary or appropriate to the preservation of the proposed historic district; 162-7 (LA Qui,v 4 94) 095 4. Proposed design guidelines for applying the criteria for review of certificates of appropriateness to the nominated historic district. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § I (part), 1992) '" 096 ([.a Qom �94) 162-8 7.08.010 Chapter 7.08 PERMITS AND PERMIT PROCEDURES Sections: 7.08.010 Permits to work on historic resources, landmark or historic district. 7.08.020 Permit procedure. 7.08.030 Permit criteria. 7.08.040 Duty to keep in good repair. 7.08.050 Existing improvements. 7.08.010 Permits to work on historic resources, landmark or historic district. A. It is unlawful for any person to tear down, demolish, construct, alter, remove or relocate any improvement or any portion thereof which has been designated a historic landmark pursuant to the provisions of this chapter, or which lies within a historic district, or to alter in any manner any feature of such a designated landmark, landmark site or improvement within a historic district without first obtaining a permit in the manner provided in this chapter. B. No board, department or commission shall grant any permit to carry out such work on a designated landmark, landmark site or within a historic district, unless a permit has previously been issued by the city council as provided in this chapter. No application for a building permit, demolition permit, grading permit, redevelopment permit, conditional use permit, variance, development plan, zone change, tentative parcel or subdivision maps, or any other permit which would allow the addition of a designated landmark, landmark site or any improvement in a historical district, shall be deemed complete unless a permit has previously been issued pursuant to this chapter. C. No permit shall be necessary for ordinary maintenance and repair if the proposed work will not alter or change the style, color, design, features or character of the landmark site or improvement and a permit is not required under Section 301(b) of the Uniform Building Code, nor does this chapter prevent the construction, reconstruction, alteration, restoration, demolition or removal of any such improvement when the building and safety department certifies to the council that such action is required for the public safety due to an unsafe or dangerous condition which cannot be rectified through the use of the State Historical Building Code. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.08.020 Permit procedure. A. An application for a permit to do work in a historic district or on a designated landmark shall be submitted to the planning and development department on forms provided by the planning and development director. This application must include the plans and specifications for the proposed work. Within thirty days of the receipt of the complete application the commission shall review the application and shall make a written report to the city council. The city council shall hold a public hearing on the application within thirty days of receipt of the commission's report. Notice of the public hearing shall be given as provided in Section 9.164.040 of this code. B. At the conclusion of the public hearing on the permit application, the city council shall, by resolution, issue or deny, in whole or in part, any permit application. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part). 1993: Ord. 207 § l (part), 1992) 7.08.030 Permit criteria. The city council shall issue a permit for the proposed work if, and only if, it determines: A. In the case of a designated historical site, that the proposed work would not detrimentally alter, destroy or adversely affect any architectural or landscape improvement; B. If the owner of a designated historical site or landmark demonstrates to the city council that such property cannot be economically used and denial of a permit would deprive the owner of all or most of his or her economic interest in the property, the council may issue the permit with an effective date one hundred eighty days from the date of issuance of the permit to allow time for the investigation of alternatives to the work proposed in the permit application, such as acquisition of site or improvement by the city or a public interest group; 162-9 )v Qui.o o-94) 097 7.08.030 C. In the case of construction of a new improvement, upon a historic site, that the exterior of such improvement will not adversely affect and will be compatible with the external appearance of existing historically designated improvements in said site; D. That the applicant has presented clear and convincing evidence of facts demonstrating to the satisfaction of the city council that such disapproval will impose immediate and substantial hardship on the applicant because of conditions peculiar to the person seeking to carry out the proposed work, whether this be property owner, tenant or resident, or because of conditions peculiar to the particular improvement, or other feature involved, and that approval of the application will be consistent with the purposes of this chapter. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § l (part), 1992) 7.08.040 Duty to keep in good repair. The owner, occupant or other person legally responsible for a landmark or historic district shall keep in good repair all portions of such landmark, district or historic site when subject to control as specified in the designating ordinance or permit and all interior portions and appurtenances thereof whose maintenance is necessary to prevent deterioration and decay of the historic resource. It shall be the duty of the building and safety director or designee to enforce this section. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 7.0&050 Existing improvements. All repairs, alterations, reconstructions, restorations or changes in use of existing improvements shall conform to the requirements of the State Historical Building Code. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § l (part), 1992) O98 (c, Q�inu a94) 162-10 7.10.010 M \i J Chapter 7.10 ENFORCEMENT —PENALTIES Sections: 7.10.010 Enforcement. 7.10.020 Restitution. 7.10.010 Enforcement. A. Whenever any alteration, demolition, relocation, construction, or grading of any site is being done contrary to the provisions of this title, the building and safety director or designee may order the action stopped by notice in writing served on any person or persons engaged in the doing or causing of such action, and any such person or persons shall forthwith stop such activity until authorized by the building and safety director or designee to proceed. B. It is unlawful for any person to cant' out any work on any improvement or site in violation of a notice stopping such work. C. Any violation of the provisions of this title shall constitute a public nuisance. (Oral. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § l (part), 1992) 7.10.020 Restitution. Upon damage, destruction or removal of a historic resource, designated landmark or historic district without permit, the preservation commission shall review the action and make recommendation for restitution commensurate with damage inflicted, specifically assessing the historic, as well as economic, value of the resource destroyed. (Ord. 238 § 2 (Exh. A) (part), 1993: Ord. 207 § 1 (part), 1992) 162-11 ... ti 99 aJ Q=u 494) DRAFT CITY OF LA QUINTA HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN MARCH 14, 1996 1. STATEMENT OF GOALS Historic Preservation Mission. - La Quinta and its citizens seek to identify, protect, and preserve the community's historic and archaeological resources in order to enhance the quality of life and economic well-being of current and future generations. Goals. The General Plan for the City of La Quinta contains one preservation goal, "Historic, archaeological and culturally significant sites, structures and programs preserved, perpetuated and integrated within the fabric of the City." This primary goal is followed by the following objective and policies: Objective 6-2.1 The City shall utilize a variety of alternative means to identify, preserve, and integrate historic and archaeological significant sites and structures. Policy 6.2.1.1 The City shall establish and maintain contact with appropriate historic and archaeological societies and Native American concerns, including the Eastern Information Center at the University of California, Riverside, the Ague Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians, the Coachella Malley Archaeological Society, the La Quinta Historical Society and/or the Riverside County Parks History Division to confirm the identification and location of historic and archaeologically significant sites and structures and to facilitate compliance with CEQA (California Environmental Quality Act), NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) and NHPA (National Historic Preservation Act)• Policy 6-2.1.2 The City shall require development applications to be reviewed by a qualified archaeologist and/or historian, as appropriate, prior to final approval to identify any project -related impacts to historical and/or archaeological resources. Policy 6-2.1.3 Appropriate mitigation measures to protect historic and archaeological resources shall be required where necessary. Where appropriate, portions of proposed projects shall be designated as Open Space and delineated as such on the Conservation Policy Diagram and the Open Space Policy Diagram in the Open Space Element. Policy 6.2.1.4 The City shall incorporate historic and archaeological resources into open space areas, including park facilities, where possible. 2 •.. 101 Policy 6.2.1.5 The City shall designate as potential historic landmarks the historic structures identified in the Existing Setting Section of the Environmental Conservation Element. The City shall facilitate preservation of such landmarks through the use of historic preservation ordinances, density transfers, incorporation within parks and other alternative means. The City of La Quinta has an adopted Historic Preservation Ordinance in place, the most current amended version adopted by the City Council on Oecember 7, 1993. The Purpose and Intent section of the ordinance states the following as goals of the City: (A) Effect the protection, enhancement, and perpetuation of historic resources, landmarks, and districts that represent or reflect elements of the City's diverse cultural, social, economic, political, and architectural history; (B) Safeguard the City's historic heritage, as represented by its historic resources, landmarks, and historic districts: (C) Stabilize and improve property values; (0) Foster civic pride in the character and accomplishments of the past; (E) Protect and enhance the City's attraction to residents, tourists, and visitors and serve to support and stimulate business and industry; (F) Strengthen the economy of the City; (G) Promote the use of historic districts and landmarks for the education, enjoyment and welfare of the people of the City. Additional goals of the Preservation Plan include the following: Goal 1: Identify historic resources significant to La Quinta's past. Goal2.• Make protection of historic and archaeological resources a municipal policy and implement this policy through effective and efficient legislation and regulatory measures. Goal 3: Establish economic incentives to encourage the preservation of historic buildings and neighborhoods. Goal4. Provide the technical assistance necessary to preserve and improve historic properties. 3 102 Goal 5.- Heighten public awareness of historic preservation in the community and improve preservation education efforts for various audiences. Goa/ 6.• Maintain and strengthen preservation partnerships between municipal government, state government, and federal agencies. Goa/ 7.- Maintain and strengthen support for historic preservation from individuals, not -for -profit preservation groups, neighborhood organizations, and downtown interests. Goa/ 6: Establish and support heritage tourism efforts appropriate to La Quinta's historic resources and community needs. Goal 9.• Conduct regular review and evaluation of historic preservation initiatives by the historic preservation community. Goa/ 10.- Adopt strategies to conserve historic neighborhoods which reflect their organic development, historical roles and traditions, modern needs, and economic health and stability. 2. DEFINITION OF HISTORIC CHARACTER The City of La Quinta is located in eastern Riverside County, in the Coachella Valley. La Quinta is situated in a desert cove area where there is a lengthy prehistoric and historic record. During the late prehistoric period, the area that is now the City was the site of Cahuilla Indian camps and villages. Artifacts from the prehistoric and protohistoric period frequently are found in the area. As recent development has come to La Quinta, important archaeological deposits have been unearthed. During the early historic period, white man settled the area as homesteaders, farmers, and investors. Agriculture became the primary industry for the area. The La Quinta Hotel was built in 1926 as a resort for the wealthy and famous. The hotel and its environs encouraged developers to create a planned community development in the 1930's with the first subdivision in the Cove area offering small single family homes on 5,000 square foot lots. The project included a club, known as the Desert Club (demolished in 1988), and commercial businesses located in a central village. The development was patterned after the Peter Pan Woodland Club located in Big Bear, California. The idea being that the two developments would honor each others memberships to provide seasonal havens for the socialites of the time. By 1948, there had been 90 building permits issued by the County of Riverside for the subdivision. The death of the developer and World War II all but stopped further building activity in the subdivision. La Quinta remained sparsely developed until the 1970's, when developers and the public realized that La Quinta offered affordable housing opportunities for working class people and luxurious home sites for the 4 • 103 affluent. In 1982, La Quinta incorporated as a city government and has experienced continual growth in both residential and commercial development. The historic contextual themes of La Quinta include the prehistoric through early settlement, the resort industry, and the Village and Cove development. The Community Development Department has prepared a Historic Context Statement for the City which identifies these three context themes and provides criteria for determining significance for each. 3. SUMMARY OF PAST AND CURRENT PRESERVATION EFFORTS The preservation efforts in La Quinta are relatively recent. In May of 1991, the City Council established the first Historic Preservation Commission and Ordinance. This Commission also served as the Planning Commission and was composed of members with little or no background in historic preservation. in December of 1993, the City Council recognized the importance of having a duly qualified preservation commission that met the requirements of the Certified Local Government (CLG) Program administered by the State Office of Historic Preservation. In so doing, the City Council amended the Historic Preservation Ordinance in order to require that a qualified Historic Preservation Commission be created. A call for application for qualified Historic Preservation commissioners was made in January, 1994, and again in May of 1994, in order to seek qualified applicants to the Commission. On June 17, 1994, the nevv Historic Preservation Commission was appointed by the La Quinta City council. The Commission is composed of three professionally qualified members and two lay members who have a demonstrated interest in historic preservation. In April, 1995, La Quinta became a Certified Local Government through the Certified Local Government Program administered by the National Park Service and the State Historic Preservation Office. The preservation program in the City of La Quinta is in an inaugural stage. It has been recognized that preservation of prehistoric and historic resources is important, and can benefit the City and its residents. The Historic Preservation Ordinance (Ordinance 238) was amended in December, 1993, in order to meet the requirements of the State Historic Preservation Office. The commission will hold public meetings at least on a quarterly basis. Study sessions, workshops, and special meetings can be scheduled as needed, with proper notice. The City's efforts to preserve the community's character have been guided by the goal, objective, and policies contained in the Open Space Element of the La Quinta General Plan, by the Village Master Plan, and by the Historic Preservation Ordinance. Project•specific review and conditions of approval have been the practical application of these above mentioned documents. Currently, the City is working toward the award of a CLG preservation grant to survey and evaluate the known historic resources and to provide a detailed sensitivity map of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites. A Historic Context Statement has just been completed as part of the survey effort. This preservation plan was prepared as a requirement of the CLG grant program. Future activities include the preparation of a Historic Preservation Element for the City's General Plan. 5 104 4. HISTORIC RESOURCES SURVEY The City of La Quinta has not yet conducted a survey of historic and archaeological resources in the community. Staff of the Community Development Department has prepared a CLG grant proposaV to fund such a survey. The locations of historic structures in the City are well known which will enable the future survey to focus on recordation and evaluation rather than initial location and identification. A Context Statement recently prepared by City staff has identified three main historical themes in La Quinta. The Context Statement provides significance criteria for each of the themes. The future survey will then categorize historic structures and archaeological sites according to the Context Statement. Once the survey is completed the data will be encoded in the City's Geographic Information System (GIS) and used as a planning tool for future preservation considerations. Once the survey has been completed, the results can be attached to this Preservation Plan. 5. EXPLANATION OF THE LEGAL BASIS FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION The legal basis for this Preservation Plan includes the adopted Historical Preservation Ordinance (Ordinance No 238) creating Title 7 of the La Quinta Municipal Code. This ordinance was amended and adopted on December 7, 1993. The ordinance creates a Historic Preservation Commission with specific duties and responsibilities. The Commission's duties consist of serving as a advisory body to the City Council and Planning Commission in all matters relating to the identification, protection, retention, and preservation of historic areas and sites within the City. The Commission is responsible for reviewing planning projects as they relate to the historic preservation of the community; publicizing and periodically updating survey results; maintaining a historic resources inventory and register; cooperating with local, County, State, and Federal agencies in the pursuit of the objectives of historic preservation; assuming whatever responsibilities and duties may be assigned to it by the State under the Certified Local Government Provision of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended, and providing opportunities for public participation and education on local historic resources among other responsibilities. The Open Space Element and the Conservation Element of the City's General Plan provides for the consideration and preservation of historic and archaeological resources. The development of a general plan is a requirement of state law, and consideration of cultural resources is a requirement. Other legal basis for implementation of the preservation program in La Quinta is compliance with Appendix K of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) of 1970, as amended. This law requires environmental review of certain development projects and this review includes historic and archaeological resources. Future activities include exercising an option provided by the State of California for local jurisdictions to create a Historic Preservation Element. The element will provide a compilation of existing goals and policies and a detailed implementation program for preservation in the City. 6 _.., 10 6. COORDINATING PRESERVATION WITH ZONING, LAND USE, AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT The City of La Quinta has a stand alone preservation ordinance - Ordinance 238, which is found as Title 7 of the La Quinta Municipal Code. The relationship between preservation and zoning is minimal as Ordinance 238 is not a part of the City's Zoning Ordinance. There are no existing historic zoning districts or historic overlay districts in the City. After the comprehensive survey is completed, it may he possible to create special zoning districts if it can be justified. The role of the Historic Preservation Commission in land -use, transportation, and public works decisions is defined as - an advisory capacity to the Planning Commission and the City Council in all matters relating to the identification, protection, retention, and preservation of historic areas and sites. In this advisory role, the Historic Preservation Commission reviews the conduct of land use, housing and redevelopment, municipal improvement and other types of planning and programs undertaken by any agency of the City. The City may use Transfer of Development Rights (TDRs) in order to achieve preservation goals, as permitted in the La Quinta General Plan. TDRs can be an effective planning tool for redirecting development away from the sites of historic buildings and archaeological sites. The Environmental Conservation Element in the City's General Plan contains Policy 6-2.1.5 which states that "The City shall designate as potential historic landmarks the historic structures identified in the Existing Setting Section of the Environmental Conservation Element. The City shall facilitate preservation of such landmarks through the use of historic preservation ordinances, density transfers, incorporation within parks and other alternative means." 7. DEFINING PUBLIC -SECTOR RESPONSIBILITIES Municipal governments frequently own some of the most important historic resources in a community. At present, the City does not own any historic structures. If historic structures or sites are acquired by the City or the City's Redevelopment Agency, then the City must recognize that it assumes the role of responsible steward for such structures over which it has direct control. The City of La Quinta is responsible far many infrastructure improvements, including road repair and replacement, sidewalk improvements, and street lighting. Decisions regarding the maintenance and disposition of City owned property and infrastructure improvements may have substantial impacts on local historic resources, especially if a property is itself historic. 8. INCENTIVES FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION A preservation program is not complete without incentives to promote the protection of historic and archaeological resources. Incentives should be included in a preservation program to help offset additional expenditures that may be necessary to comply with a historic preservation ordinance, to serve as a catalyst for neighborhood revitalization and conservation, and finally, to offset economic hardships that might arise in a taking. 7 r� 106 Currently, the City of La Quinta does not have a program of direct subsidies or tax credits available, however, density credits in the form of Transfer of Development Rights (TDRs) and the application of the State Historic Building Code are the two existing incentive strategies. Future incentive strategies that should be considered by the City include: property tax abatement, property tax freeze, property tax credits, tax-exempt bond financing, mortgage guarantees or credit enhancement, tax increment financing, relief from focal sales taxes, local government acquisition and subsequent write- down of sale of historic resources for rehabilitation, direct loans or grants, and relief from zoning and building code regulations. 9. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESERVATION AND EDUCATION An important part of the Preservation Plan is the inclusion of public education on preservation issues and policies. The month of May is proclaimed La Quinta Heritage Month by the City Council, in conjunction with the National Preservation Week and the State Archaeology Week. An annual awards program held during La Quinta Heritage Month provides recognition for groups, individuals, and developers who have contributed in some way toward preservation efforts in the City. Emphasis on education is found in the Historic Preservation Ordinance which states in the section on Purposes and Intent that "(D) Foster pride in the character and accomplishments of the past"; and "(G) Promote the use of historic districts and landmarks far the education, enjoyment, and welfare of the people of the City". One of the responsibilities of the Historic Preservation Commission is to "Participate in, promote, and conduct public information, educational, and interpretive programs pertaining to historic resource preservation." Presently, there are no formal educational programs developed for public presentation. However, it is the intent of the City through the Historic Preservation Ordinance to take advantage of the opportunity to educate the public whenever possible. Additional strategies to consider include developing a speaker's bureau, using local preservation experts to visit schools, clubs, and other forums to promote preservation. Another approach might be to develop a curriculum to teach the teachers about La Quinta's historic and archaeological resources so that the curriculum could be implemented in the classroom. 10. AN AGENDA FOR FUTURE ACTION An agenda for future action provides a time frame and an action plan for implementation of the goals and strategies included in the plan. The agenda will help set priorities for implementation of the plan. The agenda also allows for periodic review by the Historic preservation Commission to determine progress in meeting particular goals and an opportunities to revised strategies, if needed. The Action Strategy for the City of La Quinta will enable the community to measure its progress towards its preservation goals. The format for the Action Strategy includes goals, actions, first steps, time frame, and the participants for implementing the plan. The time frames include "immediate and ongoing," "short term," and "long term." 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G p« L O. r in > E` 3 m w•"- ` 3 d m m Y.N m E F_ c° a `o c E 2 d �� va c 0-0 M E g d o L E a Ji m ° Ua `m c N m o 0 0 -'^ o. n H a E U) m <n a m X M c ac � a ay 2 2 «co 5 N 0 0 U� U E w a E y m o LL Q m a ti - M .0 o ,o a o A a 6 a di c y o « « a 5 C m Y N N m c o E c o o N �> _ W 0.- Y N Y N y n'o d y C 3 E w N c d N 0 O E 0 N N .� 0 0 ~ N N '> C o y .« N 7 N OI O. c E o 'C O .0 E N '> c p N y Ul « U ow 'O a'- a p U y N 'i. Z , L c y o o o U a 0 U N D r CL 0 L H 0 ._ Q d _ i m Y y Y 0.0 C o O y U a CL A Q .° a0. «: C O N w c o N E w p 0 y U w° 3 F- 0 c a'cr > Q o w N Q Q 0 C a N N N E y f7 2 'O N L. Q 'O J> OO d pOUyC v d L p O pU� E oO Oin J \ d Y > y N U c yN 0 m0°n7U'c_ ao° O W N N CD L y. o �> two 0 L >_ a L 0 o N 0 m Fn O> '> > C7 i► 0 a a c �> m `m A u m v N r o a w U a`. .y_' N Y N C E E E O N U n o in 2 m W ri CORRESPONDENCE AND WRITTEN MA TERIAL 112 NaEenal Tmat for Historic Preservation Fax 688E 8 Voice_ 402688629E To: Leslie Mouriquard ae NAPC Page l of:? SaWrday, Fpol 0E, 1998119:n AM National Trust for Historic Preservation 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, N-W nl Washington, DC 20036-2117 (202) c88-6000 / FAX (202) 588-6038 / Inteniet A✓ Vw,nafoiaaltiust.org MOUSE AND SENATE PASS SURFACE TRANSPORTATION BILLS'.', DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF ISTEA RENEWAL TO BE RESOLVED BY CONFERENCE COMMITTEE VITAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION CONCERNS IN QUESTION Both the Senate and the House of Representatives have now approved six -year renewals of the Intennodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), the national surface transportation ]am. The two bills contain numerous differences which must be ironed out in a conference committee before a measure can be sent to President Clinton. To be resolved are differences in overall spending levels for the six years, the mix of spending for highways and public transit, specific projects added by House members, transportation policy priorities, and how the nearly 40% more spending for transportation will affect all the other spending priorities. The Surface Transportation Policy Project reports that of the 25 core recornrnendations contained in its Blueprint for ISTEA Reauthorization, 22 are either entirely or sigiliticantly addressed in one of the two bills. Planning and public participation requirements, a policy emphasis on system preservation versus new construction, a scenic byways program, and more decision -making power for local-Ovcnunents are among the progressive elements preserved in both bills. There are four items of very specific concern to the lustoric preservation cormnunity which we must work hard to have included in the conference agreement. In each case we are supporting the Senate provisions and urging that they be included in the final version. 1. The Senate enhancements provisions are superior to the House's, because the Senate version does not provide for partial transferability of enhancements funds to other activities, like road building. The enhancements ethic is not yet fully supported in all of the states, and historic preservation needs six more years of a dedicated minimum allocation for the enhancements program. 2. The Senate bill makes changes in the Historic Bridge Program that will promote much greater preservation and adaptive reuse of historic bridges by permitting historic bridge funds to be supplemented by enhancements fiords. It's a cornmon sense change that should be in the final version. 3. The Senate bill contains a new program that will assist states in preserving the Nation's historic covered bridges. The Trmtonal Tru.slfor-Hisloric Pre.senaftonprovides teadershlp, education, midadoococvm sm•e A,,ni 's dn,rse historicpluses and revitafize oltr communities. 04-03-98 22:18 RECEIVED FROM: P.01 113 Netiernl Tmet far Histsne Preserr al Fexc202568b0.98 Voice: 282d"N4 To: Leslie Mourlquend et. NAPC Pee, 2 of 2 SZWPdey, A,ni U, 1981:21:26 AM 4. The Senate's planting provisions dealing with local government consultation clearly state that it should take place with local elected officials. The House leaves out the word "elected," and we strongly feel that elected officials at the local level are the best ones to represent the views of the citizenry, including the historic preservation community. ACTION NEEDED The ISTEA conferees will be the members of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee and the 18 members of the House Transportation and hifrastructure Committee (see rosters below). Please contact these Representatives and Senators and urge them to support: our priority items for the conference agreement. You may want to ask your legislators who do not serve on these committees to help out by urging their colleagues who do to support progressive surface transportation legislation and the priorities of the historic preservation community. Congress will not be back in session in Washington until April 21 st. This presents an excellent opportunity to find your Representative and Senators at home in their district offices. 'Those offices and their numbers are listed in your area phone books under U. S. Government. We have been working together on ISTEA for nearly 18 months, and we have been vent successful to date. We are really trying to cement our progress with this last round of contacts. Thank your legislators for all the help they have given you on transportation issues in the past and ask for their support on the above points. ISTEA CONFERENCE COMMITTEE MEMBERS House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Bud Shuster (R-PA) - Chairman; Don Young (R-AIL); Thomas Petri (R-WI); Sherwood Boehlert (R-NY); Jay Kim (R-CA); Steve Horn (R-CA); Tillie Fowler (R-FL): Richard Baker (R-LA); Robert Ney (R-OH); Jack Metcalf (R-WA); James Oberstar (D-MN), Ranking Mbr.; Nick Rahall (D-WV); Robert Borski (D-PA); William Lipinski (D-IL); Bob Wise (D-WV); James Clyburn (D-SC); Bob Filner (D-CA); and Jim McGovern (D-MA). Senate Enviromuent and Public Woks Couunittee John H. Chafee (R-RI) - Chairman; John W. Warner (R-VA); Robert C. Smith (R-NH); Dirk Kempthorne (R-ID); James M. Inhofe (R-OK) Craig ,Thomas (R-WY); Christopher S. Bond (R-MO); Tim Hutchinson (R-AR); Wayne Allard (R-CO); Jeff Sessions (R-AL); Max Baucus (D-MT) - Ranking Mbr.; Daniel P. Moynihan (D-NY); Frank R. Lautenberg (D-NJ); Harry Reid (D-NV); Bob Graham (D-FL); Joe Lieberman (D-CT); Barbara Boxer (D-CA); Ron Wyden (D-OR). - April 3, 1995 79ve Natioral Ti Flrtoric Preservation Provides leadersfiip education, and advocacy to mve America's verse htrloric pLeces and revitafire om commmfitles. 04-03-98 22 a 20 RECEIVED FROM: 1 114P . 92 NWenelTmst for Hizene Preservation Fax 202688i 8 Voice: 202S88E654 To: Leslie Mounquand at W n Page t ef4 Wedne'.scho, June 10, 19985:58:47 AM National Trust for Historic Preservation 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 111 Washmgton, DC 20036-21 t 7 (202) 588-6000 / FAX (202) 588-6038 /hitenset. av aro .nationahssistorg CONGRESS PASSES NEW TRANSPORTATION REAUTHORIZATION BILL!!! Major Victory for Enhancements Program Funding, Spending Formulas and Historic Bridge Program!! House and Senate conferees reached an agreement on a bill (H.R. 2400) to reauthorize the nation's surface transportation programs on May 22nd. The conference report (H. Rpt. 105-550) was passed by the House and Senate the same day and the bill -- renamed "The Transportation Equity Act for the 21 st Century" (TEA-21) -- is on the President's desk awaiting the arrival of a companion technical corrections measure (H.R. 3978). The President has until June 9th to sign the bill, with or without the accompanying corrections bill. Funding Levels and Spending Formulas for Enhancements According to figures compiled by the Rails -to -Trails Conservancy (RTC) and the Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse, spending for transportation enhancements will average $630 million per year for the six -year authorization (from $618 million in 1998 to $639 million in 2003), for a total of $3.8 billion -- an approximate 40% increase over enhancements spending under the first ISTEX The Rails -to -Trails Conservancy expresses confidence in these numbers, but cautions that they are preliminary in nature and could be subject to change. Enhancement spending remains ten percent of each state's Surface Transportation Program. Since TEA-21 contains major distribution formula changes and other program adjustments that will affect the totals each state will receive, trot every state will have dramatic increases in enhancements allocations. A few states actually will receive much less than they had received under the old ISTEA. Please consult the attached chart for the RTC estimates for your state. The conference report also contains a modified version of the House proposal to permit states to transfer a portion of their enhancements allocation to road building. The transfer percentage was reduced from 50% to 25% and the calculations of what can be transferred were changed to our material benefit. You will see from the attached RTC chart that enhancement funds eligible for transfer are not significant for most states. New Eligible Activities, Programs slid Standards The conferees agreed to four additions to the enhancements eligible activities list: (1) safety and education programs for pedestrians and bicyclists; (2) wildlife habitat connectivity to reduce vehicle -caused wildlife mortality; (3) transportation museums; and (4) tourist and welcome centers which have a clear lint: to scenic or historic sites. The conferees also approved a new Transit Enhancements Program which requires 'transit agencies in urbanized areas with populations of 200,000 or more to set aside one percent of their The Nfimial Trudfor NsloricA'esemmionprovides leoder.shfp educmion. midadvoca io save dnrrlca's diverse hialorfeplres and w0aLe our communities. 06-10-98 63: 04 RECEIVED FROM: e•, .�JP.01 15 Natonal Trust for Historic Preservation Fa:202600603e Voice 2026668266 To:L,,ho14ourique,d a NFPC Page204 Wednesday, June 10, 1g0860041 AM urban formula funds for the following activities: historic preservation; rehabilitation and operation of historic mass transit buildings and facilities; bus shelters; landscaping and beautification; public art; pedestrian and bicycle access; transit connections to parks; signage; and enhanced transit access for persons with disabilities. Estimates are that this set -aside will generate $30 million nationally each year for these activities. The changes the National Trust proposed for the Historic Bridge Program (which will lead to saving more historic bridges) and Senator Jeffords' new program for historic covered bridges were approved by the conferees, but were inadvertently left out of the printed conference report. We have been assured that both bridge items will be in the technical corrections bill that Congress is expected to approve on June 5111. In addition, Federal Highway Administration policy and the House -passed version of the transportation reauthorization bill specified that transportation enlianeements activities must have a "direct link to transportation;" however, the conferees rewrote the provision to say that enhancements projects must have "a relationship to transportation- -- a less restrictive and much preferred standard. Outlook for Intermodal Transportation Under TEA-21 The impact of TEA-21 on intermodal surface transportation programs will be determined by how effectively surface transportation funds are spent in the states. State and local planning, state department oftransportation reforms, better local government controls, strengthened citizen involvement, public education, and grassroots advocacy will be major factors in strengthening intermodal forms of transportation under TEA-21. These activities are already underway with increasing intensity around the country largely as a result of the impetus provided by the 1991 1:STEA legislation. TEA-21 improves on the 1991 ISTEA statute by providing more overall funding. Early analysis of TEA-21 suggests that not only will absolute dollars for comin unity and environmental programs increase substantially, but their share of total funding will also rise. A lack of detail in the news media coverage surrounding the provisions of TEA-21 initially created a false impression that the bill's six -year, $170 billion authorization was dedicated solely for new highway construction. However, TEA- 21 contains the lowest mandated spending on nev? highwa.), construction ever and, according to the Surface Transportation Policy Project, the only category of spending prcjeeted to decrease as a share of the bill's total is new highway capacity! The new legislation provides the opportunity for expanded diversity and flexibility in spending for intermodal forms of transportation. The bill's highway title contains funding for air quality programs, metropolitan and statewide planning, enhancements, and new eligibility for transit capital projects. TEA-21 also contains many other provisions important to historic preservationists -- such as the reauthorization of the scenic byways program -- which we will be reporting on in greater detail in the near future. TEA-21 is a major victory for historic preservation. The National Trust thanks all preservation advocates for the many letters, phone calls and personal contacts with Members of Congress made on behalf of the enhancements program and the historic preservation elements of the transportation reauthorization bill. For additional information or details on TEA-21, please call Dan Costello in the Department of Law and Public Policy at (202) 588-6167. -dune 5, 1998 06-10-98 03: 06 RECEIVED FROM: P-02 Nadonal Tm t for Historic Preservation Fox: 202688b Voice: 202E SZA To: Leslie M>uriqusnd at NAPC Pe0e3of4 Wednesday,June10.IN8 6:02:03ANI TRANSPORTATION ENHANCEMENTS FUNDING ESTIMATES UNDER TEA-21 (in $ millions) Preliminary Figures Annual Ave. Apport. STP Annual Avg. Appt. TE ISTEA, 6-Year Enhancements TEA-21, 6-Year Total Enhancements 6-Year Total TE; Transferable Alabama $131,151,000 $13,115,100 $53,504,774 $78,690,600 $676,550 Alaska $59,687,000 $5,968,700 $70,005,709 $35,812,200 S0 Arizona $109,866,000 $10,986,600 $40,049,255 $65,919,600 $3,096,,504 Arkansas $93,043,000 $9304,300 $32,402,355 $55,825,800 $1,938,896 California $595,027,000 $59,502,700 $214,331,868 $357,016,200 $20.350,520 Colorado $85,562,000 $8,556,200 $39,707,145 $51,337200 $1,778,276 Connecticut $71,079,000 $7,107,900 $61,086,448 $42,647A00 $0 Delaware $31,989,000 $3,198,900 S16,666,717 $19,193,400 $0 District of $27,219,000 $2,721,900 $12,600,809 $16,331,400 $307,658 Columbia Florida $323,906,000 $32,390,600 $133,023,903 $194,343,600 $2,071,209 Georgia $242,869,000 $24,286,900 $82,891,619 $145,721,400 $5,938,983 Hawaii $31,217,000 $3,121,700 $38,298,688 $18,730,200 $0 Idaho $44,392,000 $4A39,200 $26,530,632 S26,635200 $15,353 Illinois S215,077,000 S21,507,700 S123,295,218 $129.046200 $0 Indiana $165,802,000 S16,580,200 $67,931,250 S99,48L200 S22,670 Iowa $82,661,000 $8,266,100 $39,873,187 S49,596,600 S2,455,487 Kansas $90,878,000 $9,087,900 $31,981628 $54,526,800 $6,044,616 Kentucky $107,979,000 $10,797,900 $47,068,690 $64,787,400 $0 Louisiana $99,265,000 S9,926,500 $37,178e605 $59,559,000 S3,386,928 Maine $32,650,000 $3,265,000 $17,191,498 $19,590,000 S46,047 Maryland $94,797,000 $9,479,700 $38,969,552 $56,878,200 5;811,135 Massachusetts $95,922,000 $9,592,200 $48,666,068 $57,553,200 $o Michigan $225,858,000 $22,585,800 $65,495,010 $135,514,800 $13,466,018 Minnesota $116,267,000 $11,626,700 $45,700,809 $69,760,200 $2.,771,97 Mississippi $85,645,000 $8,564.500 $31,705228 $51,387,000 $1,681,103 Missouri $153,494,000 $15,349,400 $48,317,191 $92,096,400 S4,798,011 06-10-98 03:07 RECEIVED FROM: ems, 117 P.03 National Trust for Historic Preservshan Faa:2o2666b030 Volee:2026666264 To: Leslie Mounauard et NAPC Pa9e4o14 Wsdr,,;d y,June 10, INS 600:10Mt Annual Avg. Apport. STP Annual Avg. Appt. TE ISTEA, 6-Year Enhancements TEA-21, 6-Year Total Enhancements 6-Year Total TE Transrerable Montana $47,277,000 $4,727,700 $32,449,906 $28,366,200 $10 Nebraska $55,922,000 $5,592,200 $29,315.521 $33,553,200 $351.,776 Nevada $45,315,000 $4,53L500 $23,852,689 527,189,000 $313,874 New $31,834,000 $3,183,400 $17,629,802 $19,100,400 $0 Hampshire New Jersey 5127309,000 $12,770,900 $57,424,096 $76,625.400 $56,499 New Mexico $57,446,000 $5,744,600 538,348,949 $34,467,600 $0 New York $248,343,000 $24,834,300 $116,730,341 $149,005,800 $0 North Carolina $184,568,000 $18,456,800 $77,874,860 $110,740,800 52,058,083 North Dakota $38,754,000 $3,875,400 $25,798,561 $23,252,400 $0 Ohio $216,389,000 $21,638,900 $86,749,267 $129.833,400 $0 Oklahoma 5116,331,000 $11,631100 $42,415,454 569,798,600 52,833,967 Oregon $80,005,000 $8,000,500 $29,968.572 $48,003,000 $1,893,107 Pennsylvania $216,673,000 $21,667,300 549,331.104 SL3Q003,800 514,971,554 Rhode Island $34,742,000 $3,474,200 $13,827,299 S20,845.200 S1,297,898 South Carolina 5116212,000 $11,621,200 $40,637,578 569,727,200 $2,107,410 South Dakota $43,756,000 $4.375,600 $26,161,791 526,253,600 $O Tennessee $139,481,000 $13,948,100 $54,125,552 $83,688,600 $556,662 Texas $518,203,000 $51,820,300 $192,023,034 $310,92L800 $11,274,248 Utah $49,936,000 $4,993,600 $20,217,229 $29,96L600 52,358,146 Vermont $30,580,000 $3,058,000 $14,585,858 $18,348,000 5417,879 Virginia 5171,557,000 517,155,700 $46,664,691 $102,934,200 $8,509.473 Washington $115,039,000 511,503,900 $32,947,294 $69,023,400 $4,1411310 West Virginia $47,396,000 $4,739,600 $22,053,149 $28,437,600 $5511,291 Wisconsin $144,587,000 $14,458,700 $68,750,331 $86,752,200 $0 Wyoming $30,436,000 $3,043,600 $21,983,088 $18,261,600 $0 Totals: 56,321,793,000 $632,179,300 52,266,861,891 53,793,075,800 5120.3-70,729 06-10-98 03: 08 RECEIVED FROM: 11.8 94 National Trust for Histone Preservation Fax AJ38L 18 Voice: 202d88S204 To: Leslie Mounquand at'. NAPC Pagel of8 Wednesday, Aptl108, 19W 1004 49AM March 1998 Vol. 2 Preservation Advocate News National Trust for Historic Preservation Department of Law and Public Policy CONGRESSIONAL SPRING RECESS IN APRIL: Opportunities for Advocacy The 105th Congress will take its Spring Recess in April and provide a great opportunity for advocates to visit the Members of Congress in their district offices. The House will be in recess April 2-20, the Senate from April 4-19, The National Trust encourages all advocates to take advantage of this important "down time" to reconnect with their elected officials on the key preservation issues in the 105th Congress, including: the historic homeownership tax credit, FY99 appropriations, takings, ISTEA reauthorization, postal relocations and closings, and HPF reauthorization. Special funding issues to raise with your Members include a budget request from the Historic Preservation Fund of $2.7 million for National Historic Landmarks grants and $50 million to support the Millennium Initiative for grants to States, Tribes, and Federal agencies for preservation of the Nation's heritage. in this edition , . . Congressional Spring Recess in April: Opportunities for Advocacy Senate Passes Transportation Reauthorization (ISTEA2/S. 1173); House Marks Up ISTEA House Resources Committee Marks Up Hefley Bill (H_R. 1522) Takings Bills on the Move in House and Senate but Lack Credible Support Senate Judiciary Committee Votes in Favor of Takings Bill ' House Passes Tucker Act Shuffle Relief Act of 1997 Homeownership Tax Credit Bill Lobbying Underway (H.R. 1134/S. 496) Low -Income Housing Cap Legislation in Need of Support (H.R. 2990, S. 1252, H.R. 3290) National Trust Testifies before Congress Proposed Amendments to the Antiquities Act of 1906 and World Heritage Sites Program in the United States - Senate Subcommittee on National Parks, Historic Preservation, and Recreation, February 12 ' GSA Federal Building Leasing Process Senate Committee on Environment and Public 'Works Field Hearing, Butte, MT, February 17 ' Proposed Plan for a Visitors Cem:er and Museum Facilities Project at Gettysburg National Military Park, Senate Subcommittee on National Parks, Historic Preservation and Recreation, February 24 ' FY99 Interior Appropriations for Historic Preservation, House Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, March 3 Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Holds Hearing on Historic Lighthouse Preservation Bill (S. 1403) Green Scissors Campaign Issues 1998 Report Card. Route 710, Corridor H, and Stillwater Bridge Alternative Projects Cited e State and Local News ' Chicago -based Demonstration Project for LEM Mortgage Approved by Fannie Mae, Mortgage Lenders Forum News Special Report. 'An Act to Revive Historic Urban Neighborhoods' Advocate News Reprints Public Policy Publications for Sale SENATE PASSES TRANSPORTATION REAUTHORIZATION iISTEA2); House Will Consider Week of March 30 The Senate passed S. 1173 (ISTEA2), a six -year reauthorization of the nation's surface transportation programs on March 12th after eleven days of floor consideration_ The Senate's ISTEA2 package totals 04-98-98 07:43 RECEIVED FROM: ]l 1 J ! National Tmst for Hiatone Preservatlon Fax:=0 8MN Vaice: 2N2886a4 To:Leslie Mou,quwd at NAPC Page 2of 8 Wednesday, Apnl 89, 199010,45:41 AM Preservation Advocate News, March 1998, Vol. 2 $214 billion over six years -- approximately $36 billion per year. The most controversial of the proposed amendments affecting historic preservation -- anti - resource, anti -enhancements, anti -transit, and anti -clean air quality -- were either withdrawn or so modified as to render them harmless in the final version of the bill. Most of the divisions between competing interests in the Senate bill were resolved by the higher spending levels of the entire package. Overall, the Senate's ISTEA2 bill is very favorable to historic preservation. House consideration of its bill (H.R. 2400), the "Building Efficient Surface Transportation and Equity Act of 1997" (BESTEA), will begin the week of March 30th. The National Trust supports H.R. 2400 as reported out of the House Transportation on March 24th, despite its considerable differences with the Senate bill. The National Trust will be monitoring the conference committee negotiations resolving these differences to ensure that the historic preservation elements of the transportation reauthorization bill remain unaffected. HOUSE RESOURCES COMMITTEE MARKS UP HEFLEY BILL The House Committee on Resources marked up H.R. 1522, a bill making amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), on March 25th. Introduced by Rep. Joel Hefley (R-CC), H.R. 1522 will extend the authorization for deposits of royalties from off shore oil leases for the Historic Preservation Fund (HPF) to 2004, The HPF provides funding for the national preservation program through the annual appropriations process The Resources Committee adopted Rep. Hefley's substitute amendment to H.R. 1522 as approved by the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands on March 11th. Among other changes, the Hefley substitute amendment: 1) extends the authorization for deposits of royalties from off shore oil leases for the HPF until 2004, 2) specifically limits Section 107 of the NHPA which exempts the White House and its grounds, the Supreme Court building and its grounds, and the United States Capitol and its related buildings and grounds, from the Act, 3) codifies President Clinton's Executive Order 13006, stipulating that Federal agencies give first consideration to historic properties in historic districts in central downtown areas and business districts when relocating federal facilities. TAKINGS BILLS ON THE MOVE IN HOUSE AND SENATE BUT UNLIKELY TO BECOME LAW Senate Judiciary Committee Votes in Favor of Takings Bill The Senate Judiciary Committee passed a federal takings bill — H.R. 1534, the "Citizens Access to Justice Act' -- on a party line 10-8 vote on February 26th. The vote prompted Democratic members of the Committee to threaten a filibuster of the proposed legislation on the Senate floor. Senator Orrin Hatch (R- UT), the chairman of the Judiciary Committee, promised to modify the controversial bill to ensure that it has a chance for passage. The National Trust thanks our faxboard advocates in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee who responded to our alert on the takings bill and lobbied key members of the Senate Judiciary Committee -- Senators DeWine (R- OH) , Specter (R-PA) and Thompson (R-TN) -- to vote against the bill. Your timely advocacy with these key committee members was instrumental in affecting their views. Even though the bill was favorably reported out of committee, the strict party -line vote was undermined by concerns voiced by those three Republicans and others reserving judgement on support for the bill on the floor of the Senate. Before casting his vote, Senator DeWine stated that 'th is bill in its current form is not the solution ... it imposes tremendous burdens on local communities." The National Trust and a chorus of national organizations representing state and local governments are on record in opposition to H.R. 1534, including. National Association of Counties, National Governors Association, National Association of Towns and Townships: National Conference of State Legislatures, National League of Cities, U.S. Conference of Mayors, International Municipal Lawyers Association, International City and County Managers Association, and, 41 State Attorneys General. House Passes Tucker Act Shuffle Relief Act of 1997 The House of Representatives passed another takings bill -- the "Tucker Act Shuffle Relief Act of 1997" (H.R. 992) --by a vote of 230 to 180 on March 12th, opening up another front in the war against land use and environmental protection regulation. Introduced by Rep. Lamar Smith (R-TX), H.R. 992 would allow unfettered legal challenges to land use, environmental, and health and safety protections already approved by Congress. H.R. 992 would create massive regulatory uncertainty by allowing claimants to challenge a wide range of previously -decided environmental protection and land use issues in the Court of Federal Claims and (on appeal) the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Each of these courts would be free to ignore rulings that had previously upheld an action protecting neighboring homeowners, communities and the environment. Anyone 04-08-98 67:44 RECEIVED FROM: 4, 120 P.02 Natonal Trust for Historic Proseryabon Fax:=0 8i 8 Voice: 202b U8 4 To: Lealie Mouriquend 9 NAPC Pege3of8 WednesLe$APrI08,19% 10:47:19 AM Preservation Advocate News, March 1998, Vol. 2 oaee 3 who is unsatisfied with existing settled precedent in their local federal district and appellate court could file such a claim and, in effect, shop for a forum in a more sympathetic court. Although H.R. 992 ultimately passed the House by a 50-vote margin, the bill's prospects are undermined by an earlier vote on a Democratic substitute amendment that required the unusual step of having Speaker Newt Gingrich (R-GA) cast a vote to break a 206 to 206 tie. The final vote did nothing to inspire confidence for the hill's chances and is not nearly enough to overcome a threatened Administration veto. HOMEOWNERSHIP TAX CREDIT LOBBYING UNDERWAY Efforts to secure passage of the "Historic Homeownership Assistance Act" (H_R_ 1134/S. 496) are underway in the second session of the 105th Congress by seeking additional cosponsors for the proposed legislation and soliciting the support of the Administration for the bill. Representative John Lewis (D-GA) and 27 House Democrats sent a letter of support for the historic homeownership tax credit bill to President Clinton on February 12th, urging the Administration to support the bill in any tax legislation considered by Congress this year. The letter of support emphasized how the homeownership tax credit would serve as a catalyst to revitalize inner cities and small town main streets, provide a much needed boost to older neighborhoods, and stabilize the tax base of the nation's older communities. The letter also stated that the homeownership tax credit is a "carefully targeted incentive" to low- and middle -income families, which make up the majority of residents in the nation's historic districts and older urban communities. Preservation activists in Washington continue to work with congressional staffers to address the revenue loss issue. Action Needed The National Trust urges all advocates to contact your Representatives and Senators and ask them to cosponsor the homeownership tax credit bill. If they are already a cosponsor, thank them and ask them to work for passage of the bill. If you would like a sample letter, a list of cosponsors or more information, please contact the Law and Public Policy Office at 202-588-6254. WRITE TO: The Honorable (full name) U.S. House of Representatives/United States Senate Washington, DC 20515/20510 Dear Representative/Senator LOW-INCOME HOUSING CAP LEGISLATION IN NEED OFSUPPORT Efforts are underway in Congress Io increase the cap on the low-income housing tax credit by 40% and index it forward to inflation. The cap increase has been proposed in three bills-- H.R. 2990, H.R. 3290, and S. 1252 — and could produce an additional 150,000 to 180,000 affordable rental homes over the next five years. The low-income housing credit is the nation's primary tool for building affordable rental housing. Established by Congress in 1986 and made permanent in 1993, the credit has produced over 900,000 clean, safe and affordable homes. The low-income housing tax credit has been the cornerstone of the revitalization of low-income communities and contributes to economic growth, generating approximately 60,000 jobs, $1.8 billion in wages and $650 million in federal taxes annually. The low-income housing credit can also be combined with the historic rehabilitation tax credit to create affordable rental housing units utilizing historic structures. Action Needed Write or call or your Representative and Senators and ask them to cosponsor H.R. 2990 (sponsored by Rep. John Ensign, R-NV), H.R. 3290 (sponsored by Rep. Nancy Johnson, R-CT), and S. 1252 (sponsored by Sen. Alfonse M. D'Amato, R-NY). Let your Representatives and Senators know that overcoming the nation's severe shortage of decent, affordable housing requires creative, market -driven solutions such as the Icw-income housing tax credit In particular, let your Members of Congress know that H. R. 3290 modifies the criteria for allocating housing credits among projects to give preference to existing housing that is part of a community revitalization plan and community revitalization projects located in qualified census tracts. This kind of "place -based" allocation of federal resources reinforces preservation efforts H.R_ 2990 and H.R. 3290 have been referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means S. 1252 has been referred to the Senate Committee on Finance. WRITE TO: The Honorable (full name) U.S. House of Representatives/United States Senate Washington, DC 20515120510 Dear Representative/Senator OR CALL the U.S. Capitol Switchboard at :225-3121 (House), 224-3121 (Senate) and ask to be connected to your Representative's or Senators' offices. H.R. 2990 has 61 cosponsors and S. 1252 has 18 cosponsors. H R. 3290 has no cosponsors. 04-98-98 97:46 RECEIVED FROM: ''.,,) 121 l Na l Trust for Hill Preservazian Fax:2 439b 8 VoiceTo: Leslie Mounquand at: NAPC Pa9edot8 Wedne:aay,Aprl08,19W 10.40:63M4 Preservation Advocate News, March 1998, Vol. 2 oaee 4 NATIONAL TRUST TESTIFIES BEFORE CONGRESS ON ANTIQUITIES ACT, WORLD HERITAGE SITES, GSA LEASING POLICIES, GETTYSBURG VISITOR MUSEUM PROJECT, AND FY99 INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS The Antiquities Act of 1906 and the World Heritage Sites Program Edward M. Norton, Jr., National Trust Vice - President for Law and Public Policy, testified before the Senate Subcommittee on Parks, Historic Preservation, and Recreation on February 12th in opposition to proposed amendments to the Antiquities Act of 1906, and proposed changes to the World Heritage Sites Program in the United States. The "Idaho Protection Act of 1997" (S. 62), the "National Monument Fairness Act" (H.R. 1127/S. 477), and Section 3 of the `Public Land Management Participation Act of 1997" (S. 691) would amend the Antiquities Act to require an Act of Congress before the permanent establishment of a national monument by the President. H.R. 1127 would also restrict the President's authority under the Act to issue proclamations involving more than 50,000 acres. These proclamations would be limited to one per state in a single calendar year, and require the President to obtain the written comments from the governor of the affected state prior to submitting a national monument proposal to Congress for approval. The National Trust testified in opposition to these bills. U.S. Participation in World Heritage Sites Program Threatened Mr. Norton also testified against two bills that would amend Section 401 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) — S. 691, the "Public Land Management Participation Act of 191 and H.R. 901, the''American Land Sovereignty Protection Act." These bills propose to amend the NHPA to require an Act of Congress before any lands owned by the United States are designated for inclusion on the World Heritage List. The National Trust apposes these amendments as unnecessary, inappropriate and prohibitively burdensome to the World Heritage sites program_ Legislative Status Two of the bills considered by the Subcommittee on Parks on February 12th have passed the House -- H.R. 901, the "American Land Sovereignty Protection Act," and H.R. 1127, the "National Monument Fairness Act." H.R. 901 and H.R. 1127 have already passed the House and pose threats to the World Heritage Sites Program and the Antiquities Act of 1906, respectively. All advocates should be ready to fight against these bills if they are brought before the full Senate. GSA Federal Building Leasing Policies National Trust Mountains/Plains Regional Director Barbara Pahl testified before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works at a field hearing in Butte, Montana, regarding the General Service Administration's (GSA) federal building leasing policies on February, 17th. Director Pahl testified that public input and local community involvement are critical components of national policy in preserving historic resources and strengthening downtown commercial renters. Pahl made two major recommendations for GSA to meet its historic preservation responsibilities with regard to its federal leasing policies. First, GSA should broaden its "Good Neighbor Program" -- a new and constructive public/private partnership with urban downtown associations -- beyond business improvement districts (BIDS) to include the "economic and civil life of the whole downtown." Second, GSA should issue implementation guidelines for Executive Order 13006 to show the practical benefits for federal agencies of forming partnerships with local governments and private organizations in the field to enhance and revitalize their downtown areas. Director Pahl concluded her testimony with a recommendation that Congress should codify Executive Order 13006 as proposed in H.R. 1522. (See earlier story.) Proposed New Visitor Center and Museum Facilities at Gettysburg National Military Park National Trust President Richard Moe testified before the Senate Subcommittee on National Parks, Historic Preservation, and Recreation on February 24th, regarding the proposed new visitor center and museum facilities project at Gettysburg National Military Park. The proposed plan calls for removing the present visitor center and the Cyclorama building and restoring those parcels of the battlefield to its 1863 condition. The new plan holds the promise of protecting and preserving archives and artifacts which are now at risk, and significantly enhancing the visitor experience and understanding of what happened at Gettysburg. Mr. Moe stated that the new visitor center plan deserves serious consideration, but within ire standard processes established under the Park Service's own procedures, the National Environmental Po icy Act, the National Historic Preservation Act, and other applicable laws and regulations. A systematic review of the new plan should also be undertaken within the framework of a General Management Plan for the Park and involve the public at every stage of the review process to ensure that the new visitor center enhances resource protection and the visitor experience. 04-08-98 07:47 RECEIVED FROM: P.94 G National Trust for Histenc Preservation Fax: 202E88S 9 Voice: 2024ii88d26d To: Leslie Moun,.,d a NAPC Pe8e6ofS Wedneadq, APn108, 19% 10:60:40 AM Preservation Advocate News, March 1998, Vol. 2 Fiscal Year 1999 Funding for Historic Preservation Ed Norton testified before the Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies on March 3, 1998 in support of fiscal year 1999 funding for historic preservation. Mr. Norton requested $100 million for the nation's historic preservation activities in fiscal year 1999 and urged the subcommittee to provide the following funding levels • $40 million in grants-in-aid to the State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs), and to provide an increase in funding to Tribal and Native Hawai'ian preservation programs and the Historically Black Colleges and Universities, through the Historic Preservation Fund (HPF), • $50 million for the "Save America's Treasures" program, which is part of President Clinton's Millennium Initiative, $3 million for the National Park Service's "Vanishing Treasures" Initiative, • $3 million for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and, • $1.95 million for the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training in Natchitoches, Louisiana, Fiscal year 1999 will be the first year since 1976 that the National Trust is not seeking a direct federal appropriation from Congress. In fiscal year 1996, Congress stipulated that the National Trust would have three years to transition off of federal funding. Mr. Norton thanked the chairman and the subcommittee for honoring the transition agreement, which provided $3.5 million per year to the National Trust through fiscal year 1998, and urged the subcommittee to appropriate the $3.5 million appropriation forgone by the National Trust in FY99 to the state historic preservation offices. "Save America's Treasures Mr. Norton endorsed the Clinton Administration's request of $50 million from the Historic Preservation Fund for the "Save America's Treasures" program as part of the Administration's Millennium Initiative. The proposed "Save America's Treasures" program through the U. S. Department of Interior will. provide $50 million from the Historic Preservation Fund in special funding for heritage projects in each of two years, starting in Fiscal Year 1999, allow $25 milion of these funds to be transferred to federal agencies' efforts toward preservation and restoration of endangered historic sites, artifacts, and documents identified by the National Park Service and other federal agencies, authorize $25 million -- to be granted by State Historic Preservation Officers with appropriate state partners -- to assist historic sites, artifacts, and documents owned by state agencies, local governments, and nonprofit organizations, and require that the grants be matched. The program will include a parallel private effort to raise money from corporations, foundations and individuals, and a public education campaign highlighting the importance of preserving America's heritage. TheAdministration has requested that the National Trust assist with the public education campaign and work with a high-level advisory committee to direct this funding to the urgent preservation needs identified at the national level and by the states. Copies of the National Trust's testimony before Congress are available from the Law and Public Policy Department. Please call (202) 583-6254 for further information. SENATE ENERGY COMMITTEE HOLDS HEARING ON LIGHTHOUSE PRESERVATION BILL The Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources held a hearing on S. 1403, the "National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 1997," on February 11th. Introduced by Senator Frank Murkowski (R-AK), S. 1403 would amend the National Historic Preservation Act to establish a national historic lighthouse preservation program. S. 1403 requires the Secretary of the Interior to implement a lighthouse preservation program and carry out the following activities: • collect and disseminate information concerning historic light stations, including historic lighthouses and associated structures, • foster educational programs relating to the history, practice, and contribution to society of historic light stations, sponsor or conduct research and study into the history of light stations, maintain a listing of historic light stations, and assess the effectiveness of the program regarding the conveyance of historic light stations. Conveyances and Sales of Historic Li c ht t Stations S. 1403 also requires the Secretary of the Interior 04-08-98 07:49 RECEIVED FROM: 95 12� National Tmst for Historic Preservation r ex: 202688i088 Voice: 202ae4i24 To: Leslie Mouriquand as NAPC Pa8e6of8 Wednesday,AprIM ISM 105207Mt Preservation Advocate News, March 1998, Vol. 2 and the Administrator of the General Services Administration (GSA) to establish a process for identifying and selecting an "eligible entity to which a historic light station could be conveyed for education, park, recreation, cultural and historic preservation purposes." An "eligible entity" for conveyance would include any department or agency of the state or the local government of the community in which the historic light station is located, a nonprofit corporation, and an educational agency or community development organization. Under S. 1403, priority consideration will be given to applications for conveyances of a historic light station in cases where the public entity can enter into a partnership with a nonprofit organization whose primary mission is historic light station preservation. Conveyances would be made subject to conditions to ensure that a historic light station's usefulness as a navigational aid is protected. S. 1403 was introduced on November 7, 1997 by Sen. Frank Murkowski (R-AK). The Committee on Energy and Natural Resources held a hearing on the bill on February 11, 1998. GREEN SCISSORS CAMPAIGN ISSUES 1998 REPORT CARD: Route 710, Corridor H, and Stillwater Bridge Alternative Transportation Projects Cited for Wasteful Spending The Green Scissors Campaign -- led by Friends of the Earth, Taxpayers for Common Sense, and the U.S. Public Interest Research Group (U.S. PIRG) -- issued its Green Scissors'98 report card on January 21st, The report card graded the Clinton Administration's progress on implementing 71 budget cut recommendations that would save taxpayers nearly $50 billion and protect the environment. The report card gave the Administration a "D" grade in transportation for not taking decisive action to kill 15 transportation projects -- including the Route 710 (South Pasadena, CA) and "Corridor H" (West Virginia) highway projects, and the Stillwater Bridge Alternative Project (Minnesota). For more information on the status of these projects and the National Trust's role in fighting them, call the Legal Defense Fund at (202) 588-6035. Copies of the Green Scissors'98 report can be obtained from Friends of the Earth for $5 or by calling (202) 783-7400, ext. 239. The report is also available on the Internet at www.foe. org. STATE AND LOCAL NEWS: Chicago -based Demonstration Project for Location -Efficient Mortgage (LEM) Approved by Fannie Mae, Mortgage Lenders The Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT), in partnership with the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the Surface Transportation Policy Project (STPP), will test a new mortgage underwriting tool for a Chicago -based demonstration project called the Location -Efficient Mortgage (LEM). CNT and its partner organizations received approval from the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) last October to test the LEM as a tool to encourage sustainable communities through homeownership. The LEM is an innovative mortgage product designed to offer homeownership opportunities to low- and moderate -income borrowers who are interested in living in high density urban areas served by public transportation systems. LEM rewards those willing to give up cars and live in densely populated, transit -rich areas by factoring auto -related savings (gas, insurance, repairs, monthly payment=_: and depreciation) into mortgage eligibility calculations. For more information on the LEM Partnership, the origins of the LEM product, or the Chicago -based demonstration project, call James Hoeveler at CNT, 773/278-4800, x. 115, or visit CNT's Internet web site at http //wwvv.cnt. org/lem. FORUM NEWS SPECIAL REPORT: "An ,act to Revive Historic Urban Neighborhoods" The National Trust's Forum News, a bi-monthly newsletter of Historic Preservation Forum, has issued a special report entitled, "An Act to Revive Historic Urban Neighborhoods," by Tamar Osterman, director of government affairs of the National Trust. The report highlights the potential role of a federal historic homeownership tax credit in attracting reinvestment and middle-class homeowners to older urban neighborhoods and stabilizing historic residential communities. The report provides examples of two historic districts -- Quaker Hill Historic District in Wilmington, Delaware, and Pleasant Streel: Historic District, Gainesville, Florida -- that could benefit from the federal homeowner tax credit proposal currently pending in the 105th Congress. For a copy of the report, call the Law and Public Policy Department at (202) 588-6254. If you would like to receive Forum News special reports on a regular basis, consider joining Historic Preservation Forum and put yourself in the forefront of preservation activity all across the country_ For further information about Historic Preservation Forum membership and its benefits, contact Donna Gentry at the National Trust [202-588-6053 (phone), 202-588-6223 (fax), e-mail. Forum@nthp. org]. Please make reference to the Preservation Advocate News in requesting additional information on Forum membership and benefits. CARE TO REPRINT A PRESERVATION ADVOCATE NEWS ARTICLE? -- Feel Free to Feel Free The National Trust encourages all advocates to reprint and distribute Preservation Advocate News to other groups outside of the Preservation Faxboard Network. No advance permission is required from the 04-98-98 07:50 RECEIVED FROM: 4'�� r)/ P.06 L' x NetionelTmst for Historic Preseryedon Fix. 202688o00e Voice, 202al)624 To. Leslie Mouriquend at. NAPC Pe0e7 ef8 V✓ednesc,, A, 108, 19M 10.3.61 AM Preservation Advocate News, March 1998, Vol. 2 National Trust to reprint, mail or fax forward the newsletter -- in part or whole -- to other groups or individuals for the purpose of furthering advocacy outreach efforts. (We do appreciate being credited.) This policy encourages a wider dissemination of preservation's advocacy message. The National Trust appreciates the efforts of all advocates to "get the word out" and is Interested in learning about the extent to which the newsletter is shared outside of the faxboard network. Please contact us about your individual advocacy networks -- large or small -- to give us a better idea of the true size and impact of the Preservation Faxboard Network. Call the Law and Public Policy Department at 202-588-6254 or write us an e-mail at policy@nthp.org with information about your advocacy networks, and how we can better work together to advance the cause of preservation. PUBLIC POLICY PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE The Law and Public Policy Department offers a variety of publications for sale on public policy issues affecting sprawl, neighborhood preservation and economic revitalization. To place an order or for a complete listing of public policy publications, contact Tedra Williams at (202) 588-6255, Below is a sample of some of the publications offered for sale. Dollars and Sense of Historic Preservation. A compilation of some of the better studies and articles on the economic benefits of historic preservation_ Ten studies are available -- S5 each or $40 for the complete set. Changing Places Confronts the Ills of Urban Sprawl National Trust President Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie — longtime preservationist, former White House speech writer, and current advisor to Mayor Thomas Merino of Boston -- have written a new book entitled Changing Places: Rebuilding Community in the Age of Sprawl Changing Places explores how America's historic communities are confronting urban sprawl and provides examples of how fragile towns throughout New England and the Midwest are defending themselves from retailing giants like Wal-Mart; how community activists are building pride and hope in distressed neighborhoods in Pittsburgh and New Orleans by using preservation as tool for revitalization; and how cities such as Denver, Memphis, and Portland, Oregon, are breathing life back into their historic downtowns. Changing Places also challenges Americans to "abandon the frontier mentality of boundless growth" because current patterns of urbanization are unsustainable and cost too much. Other public policy publications on sprawl are available from the National Trust's Informaton Series program (202-588-6296), including. Better Models for Superstores: Alternatives to Big -Box SSgrawl. A 57-page guide to help communities persuade national retailers to invest in downtowns and stop paving farmland for big box sprawl. Better Models summarizes the resulis of an economic study of the effects of outlying superstores on older downtowns, and urges communities to write plans and zoning ordinances that support downtown revitalization goals instead of leaving towns vulnerable to sprawl. Copies are available for $10. Smart States Better CommunitiesHow State Governments Can Help Citizens Preserve Their Communities. A lively and informative book describing policy initiatives that state governments can take to support citizen efforts to save what they value most about their communities. Includes a comprehensive analysis of the strongest state policies that promote historic preservation along with 100 photos illustrating those policies. Available for $30 plus $5 shipping and handling. How Superstore Sprawl Can Harm Communities (And What Citizens Can do About Itl. The original "Bible of Sprawl" is back in print and is "must reading" for preservation advocates -- $20, plus $3 shipping and handling. PRESERVATION ADVOCATE NEWS Is PUBLJSHED ON A MONTHLY BASIS BY THE NATIONAL TRUST S DEPARTMENT OF LAM AND PUBLIC PoucY AND DISTRIBUTED'JIA FAC5I11IIL TO ITS GRASSROOTS FW(BOARD NETCORN, For, SIONUP INFORMATION CONTACTI NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRE5EF,A11ON DEPARTMENT OF LAW A PUBLIC POLICY 17e5 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.J'/. WASHINGTON. DC ZOO-10 202-088-0254 (PHONE) Z02'S88-T5038 (FAN) E-MAIL'. POLICY0rNTHP,OFG TANIAR L. GSTFRMAN DIRECTOR OF GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS EDITOR STAFF WRITER5. CARLWo1.F, DAN GOSTELLO, LAURASAGG5 d 1998, PR FSF RVATION ADVOCATE NEWS 04-98-98 07: 52 RECEIVED FROM: I F-07 125 NetionslTmat for Hirtonc Presmvetion Pox: 202688i038 Voioe'. 202d "8 4 To:LeM,.Momi,.nd et. NAPC Pepe 8 of 8 ReLneaL:ry. A,n108, 19% 1O W 27 AM Preservation Advocate News, March 1998, Vol. 2 ogee 8 ORDER FORM FOR CHANGING PLACES , ---------------------------- Order Your Copy of Chancing Places Today! Price: $25.00, plus $3.50 for shipping and handling. Name ❑ Check enclosed (payable to the National Trust) ❑ Please charge my MasterCard/Visa Card Number Expiration Date Please mail or fax your order to: National Trust for Historic Preservation Department of Law and Public Policy Attention: Tedra Williams 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 202-588-6038 (FAX) ,cIOM � ALL PROCEEDS FROM THE SALE OF CHANGING PLACES BENEFIT THE PUBLIC POLICY PROGRAM OF THE NATIONAL TRUST! 04-08-98 97:54 RECEIVED FROM 126 P-9a National Trust for HiHorie P,... lr 0s n Fax: 20 88i 8 Voiro: 202d 68 4 To: Leslie Mouriquend at NAPC Poll. 1 efJ Thursday, May 21, 1680 6:M 20 AM May 1998 N7ol. 3 Preservation Advocate fN ews National Trust for Historic Preservation TAX LEGISLATION A STRONG POSSIBILITY THIS YEAR: Prospects for Historic Homeownership Assistance Act Look Good A number of House and Senate members are predicting that Congress will consider tax legislation before adjourning in October. This tax legislation could be the vehicle for passing the Historic Homeownership Assistance Act (H.R. 1134/S. 496). Preservationists have worked hard for three years to secure passage of the historic homeownership tax credit and these efforts have resulted in a solid base of support for the homeownership tax credit in the House and Senate: H.R. 1134 has 117 cosponsors in the House, including 16 members of the Ways and Means Committee, S. 496 has 24 cosponsors in the Senate, including 12 members of the Senate Finance Committee. Action Needed Your assistance is needed in translating the solid base of support the homeownership tax credit enjoys in the House and Senate to all members of the tax -writing committees. Work on a tax bill could begin in early June, and preservationists must communicate with their members of Congress at this critical juncture to ensure the homeownership tax credit proposals gets a fair hearing during the committee deliberations on a new tax bill. Contact your Senators and Representatives and ask them to urge Senator Roth, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and Representative Archer, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, to include the Historic Homeownership Assistance Act in the upcoming tax bill. This month is an opportune time to reach your Members of Congress because of the Memorial Day recess (May 25- 29 for the House, May 23-31 for the Senate). Take advantage of this recess to: • schedule a visit with your Members of Congress in their district offices and ask for their support for the Historic Homeownership Assistance Act, and • thank your Members of Congress if they have already cosponsored H.R. 1134 or S. 496, but also ask them to reiterate their support for the historic homeownership tax credit to Chairman Roth and/or Chairman Archer. ... in this edition Feature Stories Tax Bill a Strong Possibility This Year. Prospects for the Historic Homeownership Assistant Act Look Good IS'TEA Differences Still Unresolved in Conference Committee Legal Defense Fund Roundup (Route 710, Woodrow Wilson Bridge, Corridor H) The News in Brief .- from Capttol Hill • Petroglyphs Bill Passes as Rider to Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation • National Trust Signs Letter Opposing Takings Bills Pending in the Senate • Senator Baucus Introduces the "Community and Postal Participation Act of 1998" ... from the Administration • Clinton Issues Executive Order on American Heritage Rivers Initiative Advisory Committee • IJSPS Issues Interim Rule on Expansion, Relocation, Construction of New Post Offices _. from the foundations and state government • National Trust Receives Grants from Turner and Jackson Foundations for Fighting Sprawl . Lilly Endowment Awards$42 Million Grant United Negro College Fund, Historically Black Colleges • Indiana Governor Announces $'1 Million for Preservation of Historic and Cultural Resources from the National Trust 1998 Great American Main Street Awards Announcement Maryland Governor Receives Award From Richard Moe Advocate of the Month 1 05-21-98 03:08 RECEIVED FROM: •..i 127 P.-01 National Tmst for Hi#one Preservation Fax:202i88b 9 Voice: 202688E266 To: Leslie Mouriquand A NAPC Paee2ofs Thursdax May21.1%86.06.1<AM Preservation Advocate News, D4ay 1998, Vol. 3 ISTEA DIFFERENCES STILL UNRESOLVED: Partial Transfer of Enhancements Funds and Improvements to the Historic Bridge Program Not Yet Decided Conference committee negotiations are continuing this month in the hopes of resolving the differences in competing versions of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), a six -year reauthorization of all surface transportation spending programs. Conferees hope to reach agreement on a compromise bill that the House and Senate will approve and send to the President by May 21 st. At this point, conferees have agreed to drop most of the new enhancements categories added in the House bill and have substituted "related to transportation' in the place of the House's "direct link to transportation" as an eligibility requirement for enhancements projects. The National Trust applauds these actions. Conferees have also tentatively agreed to language that endorses the National Trust's call for comprehensive planning and local control in transportation investment decisions. There is still time to contact your Members of Congress. Call the Capitol Switchboard at (202) 225- 3121 (House) or(202) 224-3121 (Senate) and ask to be connected to your Representative's or Senator's office. Urge your Members of Congress to insist that partial transfer of enhancements funds be dropped from the conference agreement and the Senate's improvements to the historic bridge program be included! If you have further questions or need assistance, call the Public Policy Department at (202) 588-6255. LEGAL DEFENSE FUND ROUNDUP Department of Transportation Approves Route 710 Freeway Project The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) approved plans to build the Route 710 Freeway Extension on April 13th through some of the most stable historic communities in the Los Angeles Basin area of Southern California. National Trust President Richard Moe decried the DOT'S decision, stating "the Route 710 Freeway should never be built,' and "bulldozing stable neighborhoods for freeway construction is a crude, outmoded approach to transportation and a waste of taxpayers money." Route 710 has generated strong local and national opposition since it was first proposed more than 30 years ago. The freeway will cost more than a billion dollars for a mere 4.5 miles of pavement and move traffic less than one mile -per -hour faster than a low -build alternative. Five historic districts in the communities of Pasadena, South Pasadena and El Sereno would be damaged by the project. In addition, it is estimated that more than 1,000 homes and thousands of mature trees would be directly affected or suffer adverse effects through their proximity to the freeway Otherfederal agencies -- the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Department of the Interior -- also oppose the 710 Freeway Project based on its impact on the environment and its effects on stable, historic communities. The Advisory Council cited the 710 project as "... one of the most important historic preservation cases ever and wrote a letter to President Clinton urging him to consider the low -build alternative. The communities and organizations opposing the 710 Freeway will now have to seek relief in the courts National Trust Challenges Federal Highway Administration's 4(f) Review Process in Federal Courts The National Trust is opposing the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Section 4(f) review process under the Department of Transportation Act involving historic preservation review of two mammoth, federally -funded transportation projects. Section 4(f) permits the Secretary of Transportation to approve any program that requires the use of land from a historic site only if there is no feasible and prudent alternative to the use of that land and the program includes all possible planning to minimize the harm to the historiz site. Below is a summary of the National Trust's legal actions in these federal court cases_ Woodrow Wilson Bridee Replacement Proiect The National Trust filed an amicus curiae motion the week of April 27th before the federal district court for the District of Columbia in support of the City of Alexandria's lawsuit challenging the FHWA's environmental and Section 4(f) review process for the Woodrow Wilson Bridge Replacement: Project. The City and a coalition of local citizens' groups, who are intervening as cc -plaintiffs in the case, are challenging the Federal Highway Administration's decision on several grounds, including deferral of historic preservation review until after approval of the project rather than prior to approval, as required by Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act. As proposed, the replacement bridge will cut through the southern portion of the Alexandria National Register Historic District, passing within blocks of the Alexandria National Historic Landmark District and severely impacting several protected sites. The amicus brief argued that FHWA has foreclosed or substantially reduced options for meaningful mitigation or avoidance of historic properties by deferring both identification of historic resources and assessment of the project's impact on those resources until the project Is underway. Corridor H Protect The National Trust joined an amicus curiae brief before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit on April 7th in support of local groups opposing construction of Corridor H. Corridor H is a 100-mile-lorig divided, four - lane, limited -access freeway project, ,vhi&i would slice through areas in rural West Virginia rich in historic and r 05-21-98 03:09 RECEIVED FROM: 1 ,?P.02 8 National Trust for Hidone Preservation Fax:202600o03a Voice:2026g08264 To: Leslie Mounquand el: NAPC Page3of4 Thursdry !A,,21.100g 6:06o6 AM Preservation Advocate News, May 1998, Vol. 3 environmental resources virtually untouched since the Civil War. Corridor H Alternatives and the local chapter of the Sierra Club are challenging the Federal Highway Administration's deferral of historic preservation and environmental review in its decision to approve the freeway, and the agency's rejection of a non -freeway alternative that would involve improving and upgrading the existing network of two-lane roads. The National Trust joined as amicus Scenic America, Friends of the Earth, Save America's Forests, and Taxpayers for Common Sense. The amicus brief argued that FHWA's deferral of both identification of historic resources and assessment of the project's impact on those resources -- including two Civil War battlefields -- until the project is underway, will foreclose or substantially reduce the options for meaningful mitigation or avoidance of historic properties as required by Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act. THE NEWS IN BRIEF from Capitol Hill • President Clinton signed a supplemental emergency appropriations bill (H.R. 3579) for disaster relief and overseas military operations into law on May 1st which includes the "Petroglyph National Monument Boundary Adjustment Act" (S. 6331H.R. 1424) as a rider. The controversial rider excludes 8.5 acres of the Petroglyph National Monument in Albuquerque, New Mexico, from statutory protection for the purpose of extending a six -lane commuter expressway. The expressway, called Paseo Del Norte, will connect Albuquerque to rapidly growing suburban sprawl development west of the city. The National Trust and a combination of conservation, environmental and Native American groups oppose the construction of the expressway because of the irreparable harm it would bring to integrity of the Monument. After signing the emergency supplemental bill into law, President Clinton issued a press statement criticizing Congress for placing "politics above sound science" and described the Petroglyphs rider as "a dangerous departure from the practice of managing National Parks.' The rider transfers authority over the 8.5 acres of the Monument to the city of Albuquerque, which must now decide whether or not to extend the road. If constructed, Pasco Del Norte will carry as many as 24,000 cars per day through the segmented portion of the Monument and contribute to the city's growing sprawl problem. Construction of the expressway would also be an unprecedented violation of the sacred values held by the Indian Pueblos, who regard the Petroglyphs National Monument as a sacred site in their religious ceremonies. • The National Trust joined more than 100 conservation, planning, civil rights, labor, religious, local government, and citizens' organizations on April 28th in signing a letter to the full Senate opposing two takings legislative proposals (H.R. 1534, H.R.992). The takings bills would undermine a wide variety of local, state and federal safeguards for environmentalhealth and safety, and land use protections already approved by Congress. The Senate Judiciary Committee approved substitute language for H.R. 1534 on February 26th that combines far reaching and destructive versions of both bills. The Senate is expected to bring a takings bill to the floor in May or June. • Senator Max Baucus (D-MT) introduced the "Community and Postal Participation Act of 1998" (S. 2035) on May 5th requiring the Postal Service to establish minimum guidelines for public participation requirements in any actions affecting the relocation, closing or consolidation of post offices. S. 2035 is the companion bill to H.R. 1231, the "Post Office Community Partnership Act," (H.R. 1231) introduced by Rep. Earl Blumenauer (D-OR) last year. These bills address the inequitable treatment of communities imposed by the Postal Service's failure to comply with any local zoning or building codes and the agency's relocation and closing policies which have contributed to the decline of historic downtowns, reduced the economic vitality of downtown areas, reduced access to post office services to the poor and elderly, and contributed to urban sprawl. from the Administration • President Clinton issued Executive Order 13080 on April 7th establishing the American Heritage Rivers Initiative Advisory Committee to review nominations from communities and recommend to the President up to 20 rivers for consideration for designation as American Heritage Rivers. The Committee will consist of up to 20 members appointed by the President from the public and private sectors with expertise in areas such as natural, cultural, and historic resources, water quality, public health, scenic and recreation interests, tourism and economic development interests; industry, and agriculture. The American Heritage Rivers Initiative (AHRI) is designed to support river -based, community -led efforts to revitalize local economies, protect natural resources and the environment, and preserve historic and cultural resources. The Advisory Committee held two open meetings to the public on May 11 and May 12 prior to selecting the 20 finalist applicant rivers. For further information, contact Chip Smith, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) at: 703-693-3655. • The Postal Service issued an interim rule on May 7th regarding expansion, relocation, and construction of new post offices. 'The interim rule outlines specific procedures to expand opportunities for members of communities affected by Postal Service facility expansion, relocation and construction to convey their views under section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and executive orders 13006 and 12072. For further information, contact John Sorenson, U.S. Postal Service Facilities at (703) 526-2782 Written comments should be submitted to Louis Norris, Manager, Real Estate, U.S. Postal Service, Facilities, 4301 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22203-1861, grants from foundations, state government • The National Trust received a $100,000 grant from the Turner Foundation to further its State and Local Policy Program for the purpose of developing and 05-21-98 03: 11 RECEIVED FROM: P.93 .12 Na caul Tmat for Historic Preservation ra%:202Egea0.?8 Voice:2N2 86VA To: Leslie Mouriqu and at NAPC Page4ofl 7hursday,May21,IMS 5.08:64AM Preservation Advocate -News, May 1998, Vol. 3 maintaining an information clearinghouse related to the challenges of urban sprawl. The general support grant will. 1) help conduct research state government policies that subsidize or promote sprawl while discouraging community revitalization, 2) develop new and more compelling arguments for making the case against sprawl, 3) provide leadership for an emerging national movement to contain sprawl, and 4) disseminate books on how to reduce sprawl. • The National Trust also received a $18,000 grant from the Jackson Foundation for the purpose of producing a report summarizing major efforts now under way by business, government, university, religious and national organizations to deal with various aspects of urban sprawl. The report proposes to a) show the diversity of interests involved in the sprawl problem and provide a useful summary of concerns and agendas; b) raise the profile of the sprawl problem, c) educate the media, foundations and public officials about the issue and the organizations involved, d) eliminate duplication of effort by organizations involved in the sprawl issue, and e) provide a practical list of some of the best resources -- i.e., technical assistance, grassroots organizing, videotapes, booksreports etc. -- to help reduce sprawl. • The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) announced the receipt of a $42 million grant for a three-year program to assist historically black colleges and universities with construction needs, student financial aid and faculty assistance, from the Lilly Endowment, Inc. of Indianapolis. The gift is the largest the Lilly Endowment has ever made to a single organization In its 61 years of existence. The United Negro College Fund is a nonprofit organization founded 54 years ago and is the oldest organization in the nation assisting minority higher education. The UNCF proposes to administer grants averaging $1 million for its 39 members. The size and flexibility of the gift could result in more grants for rehabilitation of historic structures on historically black college campuses. a Governor Frank O'Bannon announced the State of Indiana's largest -ever financial commitment for preservation of historic and cultural resources as part of the Hometown Indiana 1998 grant program in early February. Under the new program, $1 million in matching grants will be available to local governments and private, nonprofit organizations without religious affiliations. Grants will range from $4,000 to $100,000 and eligible project activities will include acquisition, stabilization, preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, or archaeological investigation of properties listed in the Indiana State Register of Historic Sites and Structures. For further information, contact Jon Smith or Steve Kennedy, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology at (317) 232-1646 _. awards for downtown revitalization, Maryland anti - sprawl campaign • The National Main Street Center announced the winners of its 1998 Great American Main Street Awards on April 13th The five winning communities -- Thomasville, Georgia; Corning, Iowa; Lanesboro, Minnesota; York, Pennsylvania; and Morgantown, West Virginia -- were selected as the best revitalized downtowns in the nation. The awards program -- cosponsored by Edward Jones, a financial =.services firm -- recognizes five communities each year for their outstanding efforts in downtown revitalization_ The award - winning communities were chosen by a panel of experts in community revitalization, economic development and historic preservation for their evolving track record of overall success. Representatives from the five winning communities will be honored at the 1998 National Town Meeting on Main Street on May 18 In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. For further information, contact the National Main Street Center at 202-588-6219. • National Trust President Richard Moe presented an award to Maryland Governor Parris Glendening for his strong national leadership in the campaign against sprawl development In a brief ceremony at the Maryland State House in March. The award recognized the governor's leadership for initiating the Smart Growth Initiative, a program which preserves the environment and revitalizes existing communities where many historic buildings and heritage resources are located. Advocate of the Month - Kim Trent, Knox Heritage The National Trust appreciates the efforts of all preservation advocates who lobby for public: policies favorable to historic preservation. This month Preservation Advocate News salutes Kim Trent, President of Knox Heritage, as it's Advocate of the Month for her extraordinary efforts in March to "getthe word out" on a takings bill (H.R. 1534), and lobbying members of the Tennessee congressional delegation to support the historic homeownership tax credit bill (H.R. 11341S. 496). Congratulations on a job well donel PRESERVAT/OH ADVOCATE NEWS 15 PUBLISHED ON A MONTHLY SA515 BY THE NATIONAL TRUSTS DEPARTMENT OF LAW AND PUBLIC POLICY AND DIILUM 1I'D VIT FACSIMILE TO ITS GRASSROOTS EA%20ARD NETWORK. FOR SIGN UP INFORMATION CONTACT: NATIONALTRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT OF LAw Fv PUBLIC (POLICY 1765 1.ttss.ACHus ETTS AVENUE, N.W. WASHwGTON, oc 20036 202-5BB6254 (PHONE) 202-586603B (FAAr E-MAIL. POLICY@NTHP.ORC TAMAR I_. OSTERMAN DIRECTOR OF G.OERNMENI AFFAIRS EDITOR STAFF WRRERs: CARL WOLF, DAN COSTELLO. LAURA NELSON (U1 I QC8. PRESERVATION ADVOCATE NEWS .•� 13,13 65-21-98 03: 13 RECEIVED FROM: p'04 _ - U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development _ Office of Community Planning and Development • J �r 1998 Office of Environment and Energy CITYOF- U\QLMTA 1 PLAP,iJ'NG DEPARTMENT Historic Preservation in Housing and Community Development Linking Historic Preservation to Community Development Block Grant Objectives A Guide for Local Government Officials and Program Managers LINKING HISTORIC PRESERVATION TO COMMANITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT OBJECTIVES Eligible activities under the CDBG program and how conservation historic preservation can be coordinated with community revitalization, economic development and energy Prepared by - Margaret E. Sweeney Division Environment Management Office of Environment and Energy September 1991 132 Table of Contents !,acre_ i Introduction Part I. ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES IN GENERAL ................ 1 Requirements ...................................... 1 Meeting National objectives 2 Historic Properties, Definition 2 Information for Local Program Staff ................ LEADERSHIP FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION - A SELF ANALYSIS 9 FORLOCAL EXECUTIVES ........................... Part II. SPECIFIC ELIGIBLE CDBG ACTIVITIES WHICH MAY.... 4 SUPPORT HISTORIC PRESERVATION ............. 4 .......... Planning ........................................... 5 Historic Preservation .............•• ..' ..•. 5 Development Activities ...................• 5 Economic Administrative Costs ...................... 6 .•.• Engineering and Design Costs ......••••-••::::::.,.. 6 Consultant Services ............................... 6 Acquisition ... ........................ 7 Clearance Activities ......................... ...... 7 Site Preparation............................ 7 7 Property Rehabilitation ..........................• .• Property Disposition .......................••••. 8 Code Enforcement ... •......................... -.• 8 Public Facilities and Improvements ........::::::::: 9 Utilities ................................. 9 Activities by Subrecipients ....................••. 9 Technical Assistance ............................ Payment of the non -Federal share required in 9 connection with a Federal grant-in-aid program . 133 LINKING HISTORIC BLOCK PRESERVATION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Introduction This Guide illustrates the various methods by which historic preservation can be linked to other eligible activity under the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program. The publication focuses on the broad range of historic preservation activity that may be assisted under the CDBG program, not only to to use them in romting save historic structures but revitalization andptheoconservationcof development,neighborhood energy resources as well. The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program authorized by Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5301) provides significant resources and maximum discretion to local officials for shaping local programs to meet important objectives in community development. Historic preservation is one of the national, objectives that can be an important local objective as well. It is a specific "eligible activity" under HUD program regulations 24 CFR Part 570. Projects designed for the preservation of specific properties may be undertaken. However, community officials who wish to make the most of their CDBG grants will find a number of ways by which historic preservation can be linked to their ruder commutydevelopment ty and revitalization objectives. By p planning, which develops historic plans may selectively implement. them through other CDBG activities designed for other objectives. Individual, specifically designed, historic apreservation re open foraprojects may be undertaken, but ample opportunities comprehensive approach. Hopefully, this guide will prove useful in planning CDBG projects - whether the community wishes to undertake historic preservation projects as a special type program or wishes to include preservation strategies in its other priority CDBG projects. 134 Part I ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES IN GENERAL Generally, historic preservation activity will concentrate on rehabilitation, preservation and selective restoration of public or privately owned properties. However, preservation activities may be coordinated with new construction as well as with economic development, energy conservation and other objectives in a community's CDBG program. Requirements Assisted preservation activities, like all CDBG activity, must meet the primary objective of Title I: "the development of viable urban communities, by providing decent housing and a suitable living environment and expanding economic opportunities, principally for persons of low -and moderate -income" (Section 101(c)). In addition, all activities in a community's CDBG program must either: give maximum feasible priority to activities which will principally benefit low -and moderate -income persons (at least in proportion to their share of the population in the area which will be served by the particular activity), or aid in the prevention or elimination of slums and blight. CDBG funds also may be used for activities which the grantee certifies are designed to meet other community needs which have a particular urgency (provided other resources are not available for this purpose and the buildings involved are not to be used for the general conduct of government). Such needs may arise because existing conditions pose a serious and immediate threat to community health or welfare. (See Section 104(b)(3), Title I.) Meeting National Obiectives All CDBG assisted historic preservation activities must meet one of these national objectives and there are a number of ways to do so. For example, the preservation of a commericial structure by a small community may result inthe creation of jobs at least 51 percent of which are for low and moderate income persons, or the preservation of structures by an entitlement community may provide services to residents of a defined area 135 2 with at least 51 percent low and moderate income persons. Another way to meet the national objectives is to select preservation activities within designated slum or blighted areas hich qualify for assistance. Historic preservation may also be conducted outside a slum or blighted area as part of activities designed to eliminate specific conditions of blight or physical decay on a spot basis. In such cases where residential rehabilitation is for other than low and moderate income households, the eligible activity is limited to the correction of specific conditions detrimental to public health and safety. The standards for meeting the national objectives are set forth in detail at 24 CFR 570.208. For the CDBG Entitlement Programs, at least 70 percent of CDBG funds and any Section 108 loan funds must be used to benefit low -and moderate -income persons for a period of 1, 2, or 3 years as specified by the grantee. Small communities that receive CDBG funding through a State - administered program are advised that, in addition to legal eligibility, their proposed activities may have to meet priorities established for the State's program. Historic Properties. Definition For Title I purposes, properties that qualify as historic properties are landmarks, districts, sites, buildings„ structures or objectives which: o are listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, or o are certified as historic properties by the Secretary of the Interior for purposes of the Economic Recovery Tax Act or related Federal tax laws, or o are listed in a State or local inventory of historic places, or o are designated by State law or local ordinances as a State or local landmark or historic district. Information for Local Program Staff Local officials who wish to examine the potential for historic preservation activities in their community may wish to review the details of Part II here or refer that listing to their planning and CDBG program staff. 136 LEADERSHIP FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION - A SELF ANALYSIS FOR LOCAL ERECUTIVFS Is my community an important part of America? Is its history a real part. of American history? How many CDBG projects have we undertaken in the past 5 years? Did they include economic development? Neighborhood improvement? Rehabilitation of residential buildings? Commercial buildings? How many of our projects included historic preservation? Reuse of older structures? How many projects could have involved historic preservation? But didn't? Does my community contain historic property? Those generally recognized and commended? Others not recognized, possibly in danger of neglect and decay? Have we recognized as historic the resources and properties that represent the contributions of minority and ethnic groups to our community? Does my community contain neighborhoods or buildings in danger of deterioration? School buildings, commercial or industrial buildings that are vacant or abandoned? Do we think of these as historic? Whose reuse could help turn things around? Have I encouraged a concerted effort to rehabilitate these properties and convert them to a new economic use? Does the community have a handle on the extent to which private properties have been declared historic? Could the community link and encourage private efforts to our goals for community improvement and economic development? Would additional rehab in concentrated areas promote more economic development? bbre jobs? Improved tax base? Enhance community pride? Do I regard Historic Preservation as a nuisance? Not relevant to my community? A potential basis for community revitalization? Is preservation an object of our planning? I£ not, why not? Do we have a historic commission? If not, is one feasible? Should we be surveying our community to identify historic properties and the potential for making good use of them? Do I or my staff have a good awareness of all the eligible activities under the CDBG program? And.how we may link preservation to our other program goals and objectives? • 137 4 Part II SPECIFIC ELIGIBLE CDBG ACTIVITIES WHICH MAY SUPPORT HISTORIC! PRESERVATIOIT Outlined below are eligible CDBG activities to which historic preservation may be linked, or which may be used :in support of preservation objectives, provided they meet all applicable program requirements. Heading numbers refer to the CDBG regulations, 24 CFR Part 570 (September 6, 1988). Planning (570.205) The process of community planning affords a splendid opportunity to formulate community goals and objectives and to include strategies for preservation with plans designed to meet other purposes. Planning activities are presumed to meet the national objectives (page 1). Other CDBG assisted historic preservation activities must meet one of the objectives„ This applies to both hard costs such as acquisition, rehabilitation or preservation for example, and also to soft costs, other than planning, such as the engineering and design costs related to specific activity, and preservation counseling, advisory services and inspections. Eligible activities include the preparation of general development plans and plans for particular functions, purposes or areas. Eligible activities include: General Plans, including: o Comprehensive plans, and community development: plans including preservation elements; o Functional plans for various purposes, including housing, land use, economic development, open space, and energy conservation, including historic preservation elements; o Data collection, studies, analysis and the preparation of plans and implementing measures including budgets, codes and ordinances;- o Archeological surveys of CDBG project areas, including a reconnaissance survey of a project site containing valuable resources, or an intensive survey for fuller examination of significant sites; o Activities to enhance the community's capacity for setting goals and objectives to meet needs, including environmental and preservation concerns; o Reasonable costs of general environmental studies and historic preservation studies and resource surveys, including: environmental review and compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, where required by 24 CFR Part 58; ..v 138 5 Historic Preservation Plans, including: o Preparation of a historic preservation plan for the community, including plans for preserving historic downtown areas or neighborhoods or for appropriate reuse of their historic structures; o Delineating historic districts, including reuse plans and the preparation of ordinances and codes to assure preservation of the districts; and o Strategies andogras implement to These activities may include measured drawings, photographs and other documentation of significant architectural and 'historic data and of any building modifications or project mitigation. These may be prepared as part of a preservation program or in compliance with environmental review requirements. Historic Preservation (570.202(d)) Historic preservation, including the rehabilitation, Thi.s is preservation or restoration of historic property. the basic authorization for preservation but does not limit the scope of other activities which may include or support preservation.) Economic Development Activities (5,70.203) Economic development increasingly is a major objective in CDBG programs. In this context, communities may perceive effective ways to tie in preservation objectives with economic development and attain the advantages of rehabilitating older structures. Such approaches also provide job opportunities in rehabilitation and preservation phases of work and secure the long term benefits of reused buildings in areas of revitalization and new endeavor. Eligible activities include: o Acquisition, construction, reconstruction or installation of commercial or industrial buildings, structures, and other real property, equipment and improvements, including railroad spurs or similar improvements having historic values; and o Assistance to private -for -profit -businesses, including financial and technical assistance and involving historic properties that are necessary or appropriate. Administrative Costs (570.206) O Costs of conducting preliminary market needs (subject to HUD's such costs); and surveys and analysis of program limitations on 139 1.1 o Costs of site and utility plans, narrative descriptions of proposed development or rehabilitation, preliminary cost estimates, urban design documentation, and "sketch drawings", including preservation objectives and making proposals compatible with historic settings. Engineering and Design Costs (570.201 - 570.204). o Feasibility studies to assess the condition of structures, including historic structures, and the economic feasibility of: corrective techniques to overcome incompatible alterations or deterioration which detract from the historic character of structures; adapting historic buildings to appropriate reuse; o Designing improvements to the facade of structures, including historic buildings and including schematic drawings; o Design costs for integrating historic facades into new structures and land uses, with the advice of the State Historic Preservation Officer or local historic commission or advisory body; o Designing the removal of architectural barriers in structures which limit access for elderly or handicapped persons; and o Other engineering and design needed to preserve historic properties. Note: Such engineering and design activities and costs are regarded as project costs, not as general planning or administrative costs. Consultant Services (570.200(d)). o Obtaining professional assistance for program planning, and preparing community development objectives, including historic preservation, and securing other general professional guidance for devising programs and methods or schedules for implementing them, including preservation elements. Acquisition (570.201) o Acquisition of properties, including historic properties, in whole or in part by a public agency or. private not -for -profit entity; «.+J 1, 14 0 7 o Acquisition by purchase, lease, of real property (including air rights -of -way, easements, facade interests); donation, or otherwise, rights, water rights, easements and other o Acquisition of buildings and improvements and their relocation to other sites; e.g., for preservation or reuse, as an alternative to demolition. Clearance Activities (570.201(d)). o Moving a historic structure from a project site or other site to a location appropriate for its preservation; and o Clearing incompatible structures from a historic site to highlight historic values or to provide for compatible new development. Site Preparation (570.201) G Construction, reconstruction or installation of public improvements, utilities, or facilities (other than buildings) related to the redevelopment or reuse of real property that is acquired or rehabilitated pursuant to 570.701; o Making improvements necessary to restore a property's architectural or historic character. Property Rehabilitation (570.202) Rehabilitation constitutes a major area of opportunity for including historic preservation in programs designed to revitalize neighborhood and commercial areas and for encouraging private sector involvement in community development and property rehabilitation activities. Eligible activities include: o The rehabilitation of: eligible privately owned residential buildings and improvements limited to facade and code requirements. public housing and other publicly owned residential buildings and improvements; and publicly owned nonresidential buildings and improvements otherwise eligible for assistance. o Activities to secure the retention and reuse of historic structures, such as renovation of closed school buildings for conversion to housing or reuse facility, or to serve another public purpose; 91 o Energy system improvements or retrofitting, e.g.,, to enhance the use and preservation of historic structures; and o Obtaining or conducting rehabilitation advisory services, such as rehabilitation counseling, energy auditing, preparation of work specifications, inspections, and other advisory services to owners, tenants, contractors and other entities participating or seeking to participate in authorized rehabilitation activities. Property Disposition (570.201(b)). o Sale, lease, donation, or otherwise, of any real property acquired with CDBG funds, including arrangements and restrictions to preserve historic properties or to provide for appropriate reuse of historic property. Code Enforcement (570.202(c)). o In deteriorating or deteriorated areas where such enforcement together with public improvements, rehabilitation and services to be provided, may be expected to arrest the decline of the area. Public Facilities and Improvements (570.201(c)) o Acquisition, construction, reconstruction, rehabilitation or installation of eligible public facilities and improvements, as in historic districts or neighborhoods; including design features and improvements which promote energy efficiency; and o Execution of architectural design features to enhance or preserve the aesthetic quality of facilities and improvements receiving CDBG assistance; i.e., decorative pavements, railings, sculptures, pools of water and fountains, and other works of art (excluding furniture and furnishings within buildings). Removal of Architectural Barriers (570.201(k)) Special projects directed to the removal of material and architectural barriers which restrict the mobility and accessibility of elderly or handicapped persons to publicly owned or privately owned buildings, facilities, and improvements, including those which are historic. 142 PJ Utilities (570.201(1)) o Use of CDBG funds to acquire, construct, reconstruct, rehabilitate, or install the distribution lines and facilities of privately owned utilities, includingthe placing underground of new and existing distribution facilities and lines, as in a historic district. Activities by Subrecipients (570.204(c)) o Recipient may grant or loan CDBG funds to subrecipients for the conduct of eligible activities, including all historic preservation activities identified in this publication. For example: to neighborhood -based nonprofit organizations, Section 301(d) small business investment companies or local development corporations to carry out neighborhood revitalization, community economic development or energy conservation projects. Such activities may include preservation activity or support preservation objectives. Technical Assistance (570.201 - 206 - (an allowable administrative cost)) o Obtaining or providing assistance for planning, developing and administering historic preservation activities; o Conducting local education and information programs concerning historic preservation, including encouragement of private initiatives through private investment and the use of available tax incentives and other resources; o The conduct of workshops on preservation, e.g., facade treatment of historic storefronts or seminars on historic district design for local merchants, architects, planners and community organizations; and o Training conferences for municipal and community leaders for encouraging preservation strategies and techniques for implementing them. al ;rant -in -aid program (570.201(g)) o CDBG funds may be used for the payment of the non - Federal share required under Federal grant-in-aid programs, provided: O the activities are part of CD90 activities, and o they are activities otherwise eligible for CDBG assistance. 143 10 o Grant-in-aid programs include the Department of the Interior's historic preservation grant program; CDBG funds may be used to make up the local matching requirement of the DOI program. C U.S. Government Printing Office : 1991-312-428/41004 kwy QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS OFFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION • WINTERJSPRING I998 In This Issue Financial Incentives for Historic Preservation P. I Mvths About the Tax Credits p. 2 Tax Incentives- 3-Way Partnership p. 3 Historic Gaslamp Quarter's Renaissance p. 4 Filing the Application p. 5 Mills Act A California Preservation Incentive Program p. 7 Preservation Calendar p. 8 Financial Incentives for Historic Preservation The Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program is one of the nation's most successful and cost-effective community revitalization programs. The program fosters private sector rehabilitation of historic buildings and promotes economic revitalization. It also provides a strong alternative to government ownership and management of such historic properties. The Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives are available for buildings that are National Historic Landmarks, that are listed in the National Register, and that contribute to National Register Historic Districts and certain local historic districts. Proper- ties must be income -producing and must be rehabilitated according to standards set by the Secretary of the Interior. Since 1976, the Historic Preservation Tax Incentives have produced the following benefits for the nation: • More than 27,000 historic properties have been rehabilitated and saved • The tax incentives have stimulated private rehabilitation of over $18 billion • More than 149,000 housing units rehabilitated and 75.000 housing units created, of which over 30,000 are low and moderate -income units. The Historic Preservation Tax Incentives have proven an invaluable tool in revitalizing communities and preserving the historic places that give cities, towns, and rural areas their special character. The Historic Preservation Tax Incentives generate jobs, both during the construction phase and in the spin-off effects of increased earning and consumption. Rehabilitation of historic build- ings attracts new private investment to the historic core of cities and towns and is crucial to the long-term economic health of many communities. Fnhanced property values generated by the Historic Preservation Tax Incentives program result in augmented revenues for local and state government through increased property, business, and income taxes. Historic Preservation Tax Incentives also create moderate and low-income housing in historic buildings. The various financial incentives may be used together to minimize on rehabilitation costs. In California, the Mills Act can be linked with federal tax incentives provided by the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Federal affordable housing tax credits may also be utilized with these incentives. One part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 is the 20% investment tax credit for the certified rehabilitation of a certified historic building. The Federal historic preservation tax incentives program (the 20% credit) is jointly administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Department of the Treasury. The National Park Service (NPS) acts on behalf of the Secretary of the Interior, in partnership with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) in each State. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) acts on behalf of the Secretary of the Cont d on p. 2 0*11 14c 2 G/ 4"wea HERITAGE Myths About the Tax Credit by Cherilyn Widell, State Historic Preservation Officer "Regardless of whatever other attributes it might have, a historic building is ultimately real estate. Its economic capacity, measures of return, value as an asset, and attractiveness as an investment are all going to be calculated by investors, bankers, and developers in the same fashion as any other parcel of real estate." —Donovan Rypkema, Real Estate Services Group, Washington, D.C. How much do you know about the economics of historic preservation in California? How do you answer the popular misconception that it always costs more to rehabilitate an old building than build a new one? Can you explain how the 20% Rehabili- tation Federal Tax Credit for historic properties works and what a developer needs to qualify? The answers to these questions are not hard. But, rarely are economic development and historic preservation linked in the minds of key decisions makers. There must be a deliberate effort in a community to present the facts that show — historic preservation is good business! This issue of Califor- nia Heritage is designed to give you the basic information on an underutilized tool in California - the 20% Rehabilitation Federal Tax Credit for historic buildings. Myth #1 "The tax credit for rehabilitating old buildings was eliminated in the 1980's." In 1986 the tax law changed the percentage and applicability of the tax credit, but it remains one of the very few real estate tax credits available. Myth #2 "Only big developers and large projects can use the tax credit:' This program works well for both large and small rehabilitation projects. According to the National Park Service 80%c of all historic rehabilitation tax credit projects cost less than $500.000, and nearly half cost less than $100.000. Myth #3 "The design standards required by the National Park Service are unreasonable and expensive." The Secretary of Interior Standards and Guide- lines for Rehabilitation are flexible. A wide range of profitable projects, from turning factories into housing and train sheds into hotels and malls, have successfully used the guidelines. However, the Cont'd from p. 1 Treasury. Certification requests (requests for ap- proval for a taxpayer to receive these benefits) are made to the National Park Service through the appropriate State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). Comments by the SHPO on certification requests are fully considered by the NPS. However approval of projects undertaken for the 2017( tax credit is conveyed onh, in writing by duly autho- rized officials of the National Park Service. guidelines do not permit wholesale gutting of historic buildings and it is best to consult them during the earliest stages of project design. Myth #4 "It costs more to rehabilitate an old building than to build a new one." According to The Economics of Historic Preser- vation, "... if no demolition is required, a major commercial rehabilitation will cost from 12 per cent less to 9 per cent more than the cost of comparable new construction with the typical rehabilitation cost being about 4 per cent below new construc- tion. If new construction would incur the cost of razing an existing building, cost savings from rehabilitation should range from 3 to 16 per cent." Myth #5 "If the credit is such a good thing, why doesn't my local redevelopment agency or Cham- ber of Commerce know about it ?" Please see the answers to Myths #1, 2, 3, and 4 and ask yourself when was the last time the land- marks commission or local preservation organiza- tion in your community presented this information to them. Myth #6 "The tax credit isn't worth all the trouble to apply to the SHPO for the Federal Rehabilitation Tax Credit Program." The tax credit is a real credit, not a deduction. The program offers the applicant up to 90% of federal income tax liability and is worth 20% of the total cost of rehabilitating the interior and exterior of an historic building. Architectural and engineering design are also eligible as "soft" costs. If the tax credit is not used in one year it can be carried back three years or forward ten years and applied to past and future federal income tax liability. Please note: If you hear this myth, you can he sure that the speaker has never spoken with his or her accountant. The 20% rehabilitation tax credit applies to any project that the Secretary of the Interior designates a certified rehabilitation of a certified historic struc- ture. The 20% credit is available for properties rehabilitated for commercial, industrial, agricultural. or rental residential purposes, but it is not available for properties used exclusively as the owner's private residence. Over a half a billion dollars of private investment e44ruteer HERITAGE in California's historic buildings is due in a large part to this program. Preservation tax incentives used on under-utilized or abandoned hotels, offices, stores, schools, warehouses, and factories give new uses that maintain their historic character and revitalize the property. The Pump House in Walnut Grove is an example of such a project. Listed on the National Register on March 22, 1990, as a contrmu- tor to the Japanese/American Historic District in Walnut Grove, Sacramento County, the project used investment tax credits to aid in rehabilitating the building into a commercial enterprise . The Harrison Hotel in Oakland and the St. Andrews Court in Los Angeles are examples of tax incen- tive projects that rehabilitated buildings into low- income and moderate affordable housing. Non- profits, such as affordable housing organizations, have also taken advantage of the tax incentives. The Thoreau Center for Sustainability in the San Francisco Presidio, a former U.S. Army base, is good model of how a for -profit limited partnership can be established to provide new facilities for non- profits. The National Park Service is co -sponsoring a national conference on using Historic Preserva- tion Tax Incentives to rehabilitate historic proper- ties. The conference will be April 27-28,1998, at the Fairmount Hotel in San Francisco, CA. Registration fees are $425 ($285 non-profit) post- marked by April 1, 1998. See Preservation Calen- dar for more details. A. Above: The Pump House Project, Walnut Grove, before rehabilitation. Right: The Pump House Project, after rehabilitation as a commercial rental. Tax Incentives— 3-Way Partnership The Federal historic preservation tax, incentives program is a partnership among the National Park Service (NPS), the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Each plays an important role. SHPO -Serves as first point of contact for property owners. -Provides application forms, regulations, and other program information. -Maintains complete records of the State's build- ings and districts listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as well as State and local districts that may qualify as registered historic districts. -Assists anyone wishing to list a building or a district in the National Register of Historic Places. -Provides technical assistance and literature on appropriate rehabilitation treatments. -Advises owners on their applications and makes site visits on occasion to assist owners. -Makes certification recommendations to the NPS. NPS -Reviews all applications for conformance to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilita- non. -Issues all certification decisions (approvals or denials) in writing. -Transmits copies of all decisions to the IRS. -Develops and publishes program regulations, the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation, the Historic Preservation Certifica- tion Application, and information on rehabilita- tion treatments. Z 4..». t.:. Cont'd on p. a '/7 �1 eQCC�NCKl2 HJ1GMTAGE IRS -Publishes regulations governing which rehabilita- tion expenses qualify, the time periods for incurring expenses, the tax consequences of certification decisions by NPS, and all other procedural and legal matters concerning both the 20% and the 10% rehabilitation tax credits. -Answers public inquiries concerning legal and financial aspects of the Rehabilitation Tax Credit program, and publishes the audit guide, Market Segment Specialization Program: Rehabilitation Tax Credit, to assist owners. -insures that only parties eligible for the rehabili- tation tax credits utilize them. The Tax Certification Program for the Office of Historic Preservation is administered by Senior Restoration Architect, Steade R. Craigo, AIA. If you have questions regarding the tax program please call (916) 653-6624 and ask for the Preservation Tar Incentivesfor Historic Buildings booklet. The National Park Service provided much of the above information. For further information on the Tax Credit see their website at http11www2.cr.nps. gov1tps1taYlhrochure2.htm or www.ccnps.gov. _ Historic Gaslamp Quarter's Renaissance Use of Historic Preservation Tax Incentives by Wayne Donaldson FAIA, Architect Marie Burke Lia, Attorney at Law The San Diego Gaslamp Quarter was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1980 and there is no doubt that its success as an economically viable historic district can be partially attributed to the availability of historic preservation tax incentives. The 162 block, 125 building historic district is the largest user of the investment tax credits in the country. These incentives consist of investment tax credits for rehabilitation expenditures and charitable contribution deductions for the granting of architectural facade easements. The tax credits were created by 1976 federal tax legislation but were substantially improved in 1981. The facade easement deduction was created by 1980 legislation. Gaslamp couldn't have been born at a more propitious time and the story only gets better. From 1981 to 1985, the Economic Recovery Tax Act had directly and indirectly contributed to approximately $153 million in completed and pending private investment in the general downtown area of San Diego including the Gaslamp Historic District through the rehabilitation of historic proper- ties. Much of this investment would not have occurred without the inducement of the Federal tax incentive program. In addition, it is estimated that only about $5 million in rehabilitation of historic properties took place in the years after the passage of 1976 Tax Act and before the adoption of the 1981 Economic Recovery Tax Act. Also at this time, it was estimated that his private investment in historic rehabilitation had generated well in excess of 2,000 construction jobs and probably an equal number of permanent jobs. In 1985, when the Treasury Department recom- mended the appeal of the 15, 20, and 25 percent investment tax credits established by the 1981 Economic Recovery Tax Act, hundreds of local San Diego citizens appealed to the President. In 1985 a four block, destination retail complex, Horton Plaza, opened just west of the Gaslarrtp and a few years later, San Diego's award winning Convention Center opened on the south. The City's central business core had always been located just north of Quarter. The Horton Plaza garage provided a safe parking location for the first brave suburban souls to venture into the Quarter at night once the first trendy restaurants and night clubs opened. Each successful restaurant or night club begot more and soon there was the critical mass necessary to establish a vibrant evening entertainment district. In the meantime. Gaslamp dodged a bullet in terms of the tax incentives. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced the percentage of expenditures eligible for rehabilitation credits and extended the depreciation period. But not for Gaslamp, ins benefits were grand fathered in by special legisla- tion. Its rehabilitation projects still qualify for 25% tax credits and its properties still enjoy a 19 year depreciation period. These tax incentives are extremely important to local and state governments in that they provide a needed economic incentive for reinvestment in existing older central downtown areas. This tar- geted reinvestment reinforces other important local, state and federal policies. Recycling older buildings saves energy. socially and economically revitalizes existing urban neighborhoods, and reduces urban sprawl.This reinvestment constitutes significant HERITAGE 5 savings in infrastructure and operation costs which would otherwise have to be provided for or assumed by local governments. These tax act projects provide needed employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled labor and provide badly needed, increased tax revenues for local and state governments. The best part of this is that all of this is accomplished through private sector investments. These factors make Gaslamp one of the most tax -advantaged investments around. To date, over 42 buildings within the greater San Diego downtown have used the investment tax credits. Seventeen buildings in Gaslamp have completed certified historic rehabilitations and nine have granted architectural facade easements. It is estimated that over $300 million in private invest- ment utilizing the investment tax credits have occurred downtown through the rehabilitation of historic properties. But these numbers don't tell the whole story. Other buildings, both contributors and non -contributors to the Gaslamp District, have been improved and rehabilitated because of the economic success of downtown. While these latter rehabilita- tions would not have qualified for tax credits because of the minimal amount of rehabilitation expenditures required, their rehabilitation was governed by the District's Planned District Ordi- nance, which was approved as part of the District's certification process. Therefore, the turn of the century architectural ambiance of the district has been preserved under the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. It is clear that the historic preservation tax incen- tives brought about the first significant private investment in the District since before World War II and that these incentives continue to draw new private investment. With the combination of tax advantage investment opportunities and a booming retail and entertainment center, the Historic Gaslamp District is hard to beat. Milford Wayne Donaldson, FAIA, of San Diego, is a restoration architect and contractor. He is a member of the State Historical Building Saf'eq Board, a past member of the State Historical Resources Commission, and past -president of the California Preservation Foundation. Marie Burke LIA, is a land use attorney specializ- ing in historic properties. She has assisted more than one hundred historic property owners, public and private, in achieving their objectives under the regulatory supervision of local, state and federal agencies. Historic Gaslamp District. San Diego Photo by Milford Wayne Donaldson Filing the Application by Maryln Lortie Filing the Part One — Some Common Problems Getting your tax certification application smoothly through the process will help get your project into service, and profitability, as quickly as possible. The application consists of three parts — Part 1 is an Evaluation of Significance: Part 2 is a Descrip- tion of the Rehabilitation; and Part 3 is a Request for Certification of Completed Work. The mechanics of the process involve sending two sets of fully com- pleted applications with two sets of color photos showine the interior and the exterior of the building. Two sets of photos are needed for each Part 1. Part 2 and Part 3. Although it seems unnecessarily burden- some, there really is a reason why two sets of application materials are required. Tax credit applications are reviewed twice — once b:y the SHPO and again by the National Park Service. One set of materials is sent on to the NPS and the other re- tained by the SHPO. Don't overlook the guidance in the blue form itself. The Certification Application has very helpful 141 0 &i6ovezz HERITAGE and thorough instructions, and examples of how to complete the various sections. The usual purpose of the Part 1 is to establish that a building is either a contributor to a listed National Register district or is individually eligible for listing. No Part I is required for a property that is already individually listed. Buildings that are named as contributors in a National Register district application are relatively easy to document. In most cases no additional research is necessary although the applicant should consult the district nomination, available at a regional information center. The Part I should fully describe the building, both exterior and interior, and show that it basically retains its historic appearance during the district's period of significance. The applicant should also point out how the building relates to the signifi- cance of the district as a whole. For example, if the district were listed because of its historic importance as the commercial center of a community, a building's longtime use as a commercial building during the period of significance would establish that connection. Similarly, if the district were listed because of its architectural qualities, the applicant should call out the important architectural aspects of the building that are consistent with the cance as that required in a National Register nomi- nation. Promptly completing the Tax Certification appli- cation can be; critical. Recent rulings by the Internal Revenue Service require that an owner must have submitted the Part 1 before a rehabilitated building is placed into service. Owners who wait to file Part 1 until after all work is complete and the building is placed in service will not qualify for the 20% credit unless the building is already individually listed in the Register. And in general, it is much better to apply for the tax certification before the rehabilitation. The OHP can Berkeley City Club, 2315 DurantAv Berkeley. CA Julia Morgan, Architect, California Preservation Foundation district's character. The Secretary of the Interior, with standards for virtually everything, has created Standards for Evaluating Significance within Registered Historic Districts: "A building contribut- ing to the historic significance of a district is one which by location, design, setting, materials, work- manship, feeling and association adds to the district's sense of time and place and historical development." When a building is not within a listed district the task is more complex and may require hiring a professional historian or architectural historian. For a preliminary determination for individual listing, the Part 1 must contain essentially the same docu- mentation of the property's integrity and signifi- provide guidance, and help to insure that the project meets the Secretary of the Interior's Standards. Since extensive pre -rehab photos are required of both the building's interior and exterior, owners may not have the necessary documen- tation after the project is complete. The tax credit needs to be claimed for the tax year that the building is placed into service. An owner can go back and make a claim retroactively for a qualified rehab that took place in the past, but the tax year must be an "open" one. "Open" years e, are usually the three years 1927 following the date a tax return is due. For the tax year 1996. tax returns are: due on April 15, 1997. 1996 tax returns may be amended until April 15, 2000. While OHP staff can provide information regard- ing National Register eligibility and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards, specific tax questions should be addressed to a qualified tax professional or the Internal Revenue Service. Thomas Gavin, the IRS National Coordinator for the Historic Rehabili- tation Tax Credit and Low Income Housing Credit, can be reached at (215) 597-2145, Ext. 136. Marvin Lortie is an historian with the registration programs section of the Office of Historic Preserva- tion. Marvin may be reached at (916) 653-8911 or by e-mail at calshpo.maryln@quiknet.com. I e440wee4 HERITAGE, F Mills Act A California Preservation Incentive Program by Eugene Itogawa Economic incentives contribute to the preservation of residential neighborhoods and the revitalization of downtown commercial districts. The Mills Act is the single most important economic incentive program available in California for use by private property owners of qualified historic buildings. Owner - occupied single family residences and income producing commercial properties may qualify for the Mills Act program. Property owners of historic buildings may qualify for property tax relief if they pledge to rehabilitate and maintain the historical and architectural charac- ter of their properties for at least a ten year period. Mills Act participants may realize a property tax saving of approximately 50% each year for newly improved or purchased older historic properties. County Assessors are required to calculate the assessed value of the property tax savings for Mill Act properties on the capitalization of income method rather than on market value. The Mills Act is a permissive program subject to approval and adoption by city and county govern- ments. California's four largest cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose) have instituted Mills Act programs. The Mills Act pro- vides local governments the flexibility to design preservation programs to accommodate specific community needs and priorities for rehabilitating entire neighborhoods, encouraging seismic safety programs, contributing to affordable housing, promoting heritage tourism, or fostering pride of ownership. A formal agreement, generally known as a. Mills Act contract, is executed between the local govem- ment and the property owner for a minimum ten year term. Contracts are automatically renewed each year and are transferred to new owners when the property is sold. Property owners agree to protect, preserve, and maintain the property in accordance with specific historic preservation standards and conditions identified in the contracts. Periodic inspections of the property by city or county offi- cials ensure proper maintenance of the property. Local authorities may impose penalties for breach of contract or failure to protect the historic property. The contract is binding to all owners during the contract period. A qualified historic property is a property listed on any official federal, state, county, or city register, including the National Register of Historic ]Places, the California Register of Historical Resources, the California Historical Landmarks, the State Points of Historical Interest, local landmarks, and local surveys listings. The Office of Historic Preservation maintains a current list of cities and counties which have adopted the Mills Act and copies of successful Mills Act ordinances, resolutions, and contract agree- ments. For further information, contact Eugene Itogawa, Office of Historic Preservation, at (916) 653-8936 or email colslipo@quiknet.com. -The Society for California Archaeology (SCA) sponsors Archaeology Week to attract atten- tion to our archaeological and historical heritage. The theme for Archaeology Week 1998 is "Piecing Together California's Past" Archaeology Week will be held from May 10 to May IT • The Office of Historic Preservation is developing an implementation plan for the California Register. For more information contact staff Historian 1, Jenan Saunders (916) 653-9432 or email calshpo.jenari@quiknet.com. • The State Historic Preservation Plan, Fogging a Future With a Past, The Comprehensive Statewide Historic Preservation Plan for California. are available from OHP at (916) 653-6624. eato"`Kn HERII'II GL Published quarterly by the California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation, P.O. Box 942896, Sacramento, CA 94296-000I, (916) 653-6624. Its purpose is to keep interested parties abreast of developments in historic preservation. Pete Wilson Governor Douglas P. Wheeler Secretary for Resources Patricia J. Megason Interim Director, California State Parks Cherilyn Widell State Historic Preservation Officer John Thomas Editor Persons or organizations wishing to be removed from this mailing list should notify the OHP at (916) 653-6624. Please notify us of address corrections. To list your event in California Heritage, please send a brief description and phone number. Notices should be received at least 12 weeks in advance. Comments, photos, and articles about local heritage preservation are welcomed. eulrsx (HERITAGE Office of Historic Preservation P. O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 94296-0001 e-mail calshpogquiknet.com. 4 CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS. --- — i - i .� ii , This publication is financed in part with federal funds from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended and administered by the California Office of Historic Preservation. The contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior. Regulations of the Department of the Interior strictly prohibit unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap. Any person who believes they have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of federal assistance should write to: Director, Equal Opportunity Program U.S. Department of the Interior .National Park Service Box 37127 Washington, DC 20013-7127 April 8-11, 1998. Society for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA. For more information visit SCA homepage: http://wwm,.scanet.org/ April 15-19, 1998. The Society of Architectural Historians Annual Meeting, Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, CA. Homepage: www.sah.org/acts.him! April 27-28: National Park Service National Conference: Tax Lncentives for Developing Historic Properties, Fairmont Hotel San Francisco, 202- 343-1185 or e-mail brooks.prueher@nps.gov for more information and a registration brochure. May 7-10, 1998. California Preservation Conference, Berkeley,CA. "New Perspectives on Preservation." For more information call Jeff Eiehenfield at CPF (510) 763-0972 or visit the conference website at: http://w w.jsj7ub.com/ jsp/preserve/cpf. html. May 16, 1998. Coachella Valley Archaeological Society 2nd Annual Sympo- sium On the Archaeology of the Coachella Vall ' , -bra Springs, CA. Desert Museum's Annenberg Theatcllib'rY` tfa l 17191,f10n- please contact Leslie Mouriquand (760) 398-15tsr. 0 A LESLIE MOURIOUAND ASSOCIATE PLANNER CITY OF LA OUINTA 78-495 CALLE TAMPICO PO BOX 1504 LA OUINTA CA 92253-1504 Sri Archaeological Investigations for the Village on the Green Project, La Quinta, California Prepared for: Catellus Residential Group 5 Park Plaza, Suite 400 Irvine, CA, 92714 Submitted to: City of La Quinta 78-495 Calle Tampico La Quinta, CA 92253 71 Y Prepared by: James Brock and Brenda D. Smith With Contributions by: Thomas A. Wake, James H. Toenjes, Owen K Davis, Virginia S. Popper, and Steve L. Martin June 1998 (Draft) P.O. BOX 491, PIONEERTOWN, CA 92268-0491 Tel: (760) 228-1142 o Fax: (760) 3694002 E-mail: archadvgrp Asaol.corr_.f • �., Archaeological Investigations for the Village on the Green Project, La Quinta, California Prepared for: Catellus Residential Group 5 Park Plaza, Suite 400 Irvine, CA 92714 Submitted to: City of La Quinta 78495 Calle Tampico La Quinta, CA 92253 Prepared by: James Brock and Brenda D. Smith With Contributions by: Thomas A Wake, James H. Toenjes, Owen K. Davis, Virginia S. Popper, and Steve L. Martin June 1998 (Draft) USGS Topographk Qmdrangle: La Quana, California Aereege: 35.9 Key Words: La Quints; Tract 28601; Lake Cahuilla; Sites CA-RIV6059, CAL-RIV6060, CA-RIV6092, LAQ3-H, and LAQ4-H Cover: w"oolor by James H. Tomies of CA -RI V6059, Loan B, looking west Archaeological Advisory Group P.O. Box 491 Ploneertown, CA 92268-0491 Tel: (760) 228-1142 Fax: (760) 369-4002 Email: archadvgrp@aol.com •,J TABLE OF CONTENTS Listof Figures ..................................................................... Listof Tables ...................................................................... Management Summary ..................................................... Introduction........................................................................ Setting .......................................... ... ****** ... ..... - ... "**' Natural Setting ....................................................... Cultural Setting ...................................................... Research Design ................................................................ Methods............................................................................... Fieldwork Techniques .......................................... Laboratory Techniques ........................................ Findings: Fieldwork Details and General Findings ..... PhaseII ...................... ............................................. Limited Phase III .................................................... Unit Descriptions ................................................... CA-RIV-6059 .............................................. CA-RIV-6060 .............................................. CA-RIV-6092............................................. Feature Descriptions ............................................ CA-RIV-6059 ............................................. CA-RIV-6060 ............................................. Findings: Analysis of Recovered Material ..................... Genera................................................................... CA-RIV-6059 ......................................................... Radiocarbon Dating ................................. Macrobotanical Results ........................... Pollen Results ............................................ Faunal Material ......................................... Ground Stone ............................................ Bead............................................................ Chipped Stone ........................................... Thermally Affected Rock ........................ Ceramics..................................................... BurnedClay ............................................... Consideration of Clay Uses ................ Other Materials ......................................... CA-RIV-6060 ......................................................... Radiocarbon Dating ................................. Floral Material .......................................... Faunal Material ......................................... Ground Stone ............................................ Thermally Affected Rock ........................ Ceramics..................................................... BurnedClay ............................................... Other Materials ......................................... CA-RIV-6092 ......................................................... LAQ3-H .................................................................. LAQ4-H .................................................................. Discussion/Interpretation ................................................ General........................................... ... —**— Consideration of Research Domains ................. ii Pal iii iv 1 3 4 4 8 12 15 15 15 19 19 20 20 20 31 32 32 32 35 36 36 36 36 37 39 42 67 68 68 72 72 74 74 '6 76 76 76 76 88 88 88 89 89 89 90 90 90 90 91 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Management Considerations ......................... Site Evaluation ..................................... Recommendations ............................... Acknowledgements .......................................... References Cited .............................................. Appendix 1: Personnel Qualifications .......... Appendix 2: Results of Radiocarbon Dating LIST OF FIGURES 1. General location of the study area...................................................................... 2. Specific location of the study area...................................................................... 3. Locations of backhoe trenches excavated.......................................................... 4. View of backhoe work in progress..................................................................I... 5. Map of CA-RIV-6059............................................................................................ 6. Map of CA-RIV-6060............................................................................................ 7. Map of CA-RIV-6092............................................................................................ 8. Map showing backhoe trenches at CA-RIV-6059............................................ 9. Stratigraphic profile of Unit 1, CA-RIV-6059................................................... 10. View off Unit 3 at CA-RIV-6059, Locus B....................................................... 11. View of Unit 7 at CA-RIV-6059, Locus B....................................................... 12. Stratigraphic profile of Unit 7, CA-RIV-6059................................................ 13. View of UUnit 4 at CA-RIV-6060........................................................................ 14. View of Unit 1 at CA-RIV-6092........................................................................ 15. Feature 2 at CA-RIV-6060................................................................................. 16. Pollen percentages for abundant types............................................................ 17. Animal bone by count (NISP) at CA-RIV-6059............................................. 18. Animal bone by wei t ) at CA-RIV-6059............................................... 19. Fish bone by count AS ) at CA-RIV-6059................................................... 20. Fish bone by weight (gm) at CA-RIV-6059..................................................... 21. Boneytail............................................................................................................... 22. Male razorback sucker........................................................................................ 23. Reptile bone by count (NISP) at CA-RIV-6059............................................. 24. Reptile bone by weight (m) at CA-RIV-6059............................................... 25. Mammal bone by count NISP) at CA-RIV-6059.......................................... 26. Mammal bone by weight (gm) at CA-RIV-6059............................................ 27. Olivella sp. spire -ground bead............................................................................ 28. Obsidian pressure flakes from CA-RIV-6059, Locus A ................................ 29. Desert side -notched point from CA-RIV-6059............................................... 30. Cottonwood triangular point from CA-RIV-6059, Locus B ......................... 31. Animal bone by count (NISP) at CA-RIV-6060............................................. 32. Animal bone by weight (g) at CA-RIV-6060................................................... 33. Fish bone by count (NISP)) at CA-RIV-6060.................................................... 34. Fish bone by weight (g) at CA-RIV-6060........................................................ 35. Mammal bone by count (NISP) at CA-RIV-6060.......................................... 36. Mammal bone by weight (g) at CA-RIV-6060................................................ iii Pag: 96 96 97 97 97 107 108 Paj,, 5 6 16 16 21 22 23 24 28 28 30 30 33 33 34 41 46 46 53 53 54 54 64 64 66 66 69 69 71 71 78 78 81 81 87 87 �r mih��s LIST OF TABLES Pale Table 1. Summary of trench data......................................................................................... 25 Table 2. Distribution of materials by weight for 3 sites .................................................... 36 Table 3. Radiocarbon dates from CA-RIV-6059............................................................... 37 Table 4. Proveniences for macrobotanicals from CA-RIV-6059.................................... 38 Table 5. Plant material from CA-RIV-6059....................................................................... 38 Table 6. Wood charcoal for CA-RIV-6059......................................................................... 38 Table7. Pollen counts............................................................................................................ 40 Table 8. Identified vertebrate species from CA-RIV-6059.............................................. 43 Table 9. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RIV-6059.................................................... 47 Table 10. Xyrauchen tetanus upper thoracic verterbral lengths ...................................... 58 Table 11. CA-RIV-6059, Unit 7, upper thoracic verterbal lengths ................................. 58 Table 12. Distribution of modified elements at CA-RIV-6059....................................... 62 Table 13. Results of XRF Studies for CA-RIV-6059........................................................ 70 Table 14. Obsidian hydration results for CA-RIV-6059................................................... 70 Table 15. Distribution of ceramics at CA-RIV-6059........................................................ 73 Table 16. Identified vertebrate species from CA-RIV-6060............................................ 77 Table 17. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RIV-6060.................................................. 79 Table 18. Gila elegans upper thoracic vertebral lengths ................................................... 83 Table 19. Gila elegans upper thoracic vertebral annuli .................................................... 83 Table 20. Distribution of modified elements at CA-RIV-6060....................................... 83 Table 21. Ceramics by weight and provenience at CA-RIV-6060.................................. 89 iv U MANAGEMENT SUMMARY This report describes the results of Phase II (test excavation) and limited Phase III (data recovery) research conducted on archaeological sites present at the proposed Village on the Green project site in La Quinta, California. The planned development is a City -sponsored, affordable housing project. The study area is a 35.9-acre property, Tract 28601, located at the northwest corner of the intersection of Avenue 48 and Jefferson Street. The initial Phase I archaeological survey of the property identified two prehistoric sites, CA-RIV-6059 (LAQI) and CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), along with two putative historical refuse deposits, LAQ3-H and LAQ4-H (Demcak 1997). This study evaluates the potential significance of these resources, along with an additional prehistoric site identified during the present research, CA-RIV-6092 (LAQ5). Specific locations of identified cultural resources have been intentionally omitted from this report because the information is restricted. The research conducted has indicated that CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), LAQ3-H, LAQ4-H, and CA-RIV-6092 (LAQ5), along with the southern portion of CA- RIV-6059 (LAQI), are non -unique or insignificant due to their inability to provide data to increase our knowledge of the prehistory and history of the area in a substantial and meaningful way. The northern part of site CA-RIV-6059, Locus B was found to contain a large, deep, buried prehistoric occupation site. This site occupies 0.76 acre of the study area. Its minimal depth below the ground surface is approximately 40 centimeters and it goes over 2 meters in depth in some places. The site would have been near the shoreline of the ancient Lake Cahuilla. The site contains rich evidence of multiple Cahuilla habitations dating from at least as early as the AD 1300s to the late AD 1600s. These occupations relate to more than one high stand of the lake. This site is significant in that it is the best know and best preserved example of its type and it contains a full spectrum of materials that are capable of addressing numerous research questions. While most of the site, particularly the dense, central portion, remains uninvestigated, it is clear that material consisting of a wide range of ceramics, faunal remains (mammal, fish, reptile, and bird bone), burned clay, charcoal, and stone tools, among other things, are present. Features such as hearths and house circles are probably also present and discrete special activity areas should be readily definable. Because of the research potential of CA-RIV-6059, Locus B, along with its substantial depth, thickness, and high density of material, it has been decided to preserve the deposit in situ as park space. 1 Because systematic backhoe trenching across the project area was conducted as part of the test excavation program, specifically to locate buried sites, it is unlikely that any further sites of the caliber of CA-RIV-6059, Locus B will be discovered during grading. To be sure, given the high density of prehistoric use of the area, some additional material is likely to be encountered during grading. It is recommended that archaeological monitoring be conducted for all rough grading and major trenching for the project. 2 b<01 IIM Y:11711i011W, This report presents the findings from archaeological testing and limited data recovery for the Village on the Green project in the City of La Quinta, California. The project was conducted by Archaeological Advisory Group for Catellus Residential Group under the sponsorship of the City of City of La Quinta. The study area is a 35.9-acre property located at the northwest comer of the intersection of Jefferson Street apd Avenue 48 in La Quinta, Riverside County, California. Affordable housing is proposed for the property. The legal description of the property is Tract 28601 and Assessor's Parcel No. 649-03-20. The archaeological research described here consisted of the test excavation of two previously - identified prehistoric sites, CA-RIV-6059 (LAQI) and CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), along with the test excavation of a third prehistoric site discovered during this project, CA-RIV-6092 (LAQ5). Additionally, limited data recovered was conducted at Locus B of site CA-RIV-6059 when the test program located a major, well-preserved buried deposit in that location. Additional research was also conducted on two putative historical refuse deposits identified during the Phase I survey (LAQ3-H and LAQ4-H). This study was undertaken in accordance with the cultural resource requirements of the City of La Quinta. These are intended to fulfill those aspects of the California Environmental Quality Act of 1970 (as amended) which pertain to the management of cultural resources that may be impacted by development projects sponsored by state or local government agencies, or by private developments requiring a discretionary permit or license. This report was prepared in accordance with the recommended contents and format described in the State's Preservation Planning Bulletin Number 4(a) (California Department of Parks and Recreation 1989). The Principal Investigator for this study was James Brock. The field crew consisted of Mr. Brock, Steven K. Dies, William A. Sawyer, James H. Toenjes, and Brenda D. Smith. Laboratory work was conducted by Brenda D. Smith. Field notes and other material pertaining to this study are on file with Archaeological Advisory Group (AAG Job Numbers 980203 and 980304). Curation of the artifacts/ecofacts collected during this study will be the responsibility of the City of La Quinta. 3 . J C '140 SETTING NATURAL SETTING The Village on the Green project (Tentative Map No. 28601) is located in the City of La Quinta, in the Coachella Valley area of Riverside County, California. It is located at the northwest comer of the intersection of Jefferson Street and Avenue 48 (Figures 1 and 2). The study area falls within the southwestern quarter of Section 29 of Township 5 South, Range 7 East, SBBM. This property is located on the USGS 7.5' La Quinta, California topographic quadrangle. The topography of the study area is comprised of large aeolian sand dunes with interspersed alkali salt flats. Soil typically comprises loose gray -tan silty sand. The elevations of the property range from approximately 42 to 70 feet msl. Native vegetation on the study area consisted of a Creosote Scrub community, containing creosotes (Larrea tridentata), mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), burrobush (Ambrosia dumosa) and other stickery scrubs (including Dicoria canescens and Schismus barbatus). Animal species typically encountered in the area include cottontail, jackrabbit, pack rat, pocket mouse, coyote, scorpion, Western Shovel -nosed Snake, Sidewinder, Desert Iguana, Side -blotched Lizard, Loggerhead Shrike, Mourning Dove, Say's Phobe, Gambel's Quail, Common Raven, Anna's Hummingbird, Red-tailed Hawk, Lesser Nighthawk, and American Kestrel. The property under consideration falls within the Lower Sonoran Life Zone, as does approximately 60% of Cahuilla territory (Bean and Saubel 1972:12). This zone extends from the desert floor to the pinyon juniper belt (about 3,500 feet). The Coachella Valley, due to it placement on the eastern side of the Peninsular ranges, is blocked from receiving moisture moving eastward from the Pacific. This blockade results in low rainfall of generally less than 5 inches of precipitation annually. Not only does this region have little rainfall, but it is also one of the hottest deserts on the continent, having a mean maximum temperature in July that easily exceeds 1000 (Bailey 1966:42). At present the nearest natural water source is the Whitewater River, which lies one-half mile to the north. In the past, an ancient lake occupied this valley. This lake, most commonly known as Lake Cahuilla (also called Lake Le Conte or Blake's Sea), existed during periods of inundation of the area by the Colorado River. The River's usual course was to flow directly into the Gulf of California. Periodically, fluctuations in distributary channels would create an accumulation of sediments at the river's mouth. This would result in the formation of a deltaic barrier which restricted access to the gulf, causing the course of the river to shift. This diversion caused the Salton Trough, a geologic depression that extends northward 225 km from the gull', to fill and form a fresh water lake. The high stand of this lake was 42 feet msl, with a maximum depth of 95 meters, and a surface area of over 5700 kn 2 (Wilke 1988; Waters 1983). 0 O `-AA-O N U fJl E T'—t. —C— _ 5�_ hM MIYhI�f.QV'J ,Q K o s nd Palm Raata Ht �1 i "hoax. _ �Ca STUDY AREA M Hills i � II �\ ••" - MbUNTAfAM ,\I 4�J OBaIK: s I I I_1 IDIAN I SERVA I 0 MILES 10 0 KILOMETERS 15 JR Figure 1. General location of the study area plotted on a portion of the USGS Western United States Series 1:250,000 Santa Ana, California map (1959, revised 1979). 5 •�Jil ��� Figure 2. Specific location of the study area plotted on a portion of the USGS 7.5' La Quinta, California topo« graphic quadrangle (1959, photorevised 1980). Wilke (1978) and Laylander (1997) estimated that it would take 12-20 years to fill the basin to this level if the Colorado River emptied entirely into the lake. Eventually, the river's course would shift back to the gulf and desiccation of the lake would occur. It would probably take 55- 60 years (Wilke 1978; Laylander 1997) for the lake to completely desiccate after flow was rediverted. It is generally accepted that Lake Cahuilla has had at least three major lacustrine intervals in which the 42 foot msl. level was reached (Wilke 1978; Waters 1983); each of these intervals probably lasted between 100-250 years. This chronology, originally presented by Wilke (1978), proposed that there was a high lake stand between 100 B.C. and A.D. 600, another between A.D. 900 and A.D. 1250, and a final one between A.D. 1300 and A.D. 1500. He based his argument on sequencing and clustering of radiocarbon dates obtained from charcoal, shell, and tufa deposits. These dates were corroborated with historical accounts of the region. Waters (1983) argued for yet another highstand occurring with Wilke's timeframe. He suggested that the first inundation was around A.D. 700 and the final desiccation occurred circa A.D. 1580. Waters' chronology was based on radiocarbon dates of stratified shell and charcoal deposits. His dates were also supported by historical accounts. Recently, researchers (Quinn 1997b; Gurrola and Rockwell 1996; Rockwell 1995; Schaefer 1994) have proposed additional stands of Lake Cahuilla. The latest archaeological and geological research in the Coachella Valley has produced evidence which leans toward a last highstand occurring in the seventeenth century. A summary of highstand dates consistent with the most recent data is as follows: 1) A.D. 1677 (Composite dates for last high stand was 1660-1680), 2) A.D. 1659, 3) A.D. 1450, 4) A.D. 1360, 5) A.D. 1287, and 6) A.D. 885 (Quinn 1997b). Cahuilla oral history tells of the rising and falling of Lake Cahuilla. Blake's (1856:98 as cited in Wilke 1978) version of the story, as told to him by "the chief' was of a great water (aqua grande) which covered the whole valley and was filled with fine fish. There were also plenty of geese and ducks. Their fathers lived in the mountains and used to come down to the lake to fish and hunt. The water gradually subsided `poco,' `poco,' (little by little), and their villages were moved down from the mountains, and into the valley it had left. They also said that the water once returned very suddenly and overwhelmed many of their people and drove the rest back to the mountains. It is also said that with the recession of Lake Cahuilla the mythical coyote "came down from the mountains and planted mesquite beans on the lakebed (Bowers 1888 and 1891 as cited in Wilke 1978:6)." Mesquite later became an important resource for the Cahuilla. The eastern end of the study area would have been on the northwestern shoreline of Ancient Lake Cahuilla. During inundation of the lake a rich marshland environment would have been produced at or near the study area. The marshland habitat could have been exploited along with the lake and desert resources. Many useful plants grow in this community and were used by the Cahuilla. The marshland would have also drawn in many birds, mammals, and reptiles. Undoubtedly, the Cahuilla also took advantage of these faunal resources. 7 CULTURAL SETTING While the regional ethnography of the study area is fairly well accounted for, its precontact history is poorly understood. Archaeologists have struggled for years to put together comprehensive chronologies for what is referred to as the Prehistoric Period (time preceding contact with Europeans) of Native American history. The sequence of prehistoric habitation presented here is based primarily on the concordance of sequences presented by Warren (1984) and Warren and Crabtree (1986). Warren's timeframe divisions were based on technological changes in lithic use (i.e. millingstones and projectile points). His model was originally devised for the Mojave desert region, but because of basic technological similarities in southern California Indian cultures it is also applicable to the Colorado desert peoples. Lake Mojave Period This period probably represents the earliest phase of human occupation in southern California. It began by at least 10,000 BC and lasted until around 5000 BC. This period is characterized by hunting of larger games animals using spears and articulated spear -throwing devices termed "atlatls." Spear points of this period initially were quite large, lanceolate in shape, and were oftentimes fluted, having a longitudinal groove along the central portion of the body for attachment to a spear. Other projectile points such as Lake Mojave, Parman, and Silver Lake points, were somewhat smaller (though still large in comparison to later arrow points) and foliate in shape. Crescents, specialized scrapers, leaf -shaped knives, drills, and some choppers/hammerstones are other tools which have been identified with this period. Millingstones typically are not present. The artifact assemblage of this period is indicative of a generalized hunting and gathering subsistence economy. Archaeological sites from early on in this period were generally associated with Pleistocene lake shorelines. As the Altithermal (a warmer and drier climatic period that lasted from 6000 B.C. to 900B.C.) set in, sites began to concentrate around desert oases, away from receding lakes that were becoming too brackish for consumption. This movement likely spawned the technological change that would lead to the Pinto Basin complex. Pinto Period The Pinto Period dates from around 5000 to 2000 BC, corresponding roughly to the Millingstone Horizon in the coastal areas of California. Although desert and coastal peoples shared cultural traits during this period, desert peoples probably did not have the same dependence on millingstones as coastal peoples. Seed grinding does not appear to be an important economic activity yet to the peoples of this period, but the presence of flat slab and occasionally shallow - basin metates along with manos, indicates growing importance that plant seed resources were beginning to have. Presumably these peoples were still maintaining a large and small game hunting and vegetal gathering economy during this period. Pinto points, as defined by Campbell and Campbell (1935), are the distinctive lithics of this period. These are usually found in association with heavy -keeled scrapers, and millingstones. 16a Pinto Basin complex sites am generally found in association with ephemeral lakes, stream channels, and springs, which to some suggests a break in the Altithermal warming. Presumably there was a reoccupation of lakeshore areas around 4500 BC and then a retreat back to desert oases by 3500 BC. This time period is known as the Little Pluvial. Gypsum Period The Gypsum Period is believed to date from around 2000 BC to about AD 500. Again, primary artifacts indicative of this period are projectile points of various types, including Gypsum Cave, Humbolt series, and Elko series points. The early Gypsum period is characterized by larger projectile points when use of the dart and atlatl were still common. Later, with the introduction of the bow and arrow, smaller points become prominent. Manos and metates become more common, and the mortar and pestle come into use —indicating a developing reliance upon fleshier seed foods such as mesquite pods and acorns. Presence of Haliotis and Olivella shell beads in sites of this period provide the earliest evidence for contact between desert and coastal peoples. Saratoga Springs Period The Saratoga Springs period lasts from about AD 500 to 1200. During this period the southern desert region, in which the Coachella Valley hes, deviates from the rest of the desert region due to heavy cultural influence by the Hakataya, a lower Colorado River group. The Hakataya influence brings drastic technological change to the peoples of this region. Buffware and Brownware pottery, made using the paddle and anvil technique, are introduced and reliance on the bow and arrow increases which leads to a new projectile point type called Cottonwood Triangular. Millingstones, including manos, metates, pestles, and mortars are present in this time period. Late Pre -Contact Period The Late Pre -Contact Period spans from A.D. 1200 to contact with Europeans. It is characterized mostly by continuing regional development, which causes groups to differentiate technologically, ethnographically, and linguistically. In the Coachella Valley region, Hakataya influence continues, with Colorado Buffware and Tizon Brownware still present. Desert Side - notched points have become the dominant point type. Proto-Historic Period Desert Cahuilla have inhabited the Coachella Valley region for at least the last 1000 years. They are a Takic speaking people who are more closely culturally tied with coastal and Colorado River groups than with most other Mojave desert peoples. First known contact with the Cahuilla by a European was during the Juan Bautista de Anza expedition in 1774-1776. They were largely ignored by the Spanish until the establishment of the Asistencias San Ant6nio de Pala (1816), Santa Ysabel (1818), and San Bernardino (1830). Through these mission outposts the Spanish managed to indirectly influence Cahuilla religious beliefs and culture. During the Mexican occupation of California, the Cahuilla were largely left alone by intruders. It was not until 1853 when the Southern Pacific Railroad began surveying the Coachella Valley for a possible railroad route that the Cahudla were again bothered. By this point the lands inhabited by the Cabuilla had become desired by Americans. In response to this, President Ulysses S. Grant began allotting Cahuilla lands in 1875 to give to, American settlers. It was during this period when the removal of the Cahuilla to government reservations began. Ten reservations were created that affected the Cahufl* of these four are in the Coachella Valley. Ethnography Many studies of Cahuilla culture have been conducted over the years. Among the most informative accounts are Bean (1972, 1978), Strong (1929), Hooper (1920), and Kroeber (1908). Four excellent ethnobiological studies also exist (Ebeling 1986, Barrows 1900, Kroeber 1925, and Bean and Saubel 1972), as well as archaeological accounts of prehistoric Cahuilla adaptations to the desiccation of ancient Lake Cahuilla (e.g. Wilke 1978). The Cahuilla are divided by anthropologists into three subgroups, the Desert Cahuilla of the Coachella Valley, the Pass Cahuilla of the San Gorgonio pass area, and the Mountain Cahuilla of the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto mountains. These divisions were based on geographic separation and dialect differences, but they were not necessarily recognized by the Cahuilla themselves. Actually, the Cahuilla did not consider themselves to be of one tribe as western anthropologists have designated them to be. Bean (1972:85) reported that "the maximal level of social identification among the Cahuilla was the ?ivi?1yu?a1um, a linguistically and culturally defined group ... [which] refers to persons speaking the Cahuilla language and recognizing a commonly shared cultural heritage ... [but] a more precise membership criterion existed at the next level of group identity." A person's inclusion in his or her moiety and lineage (or clan) was primary to any tribal affiliation. The two moieties, or main divisions, of the Cahuilla were the Istam (coyote) and the Tuktum (wild cat). Moieties were patrilineal and exogamous, meaning that lineage was followed through the father and that members of one moiety had to marry into the other. Clans were numerous and were named after or associated with the villages they comprised. Individual clans claimed ownership over their village and the territories in which they hunted, gathered, and camped. Territories could be several square miles in extent and were only for the use of a specific lineage. Mesquite grove boundaries, for instance, were drawn to include specific trees. Everyone knew who those trees belong to so that if someone from another lineage was found trespassing a fight could ensue. But in times of need, areas were shared with other clans. This allowance occurred regularly with mesquite because these groves do not produce bountiful crops each year. In the case of crop failure, a neighboring clan would invite the misfortunate person into their territory to gather. 10 Historical Background Some homesteaders were present in La Quinta as early as late last century, however the real origins of modem La Quinta rest with the opening of the La Quinta Hotel in 1926 (Cooper 1976:40). This was a hotel and winter resort with a golf course. It was developed on part of 1400 acres owned by the Desert Development Company (Gunther 1984:286). Records at the BLM office in Riverside indicate that the study area was not part of government homestead lands but rather part of a 5291.44-acre railroad grant patent, which included all of Section 29, that dated to June 30, 1905 (BLM Serial File No. 89). The railroad sold off portion of Section 29 to small-scale farmers early in this century, although no fanning appears to have taken place on the present study area. Records, Literature, and Archaeological Background Information An archaeological records search was conducted during the Phase I survey for this study (see Demcak 1997). This was conducted through the Eastern Information Center of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) at UC Riverside Prior to Demcak's investigation, two surveys were conducted on the western and southern boundaries of the current project area. The first was a reconnaissance undertaken for the Avenue 48 Extension Project that went along the southern border of the present study area (Brock 1997a). This identified one isolated buffware shed that fell onto the project area (Isolate Number 33-7897). The other survey was for a 3.2 acre soil stockpile area located at the southwestern end of the study area (Brock 1997b) This survey was negative. Demcak's study revealed two prehistoric sites, CA-RIV-6059 (LAQ1) and CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), and two putative historical refuse scatters (LAQ3-H and LAQ4-H). Attachment A shows the locations of these sites. Three isolated finds were also noted (I-1-H, I-2-P, and I-3-P). The study area is in a vicinity of high archaeological sensitivity. Seventeen previously recorded sites are present within a one-half mile radius of the study area. Of these, 11 are precontact habitation sites of various sizes, typically containing pottery, chipped and ground stone, bone, charcoal, and thermally -affected rock. Of the six sites, one is a precontact pottery scatter, one is a precontact pottery scatter associated with a historic dump, two represent historic homesteads, one is a dirt road, and one is a historic refuse deposit. Based on the presence of ceramics, most of the prehistoric sites within the one -mile radius appear to be relatively recent in date (post AD 500). An additional 25 sites are present in the region from one-half to one mile away from the study area_ 11 jug Approximately 60 percent of the land within a one-half mile radius of the study area had been previous surveyed for cultural resources (prior to the Demcak survey). RESEARCH DESIGN INTRODUCTION A research design is a guide document to organize research and interpret findings. It provides a structure from which the evaluation of significance can be made. A research design is usually regional in scope and based on some type of statistically -based sampling program (see Binford 1964). A research design generally has the following elements: (1) a theoretical orientation, (2) research areas, or domains, under which come (3) specific research hypotheses or questions which have (4) test implications for interpretation of field data. THEORETICAL ORIENTATION The theoretical orientation which structures this research design is cultural materialism. Cultural materialism assumes that decision making by people and groups is based upon economic considerations. It assumes that behavior, at least in the long term, is rational and therefore adaptive. It recognizes that people and groups have not and do not always behave in a rational manner but from the relatively gross temporal perspective of archaeology, such behavior is not statistically significant. RESEARCH DOMAINS The research domains, or topics, which will be considered are chronology, subsistence practices, settlement systems, exchange systems, and site structure and evolution of use. Discussions of these domains are provided below. Chronology Chronology is the backbone of archaeology. Establishing the sequence of cultural change through time is a fundamental concern in archaeology. Unless a site can be placed in a temporal context, its ability to address the evolution of a cultural system is seriously limited. Fortunately, datable material (e.g. charcoal) is relatively abundant on sites in the La Quinta area. Abundant Late Period sites are: present in the La Quinta area. A major concern in La Quinta archaeology is establishing changes in Late Period settlement and subsistence patterns in relation to the changes in the water level of ancient Lake Cahuilla. Also, earlier sites are rare. Any data helping to establish an Archaic Period chronology for the area is extremely valuable. • Does the site contain sufficient material for absolute or relative dating? Test implications: presence of carbon in sufficient quantity to provide absolute dates, presence of temporally -sensitive artifact types. 12 1J7 • Is there any evidence for an Archaic Period use of the site? Test implications: absolute (e.g. carbon) date of pre -AD 900 or presence of artifacts (e.g. projectile points, beads) dated to pre -AD 900. • Can the site be tied in to one or more of the postulated stands of ancient Lake Cahuilla (see e.g. Waters 1983)? Test implication: absolute date(s) that corresponds to a postulated stand of Lake Cahuilla. • Is there any evidence for a post -Lake Cahuilla use of the site? Test implication: absolute or relative date of post -AD 1650, presence of historical artifacts. Subsistence Practices The presence of faunal remains, floral remains, and artifacts associated with food extraction and processing can provide valuable information on the subsistence practices of precontact Native Americans. Midden deposits can provide a good range of evidence for exploitation of faunal resources. Also, carbonized seeds from sites could provide evidence of early agricultural activities, which are suspected to have occurred in the region but, as yet, lack archaeological evidence. Reconstruction of ceramic vessel forms and the types of ground stone implements present could provide information on the types of resources being exploited by the site's inhabitants. • Is there evidence of a change in subsistence strategies at the site, particularly ones relating to the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? Test implication: change in frequencies of particular faunal or floral species in stratigraphically discrete contexts dating to the last stand and later periods. • Is there evidence of agriculture? If so, does it relate to changing subsistence practices forced by the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? ■ Is there evidence of what, if any, subsistence activity(ies) was being engaged in at the site? Settlement Systems Information on settlement patterns should be present in the information from the site. Data may present evidence of changing settlement patterns with the different lacustral episodes of Lake Cahuilla and those caused by the final desiccation of the lake. 13 • Does the site indicate settlement associated with the exploitation of Lake Cahuilla resources? • Can settlement location be related to a particular stand of ancient Lake Cahuilla? • Is there evidence of a change in settlement patterns pertaining to the desiccation of Lake Cahuilla? • Was shoreline occupation at Lake Cahuilla primarily seasonal or year round (Wake 1978:14)? Exchange Systems Patterns of exchange should be evidenced in artifactual material from the site. Such things as lithic types, ceramics, and beads present could indicate trade relations with other groups (e.g. Colorado River or coastal California). The following research questions have been developed to address this domain: ■ Are exotic resources present at the site? Do these represent direct procurement or exchange mechanisms? ■ Is there evolution through time in the types or quantities of non -local resources present? ■ Is the local catchment area sufficiently diverse in natural resources to discourage trade relations? ■ Is there evidence of the exchange of technologies or ideas, rather than material objects? Site Structure and Evolution of Use Most prehistoric sites in southern California lack sufficient integrity or intensity of occupation to allow for a meaningful analysis of activity areas at the site and how the uses of different areas on the site evolve through time. Important sites have discemable activity areas and may show an evolution through time of different uses of the site. ■ Do any of the sites present display clear areas of specialized activity? ■ If any of the sites are multi -component, do they show evidence of a change in activity or use through time? 14 METHODS FIELDWORK TECHMQUES Standard archaeological techniques were utilized during the project. Excavation units were one - by -one, one -by -two, or two -by -two meters. Soil was excavated in arbitrary 10 cm levels and screened using 1/e-inch mesh shaker screens. All units were drawn in profile, photographed, and had soil samples taken from each discernible stratigraphic level. In areas of light artifact density surface collection was done by transit and 50 meter hand tape or stadia rod. At Locus A of CA-RIV-6059 surface collection was mostly conducted by grid because of the high density of artifacts present there. Due to the potential for buried prehistoric deposits to be present on the study area, backhoe trenching was conducted systematically across the property in a 50 meter grid (Figure 3). This excluded the fill dirt at the southwestern comer and the disturbed area adjacent to the Evacuation Channel. The backhoe grid was used in closer intervals when Locus B at CA-RIV-6059 was being defined. All backhoe dirt was screened using 1/s inch mesh screening on a stationary stand. This proved to be a successful technique. A view of backhoe work in progress is shown as Figure 4. The sampling strategy was random systematic when possible or otherwise intuitive. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES General Laboratory work consisted of the cleaning, sorting, cataloging, and analysis of the recovered specimens. A computer database program was utilized for the artifact/ecofact catalog. Specimens from the site were munbered with the California state trinomial and a catalog number. Catalog numbers are five digits. The first two digits denote the material/analysis category: CA (carbon), CE (ceramics), CL (clay), CS (chipped stone), FA (faunal), GL (glass), MI (miscellaneous), and PR (plastic/rubber). The last three digits correspond to the consecutive order of specimens within each category. Macrobotanical Analysis (Steve L. Martin and Virginia S. Popper) Three soil samples were submitted to the UCLA Paleoethnobotany Lab for floatation analysis by Dr. Steve L. Martin and Dr.Virginia S. Popper. Two of the samples were taken from Unit 7 (Layer 2, 10-20 cm and 5A, 60-70 cm) and one from Unit 9 (Layer 1, 3040 cm). The primary objective of this analysis was to document the types and frequency of botanical remains recovered from the samples. 15 .A 4�'� N170NV75_ N170fW50 / N150fW100\ Nf50NV75 N150NV125 - - /-N150fW50 N137.5fW125 - -N137.5/W75 N1 N125fW275- N125fW225^ N125NV125--_^ N1M(50 N12511M5- - N10WVV75 N125IW137.5` N112.5fW125^ /N100/W700/ / N100AN125^ - - -N100fW50 N87.5fW100- - N87.SAN75 N75fW27'5 N75NV225 N75NV175- ^ N751W725 ^ -N75NV75 N25IW275 - N25AN225^ N25IW175^ N25MI25- N25AN75- DATUM + (UTIL. POLE) DENSE FILL AREA S251W225- S25IW775^ S25NV125- VEGETATION VILLAGE ON THE GREEN Plan Showing Locations s75fw225_ 375fw175- S75IW125- S75IW79- of Backhoe Trenches ® o wa . IN 0 r..t 30) Figure 3. Locations of backhoe trenches excavated (Phases II and III). Figure 4. View of backhoe work in progress. Note the portable screen on the left. 16 1 117�) Soil samples from CA-RIV-6059 were floated by hand in the Paleoethnobotany Laboratory at UCLA Sample were poured into a 10 gallon bucket containing water and agitated. Agitation allows light materials, such as carbonized plant remains, to float to the surface where they are decanted into chiffon netting (0.02 mm mesh). Sediment remaining in the bucket was poured into a sieve with a 1.0 mm mesh opening. This material or heavy fraction, was then washed and dried on paper. All heavy fractions were examined for the presence of botanical material. All light fractions from the submitted samples were sifted through a series of nested sieves (2.00, 1.00, and 0.50 mm), yielding four size fractions (>2.00 mm, 2.00-1.00 mm, 1.00-0.50 mm, and <0.50 mm) in preparation for sorting. The light fraction is divided as such for two reasons. It is easier to sort material of similar size, given the shallow depth of field of the incident light binocular microscope (10-40x) employed. It also allows one to selectively remove distinct materials from each fraction. In this analysis, carbonized wood was only removed from the >2.00 mm fraction and weighed. All other carbonized plant material was removed from the 2.00-1.00 mm and 1.00-0.50 mm fractions and counted or weighed. Material <0.50 mm in size was quickly scanned for whole seeds, however, none were present. Plant material generally decomposes in a relatively short period of time after deposition. Therefore, uncarbonized plant remains, which usually represent contamination by modern vegetation, are noted but not removed (Minns 1981; Keepax 1977). Only carbonized material was considered cultural in this analysis. The recovered carbonized plant remains were identified though the use of comparative plant and seed collections and seed manuals located in the Paleoethnobotany Laboratory in the Institute of Archaeology at UCLA. Wood charcoal specimens were fractured to give a clean transverse section and then examined under an incident light binocular microscope at 40x. A grab of 20 pieces of wood charcoal from the >2.00 mm fraction of each sample was selected if available. This subsample size was deemed appropriate given the diversity of taxa present (Smart and Hoffman 1988:186). Identifications were made using comparative modem wood specimens collected from southern California. All specimens large enough to be identified were identified. Pollen Analysis (Owen K. Davis) Three pollen samples were analyzed by Dr. Owen K. Davis of University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences. PSI was taken from Unit 7, 10-20 centimeter level; PS002 was taken from Unit 7, 60-70 centimeter level; and PS003 came from Unit 9, 30-40 centimeter level. Pollen was extracted from 5cm3 samples by routine acid digestion. One Lycopo&um tablet (13,911 spores per tablet) was added to each sample to permit calculation of pollen concetration. Three hundred pollen grains of upland plants were counted for all samples. The pollen sum of upland plants (including deteriorated) is used as the divisor for all pollen percentages. The pollen of aquatic plants, spores or ferns and fimgi, charcoal, and other microfossils are not included in the sum. Typically more than 1000 microfossils are counted per sample. Pollen clumps (aggregates) are counted as four grains. 17 -", 1-7v The pollen concentration is calculated for the pollen sum. It is an index of preservation and the sediment accumulation rate. Low concentration combined with poor preservation may indicate the destruction of pollen, making interpretation of the pollen percentages in terms of past environment questionable. Alternately, good preservation and low concentration might result from rapid sediment accumulation. Faunal Analysis (Thomas A. Wake) Analysis of vertebrate faunal was conducted by Dr. Thomas Wake of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory, UCLA. Vertebrate faunal remains were recovered from 11 excavation units, along with backhoe trenches, at RIV-6059 and 5 excavation units at RIV-6060. All of the sediment excavated at these two sites was dry screened through :3 mm (1/8 in.) mesh. Recovered artifact classes were sorted and bagged separately. The remains in question arrived at the UCLA Zooarchaeology Laboratory in excavation bags labeled with respective unit and level provenience information. Analysis in this report focuses exclusively on the available vertebrate faunal remains recovered from the excavation units. The faunal analysis specifically identifies and addresses the dietary patterns observed in the vertebrate faunal assemblage. Interpretation focuses on what these patterns suggest in terms of resource focus, vertebrate acquisition, and processing. Any changes in species frequencies or relative abundances will be discussed in terms of their relation to the desiccation of ancient Lake Cahuilla and concomitant shifts in vertebrate subsistence patterns. To identify resource focus and any shifts, data (in the form of charts and tables) detailing which animal species are represented in this assemblage are presented and discussed. Identifications The non -fish vertebrate skeletal remains from RIV-6059 and RIV-6060 were identified and analyzed by the staff of the UCLA Zooarchaeology laboratory including Mercedes Duque, Lady Harrington, Judith Porcasi, Wendy Teeter, and Thomas Wake. All identifications were confirmed using the comparative osteological collection housed in the UCLA Institute of Archaeology Zooarchaeology Laboratory. Each bone specimen was identified to the most discrete taxonomic level possible. More detailed taxonomic assignment is limited to elements with sufficient distinguishing features allowing identification to the given level. Bones lacking discrete morphological features were sorted into broad size categories by class. Size categories are defined as follows: for mammals, large represents deer size or greater, medium represents smaller than deer but larger than jackrabbit, and small represents jackrabbit or smaller, for birds large represents goose size or greater, medium represents ducks to roadrunners, and small represents jays or smaller. 18 The fish bone specimens were identified by Thomas Wake using the fish comparative osteological collection housed in the UCLA Institute of Archaeology Zooarchaeology Laboratory, augmented by specimens on loan from the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco, and comparative specimens housed in the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACMNH), following Gobalet's (1992) methods. Less identifiable fish were classed as Osteichthyes (bony fish). For each discretely identifiable bone a series of data were recorded including catalog number, complete provenience and screen size information, skeletal element, part of element, side, age, and modification. Data recorded regarding modification of bone specimens include evidence of burning, cut marks, gnaw marks, and indications of tool or other artifact manufacture. The bone was counted and weighed to the nearest 0.01 g using electronic scales. Archival quality paper tags with the above information are included in each individual bag of analyzed bone specimens. Complete detailed information for each site is provided in the catalog (under separate cover). Identification of human remains All bone specimens were inspected in order to determine the presence or absence of human remains in the CA-RIV-6059 and CA-RIV-6060 vertebrate faunal assemblages. The contents of each bag were examined carefully for characters diagnostic of Homo including articular surfaces, foramina, cancellous tissue, inner and outer tables for skull fragments, general morphology and bone thickness (Bass 1987; White 1991). No human bone was identified from either site during laboratory analysis. However, human bone was identified during the monitoring of CA-RIV-6060 and was analyzed by Deborah Gray (1998), a forensic anthropologist. This was a cremation interment identified as Feature 3. FINDINGS: FIELDWORK DETAILS AND GENERAL FINDINGS Fieldwork for this project comprised two phases, Phase II (Test Program) and Limited Phase III (Data Recovery and Boundary Definition). Phase I had already been conducted by Archaeological Resource Management Corporation in 1997 (Demcak 1997). PHASE H Phase II consisted of test excavation and surface collection at the two prehistoric sites recorded during the Phase I survey, CA-RIV-6059 (LAQ1) and CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2). Work was also conducted at another prehistoric site CA-RIV-6092 (LAQ5) that was newly discovered by AAG. Additionally, the two putative historical refuse deposits recorded by ARMC were also inspected (LAQ3-H and LAQ5-H). Fieldwork took place on the following days in 1998: 2/12, 2/13, 2/16, 2/17, 2/18, 2/19, 2/20, 2/23, and 2/24. The following personnel assisted with the Phase II work: James Brock, Brenda D. Smith, William A. Sawyer, Steven K. Dies, and James H. Toenjes. 19 .1; 19 All units dug during Phase II were one -by -one meter in size. Five units were dug at CA-RIV- 6059 (Units 1-5), five units were dug at CA-RIV-6060 (Units 1-5), and one unit was dug at CA- RIV-6092 (Unit 1). Additionally, three features were investigated at CA-RIV-6059 (Features 1- 3) and one unit was examined at CA-RIV-6060 (Feature 2—Feature 1 had been previously excavated). All four features were surface rock scatters. Figures 5, 6, and 7 shows the locations of units and features at the three sites investigated. Also during Phase II systematic backhoe trenching was conducted to look for buried deposits. Backhoe trenches were generally dug on a 50 meter interval grid (see Figure 3 above). Backhoe trenches were dug directly to the west of grid points and were generally 60 centimeters wide, 2 meters long, and 1.2 to 2.0 meters in depth. The dirt was screened through 1/4 inch mesh. A total of 29 backhoe trenches were dug during Phase H. See Table 1 for the results of the backhoe trenching. The backhoe trenching proved highly successful. A major buried habitation area was located at Locus B of CA-RIV-6059. This discovery facilitated another phase of research to better define the extent of the deposit and to acquire a sample of the material that is present. This was termed "Limited Phase III". LIMITED PHASE III This phase of research entailed the excavation of additional hand units and backhoe trenches in order to better evaluate the nature and extent of the buried deposit present at Locus B of CA- RIV-6059. Work took place on the following days in 1998: 3/26, 3/27, 3/28, 3/29, and 3/30. The crew consisted of James Brock, William A. Sawyer, and Steven K. Dies. The units varied in size from one -by -one, one -by -two, to two -by -two meters in size. They are numbered 6 to 11 (see Figure 5). The backhoe trenches were dug on the same grid employed during the test phase but were excavated at closer intervals to determine the extent of the deposit (see Figure 8). Ten additional backhoe trenches were excavated bringing the total number of trenches dug to 39. The results of all the backhoe trenching are provided in Table 1. UNIT DESCRIPTIONS Unit Descriptions for CA-RIV-6059 Genera! Units 1 thourgh 5 were excavated at this site during the test phase (Figure 5). Because of the high density of surface artifacts at Locus A most (4) of the units were dug in that location (Units 1, 2, 4, and 5). These indicated that no meaningful subsurface deposit was present, with artifacts almost exclusively confined to the top 2 cm of the locus. This clearly indicates soil deflation at this locus. 20 R J\ b� CA-RIV-6059 1� III 0 Unit 8 �N1� JJ15p ^ +NiSOW100 N15WWW t// + Unit 11 Unit 10-. i j.-Unit3 Unit 6-g, � l (Unit 7" < \ \ l_Vnit4 Unit 1 �- Unit 2 n I LOCUS A Feature 1 Q Unit s"•s� �J , i J ~AREA TO BE PRESERVED � Unit 9 -Feature 3 Locus B IVA N V100 JFeature 2 CA-RIV-6059 Site Plan Showing Unit and Feature Locations 0 Meters 100 0 Feet 300 Figure 5. Map of CA-RIV-6059 showing unit and feature locations. 21 .� ills CA RIV-6060 Site Plan 0 Meters 100 An 0 Feet 300 Estimated Extent of Site Unit 1,� L UMWIFeature 2 r Unit 2 - • u • — Feature 1 Figure 6. Map of CA-RIV-6060 showing unit and feature locations. i t I I 22 ,.Ji, 1-11 MID Feet if Trench S751W1 J� Key: • Ceramic sherd x Ground stone fragment 0 140 Clay fragments O 11-20 Clay fragments O 21-30 Clay fragments f15 +SSOlW1OD +S50AN.10 Trench S75M75 / oil c =I _ •O �Unit 1 II .I t Datum ! (W. Pole 96493) 014 i00 , o C Oile. ' 0t= u . ' 130 f) a •E V:C O Eat extent of site / I \•0� O Note: Surface collection numbersllettera are shown, not catalog numbers. = --- LAQ5 - ---- - Figure 7. Map of CA -RI V-6092 (LAQ5). 23 NWOAW5 � / N170M50 N150NV100, % N15UIW75 N1501W125 �; : _N1501W50 N137.51W125 LOCUS B N13T.5NV75 N1251W50 11 N1251W125 --- / ` - -'� ! i ` N1251W. N125NV75- - N125/W137.5-�N112.5NV125= N100NV100�' N100NV75 N100/W125-\/ . ',N10ONV50 i N87.5/W100_ _ If87.5NV75 N75NV175 - N75fW125 ! N75NV75 ' Area to be Preserved N251W175 N251W125 ;' N25/W75 - - Locus A S251W175 S751W175 _ i i S251W125 - CA.RIV-6059 .5 Datum I (Util. Pole ��+ 96493) Site Plan Showing S751WI25 _ Backhoe Trenches rf�� p WtaR 100 Feet 300 Figure 8. Backhoe trenches at CA-RIV-6059. 24 TRENCH CORRESPONDING DEPTH STRATIGRAPHIC GENERAL FINDINGS NUMBER SITE (CMS.) OBSERVATIONS S75IW75 CA-RIV-6092 120 Finely layered aeolian Negative sands S75/W 125 CA-RIV-6092 120 Finely layered aeolian Burned clay fragments sands S75/W175 None 120 Finely layered aeolian Negative sands, some compacted silt layering S75/W225 None 120 Finely layered aeolian Negative sands, some compacted silt layering S25/W 125 None 120 Aeolian sands, 1 burned clay fragment compacted silts below 80 cols. S25/W175 CA-RIV-6059A 120 Surface compact, silty Negaive sands below S25/W225 None 120 Finely layered aeolian Negative sands N25/W75 None 120 1 Aeolian sands Negative N251W I25 CA-RIV-6059A 120 Aeolian deposits Only Negative N25/W175 CA-RIV-6059A 120 Aeolian deposits, Negative compacted at surface N25/W225 None 120 Finely layered aeolian Negative sands N25IW275 None 120 Finely layered aeolian Negative sands N75/W75 CA-RIV-6059A 120 Aeolian sands I clay, 1 faunal N751W125 CA-RIV-6059A 120 Aeolian sands Negative N75/W175 None 120 Aeolian sands Negative N751W225 None 120 Aeolian sands, no 1 flake discernable layers N75/W275 None 120 Aeolian sands Negative N87.5/W75 CA-RIV-6059B 220 Aeolian silty sands, OtivcUa bead, faunal, compacted sands with ceramics, burned clay, caliche at 105-125 cros. charcoal fragments Cultural material to 200+ cros. N87.51W100 CA-RIV-6059B 200 Aeolian sands Faunal, charcoal fragments, shell N100/W50 CA-RIV-6059B 200 Beds of compacted silt Burned clay above 50 cros., I and very fine sand charcoal fra ents Table 1. Summary of trench data from Phases II and M. 25 r .i TRENCH CORRESPONDING DEPTH STRATIGRAPHIC GENERAL FINDINGS NUMBER SITE (CMS.) OBSERVATIONS N100/W75 CA-RIV-6059B 140 Aeolian silty sands; Ceramics, faunal, burned dense burned cultural clay, charcoal, thermally layer +/- 40 to 80 cons. affected rock, milling stone fragment N1001WI00 CA-RIV-6059B 190 Aeolian sands; 2 Ceramics, faunal, burned discernable cultural clay, charcoal, thermally levels: 50-60 and 100+ affected rock curs. N100/W125 CA-RIV-6059B 120 Finely layered aeolian Negative sands N112.5/W 125 CA-RIV-6059B 210 Finely layered aeolian Burned clay, glass fragment, sands 1 bone, charcoal fragments N125/W37.5 CA-RIV-6059B 200 Very loose silty sands Ceramics, burned clay, faunal, charcoal fragments, shell N125/W50 CA-RIV-6059B 180 Aeolian sands; dense Ceramics, faunal, burned burned cultural deposit clay, shell, charcoal, +/- 100 to 150 curs. thermally affected rock N125IW75 CA-RIV-6059B 120 Aeolian silty sands, no Ceramics, faunal, charcoal, discernable stratigraphy projectile point N1251WI25 CA-RIV-6059B 120 Aeolian sands, burned Ceramics, faunal, lithics, laver at +/-50cros. charcoal NI25/W137.5 CA-RIV-6059B 200 Aeolian silty sands, no Charcoal fragments only discernable stratigraphy N1251W225 None 120 Aeolian silty sands, no Negative discernable stiatigraphy N125IW275 None 120 Aeolian silty sands, no Negative discernable stratigraphy N137.5/W75 CA-RIV-6059B 200 Silty sands, clayey sands 2 fragments burned clay, at bottom charcoal fragments N137.5/W125 CA-RIV-6059B 200 Silty sands, no Small amount of ceramics, discernable stratigraphy faunal, charcoal N150IW50 CA-RIV-6059B 1.5 Silty sands, disturbed to I ground stone fragment 40 cons. N150IW75 CA-RIV-6059B 170 Aeolian silty sands Faunal (probably intrusive), some charcoal fragments N1501W100 CA-RIV-605913 180 Silty sands, no 2 ceramics, some small discernable stratigraphy charcoal fragments N1501W125 CA-RIV-6059B 120 Finely layered aeolian Negative sands, some compacted silt layering N170/W50 CA-RIV-6059B 150 Aeolian sands, gravel in 1 ceramic, 1 bone, 2 top 20 cons. fragments clay N170/W75 CA-RIV-6059B 150 Aeolian sands, gravel in 9 ceramics, 1 faunal top 20 cons. Table 1(continued). Summary of trench data from Phases II and III. 26 CSC Only one unit, Unit 3, was excavated at Locus B because very little surface material was present in this area. With the exception of light material in the top 0 to 10 cm level, the unit was negative. This lead us to believe--erroneously—that little cultural material existed at Locus B. Fortunately, we knew of the potential for buried sites to be present in the vicinity based on our recent investigations at the nearby Burning Dune site (Brock and Smith 1998). Consequently we conducted backhoe trenching across the property and discovered a major buried habitation deposit at Locus B (see Figure 3 above). Units 6 through 11 at CA-RIV-6059 were all excavated at Locus B at part of Phase III (Figure 5). These units were intended to better define the extent of the buried deposit and to provide a sample of the material present. None of the units were dug into the densest, central part of the deposit because boundary definition was the major concern. Also, the expense of analyzing the high density of material from the central area was a consideration. Units 7 and 9, which were in peripheral areas of the buried deposit, provided the best glimpse of what the main concentration might produce. Unit 1 This was a one -by -one meter unit dug in an area of high density surface artifacts at Locus A. It was dug to 40 cm and postholed to 100 cm. Two sherds came from the surface of the unit. The stratigraphy of the unit is shown in Figure 9. Unit 2 This was a one -by -one meter unit dug in an area of high density surface artifacts at Locus A. It was dug to 30 cm and postholed to 70 cm. All artifacts were confined to the surface. The stratigraphy consisted of a moist brown silt (Munsell: 10YR5/3) to approximately 10 cm, a dry pale brown silt (Munsell: 10YR6/3) to approximately 20 cm, and a loose pale brown (Munsell: 10YR6/3) sand below this. Unit 3 This was a one -by -one meter unit dug in an area of low density surface artifacts at Locus B. It was dug to 30 cm and postholed to 100 cm. One sherd, two clay fragments, one piece of glass, and one metal fragment came from the top level. The other two levels were sterile. All levels were a grayish brown aeolian sand (Munsell: 10YR5/2) with no obvious stratification aside from that caused by differential moisture. A view of the unit is presented as Figure 10. 27 CA-RIV-6059, Unit 1, North Sidewall Datum (NE Corner) Hole with loose sand 'thin lens of loose sand • ` V-shaped cutlfissure 2. filled with sand ...: Key: 0 20 cros. 1. Moist brown silt (Munsell: 10YR5/3). Cultural material In top 5 ems. 2. Dry pale brown slit, finely layered (Munsell:10YR613). 3. Loose pale brown sand (Munsell: IOYR613). Figure 9. Stratigraphic profile of Unit 1, CA-RIV-6059, Locus A. Figure 10. View of Unit 3 at CA-RIV-6059, Locus B. 28 Unit 4 This was a one -by -one meter unit dug in an area of high density surface artifacts, including obsidian flakes, at Locus A. It was dug to 40 cm and postholed to 90 cm. All artifacts were confined to the top level. All levels were a grayish brown aeolian sand (Munsell: I OYR5/2) with no obvious stratification aside from that caused by differential moisture. Unit 5 This one -by -one meter unit was dug at the southern end of Locus A. It was dug to 30 cm and postholed to 90 cm below ground surface. The only finds were two pieces of burned clay from the surface of the first level. The stratigraphy consisted of compact grayish brown silt (Munsell: IOYR5/2) to 5 cm, layered grayish brown silty sands (Munsell: 10YR5/2) with organic debris to 20 cm, and grayish brown sand (Munsell: IOYR5/2) below 20 cm. Unit 6 This unit was two -by -two meters square and dug in the central area of Locus B just north of where a backhoe trench, N1251W75, had encountered substantial findings. Surprisingly, Unit 6 produced little material. The unit was dug to 100 cm with a consistent stratigraphy of finely layered grayish brown aeolian sands (Munsell: IOYR5/2). To ensure that a buried deposit was not being missed a 50 cm diameter shovel test pit (STP) was dug in the bottom of the unit down to 160 cm below ground surface. The STP findings were negative. Unit 7 This was a one -by -two meter unit excavated on the western portion of Locus B just north of where a previous trench (N1251WI25) indicated there was dense cultural activity. A backhoe was used to clear overburden from the top 50 cm of soil. The unit was excavated to 110 cm below this (i.e. 160 cm total). Due to sidewall collapse at the end of the unit no posthole was dug. Unit 7 was the best stratified of all units excavated and produced a large quantity of cultural material. Two radiocarbon dates were determined from charcoal samples from this unit (see below). A view of the completed unit is shown as Figure 11 and detailed stratigraphic information is provided in Figure 12. Unit 8 Unit 8 was a one -by -two meter unit dug in the northern portion of Locus B to help determine the extent of the deposit. A backhoe was used to clear overburden from the top 30 cm of soil. The unit was excavated to 50 cm below this (i.e. 80 cm total). A posthole was dug down an additional 60 cm (140 cm total). No finds came from the unit. The stratigraphy comprised a uniform grayish brown aeolian sand (Munsell: IOYR5/2). 29 Figure 11. View of Unit 7 at CA-RIV-6059, Locus B. Datum (SE Corner CA-RIV-6059, Unit 7, East Sidewall 60 below ground surface) i •G�: - 3 .Decomposed Organic , • , 4 SA (charcoal lens(; ' S ' "SIB icharcoal lens( . Key: 1, Finely layered grayish brown aeolian sand (MunseN: t0YR6l2(. 2. Grayish brown aeolian sand with charcoal and cultural material (Munsell: 10YR612). 3, Brown aeolian sand (Munsell: 10YR513(. 4. Brown aeolian sand with unburm vegetal debris (Munsell: 10YR513(. 5. Light brownish gray aeolian sand with charcoal lensing (Munsell: 10YR612(. 0 40 cros. Note: pollen, macrobotanical, and radiocarbon samples analyzed from layers 2 and SA. Figure 12. Stratigraphic profile of Unit 7 at CA-RIV-6059, Locus B. 30 Unit 9 Unit 9 was a one -by -two meter unit dug in the eastern portion of Locus B to help determine the extent and nature of the deposit. An adjacent backhoe trench (N125/W50) had indicated that dense cultural material was present in the area, particularly charcoal and thermally affected rock. A backhoe was used to clear overburden from the top 50 cm of soil. The unit was excavated to 120 cm below this (i.e. 170 cm total). A posthole was dug an additional 70 cm in the bottom of the unit. The unstable sidewalls were continually falling in making the unit rather unphotogenic. The unit had abundant charcoal and thermally affected rock, along with ceramics, faunal material, and burned clay. From 0 to 70 cm the unit comprised a grayish brown micaceous sand with charcoal (Munsell: 10YR5/2). From 70 to 120 cm the soil consisted of light brownish gray sand (Munsell: 10YR6/2). Unit 10 Unit 10 was one -by -one meters, dug in the northeastern area of Locus B to help determine the extent of the deposit. Approximately 35 cm of overburden soil was removed by backhoe prior to starting the unit. The units was dug to 50 cm (85 cm below ground surface). A small quantity of ceramics, burned clay, faunal material was recovered and charcoal fragments were evident in the top 20 cm. A posthole was dug an additional 60 cm into the bottom of the unit. The stratigraphy was a consistent grayish brown aeolian sand deposit (Munsell: 10YR5/2). Unit 11 This one -by -one meter unit was dug in the northern portion of Locus be to help determine the extent of the deposit. Approximately 30 cm of soil was removed from the ground surface by backhoe prior to starting the unit. The unit was dug to 70 cm (100 cm below ground surface) and postholed an additional 70 cm. Small bone fragments were found in the unit along with some charcoal fragments. The unit had grayish brown silty sands to 50 cm (Munsell: 10YR5/2) and light brownish gray silty sands (Munsell: 10YR6/2) below 50 cm with some compacted silts evident in the posthole. Unit Descriptions for CA-RIV-6060 All units excavated at CA-RIV-6060 were dug during the Phase H Test Excavation. The locations of the units are shown in Figure 6 above. Unit 1 This one -by -one meter unit was dug to 50 cmwith a posthole in the bottom going down an additional 65 cm (115 cm total). The soil was a homogeneous light gray aeolian sand (10YR7/2). The only material recovered consisted of burned clay fragments in the 10-20 cm level. 31 1 �� Unit 2 This unit was one -by -one meter in size, excavated to a depth of 50 cm with a posthole going down an additional 60 cm. The only material recovered comprised 5 fragments of burned clay from the 20-30 cm level. The soil was consistent grayish brown aeolian sand (10YR5/2). Unit 3 This one -by -one meter unit was excavated in the southern area of the site. It was dug to 80 cm with a posthole excavated an additional 30 cm. The unit suffered from sidewall collapse. The stratigraphy consisted of a uniform grayish brown aeolian sand (Munsell: 10YR5/2). The unit produced faunal remains associated with burned clay and also some ceramics. Unit 4 Unit 4 was excavated in the central area of Feature 2, a surface rock scatter (see Figures 13 and 15). It was dug to 50 cm with a posthole going an additional 70 cm deep. The soil was a consistent grayish brown aeolian sand (Munsell: 10YR5/2). Some faunal remains were recovered from the top two levels. Unit 5 This unit was dug adjacent to Unit 3 in an effort to sample more of the deposit in that vicinity. The unit was dug to 50 cm. It was not possible to posthole the unit because the sidewalls were collapsing. The unit produced pottery, faunal material, and burned clay to 40 cm. The unit had a uniform grayish brown aeolian sand (Munsell: 10YR5/2). Unit Description for CA-RIV-6092 The unit excavated at CA-RIV-6092 ((LAQ5) was one -by -one and excavated to a depth of 30 centimeters and then postholed an additional 60 cm (90 cm total). The only material recovered consisted of burned clay fragments from the top 20 centimeters. The stratigraphy consisted of a uniform grayish brown aeolian sand (Munsell: 10YR5/2). A view of the completed unit is presented as Figure 14. FEATURE DESCRIPTIONS Feature Descriptions for CA-RIV-6059 Three features were recorded at CA-RIV-6059. These are all surface rock clusters that could easily be modem or disturbed in nature. See Figure 5 above for the locations of the features. 32 Elm Figure 13. View of Unit 4 at CA-RIV-6060. The contrast in the sidewall is due to differential moisture rather than stratigraphic change. Figure 14. View of Unit 1 at CA-RIV-6092. The contrast in the sidewall is due to differential moisture rather than stratigraphic change. 33 J C: Unit 4 D (� qz ® o a Q o D ®� o 00 0� Bone 0 CA-RIV-6060 Feature 2 .j 0 0 O D � 0 H 0 cros. 50 t � 00 ®— Thermally affected Figure 15. Plan and photographic view of Feature 2 at CA-RIV-6060. 34 �_.�, v41 It should be noted that it is likely that there are numerous buried prehistoric features located in the area of Locus B that is being preserved. These could consist of such things as hearths, processing features, structural remains, and possibly cremation interments. Feature I This was a circular alignment of rocks, like a campfire circle, that was probably modern. It was 66 cm in diameter. Feature 2 This was a loose scatter of surface rocks measuring 85 by 35 cm. Feature 3 This was another loose scatter of surface rocks measuring approximately 100 cm in diameter. Feature Descriptions for CA-RIV-6060 The locations of features encountered at CA-RIV-6060 are shown in Figure 6 above. Feature I This feature was a prehistoric human cremation interment identified during monitoring for the Avenue 48 Extension Project. It is discussed in two previous reports (Gray 1998 and Brock 1998). The small pit encountered during monitoring contained charcoal and burned, fragmented human bone. Of importance to this project is the fact that the only radiocarbon date we have for CA-RIV-6060 is from this deposit. This date is 350 +/-30 BP (Beta-112309; calibrated results with 95% probability: AD 1460 to 1645). Also, this feature indicates the potential for encountering more human cremation interments during grading for the project. Feature 2 Feature 2 at CA-RIV-6060 was a surface scatter of rocks, some thermally affected. The plan and photograph of this feature are presented as Figure 15. The feature measured approximately 350 by 250 cm. Unit 4 was excavated in the central area of the feature with negligible findings. 35 ,.JI IW FINDINGS: ANALYSIS OF RECOVERED MATERIAL GENERAL Table 2 presents a breakdown, by weight, of the material recovered from the three prehistoric sites investigated. MATERIAL CATALOG PREFIX CA-RIV6059 CA-RIV6060 CA-RIV6092 Bead BE 0.5 Ceramics CE 2033.8 302.9 84.9 Clay, burDed CL 2541.1 586.5 967.1 Chipped stone CS 14.1 Faunal vertebrate FA 60.7 6.7 0.6 Fresh water shell FS 5.7 0.3 Glass GL 19.0 Ground stone GS 387.6 286.6 39.9 Metal ME 2.3 Thermally affected rock TA 4841.5 957.7 9.8 Totals 9835.3 2140.1 1102.3 Table 2. Distribution of materials by weight at the three sites investigated Note: the thermally affected rock is from the units only. CA-RIV-6059 Radiocarbon Dating Three radiocarbon age determinations have been provided by Beta Analytic for CA-RIV-6059. These are all charcoal samples from Locus B. Table 3 presents a summary of the radiocarbon data and Appendix 2 presents the analysis for each sample provided by Beta Analytic, Inc. 36 Sample Number Unit Depth Conventional Calibrated (cros) radiocarbon Results, 2 sigma, age 95% probability Beta-116954 7 10-20 190 +/-40 BP AD 1650-1825 AD 1835-1880 AD 1915-1950 Beta-116955 7 60-70 190+/-50BP AD 1645-1950 Beta-116956 9 30-40 570+/-40BP AD 1305-1430 Table 3. Radiocarbon dates from CA-RN6059, Locus B. BP = before present. Present = 1950. Macrobotanical Results (Steve L. Martin and Virginia S. Popper) Three samples, comprising a total soil volume of 3 liters, were analyzed. The results of the macrobotanical analysis for CA-RIV-6059 are presented in Tables 4 and 5. Table 5 presents absolute counts and weights for the recovered carbonized material and Table 6 presents wood charcoal absolute counts and weights for the identified specimens. Any identifications which carry some uncertainty are indicated as cf (compares with). Seeds are rarely identified to the species level because seeds within the same genus are often morphologically very similar and carbonization often distorts seeds obscuring diagnostic char- acteristics. Seeds which are too distorted or fragmented to classify to even the family level are placed in the Unidentifiable seeds category. One seed was unknown to the analysts and was designated as unknown type 61. This seed is obovate in outline, flat (1.5 x 2.0 nun) with convex center, and a smooth surface. Sphaeralcea sp. cf. was the only seed type identified. The category Cheno-Ams includes a number of species found in the Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae families whose seeds contain a central endosperm around which the embryo curves (e.g. Amaranthus, Atriplex, Chenopodium, Suaeda). Seeds placed in this category lack diagnostic seed coats upon which identifications to the genus or family level are made. Botanical material that lacked any diagnostic characteristics and could not be positively identified to a known taxa was placed in the Amorphous category. Amorphous material is typically very porous, possesses minimal vessel structure, and lacks a distinctive shape. AMplex sp. (saltbush) and Prosopis sp. (mesquite) were the only wood types identified. These species are common members of the Creosote Scrub plant community within which the site is located. The absence of creosote bush (Lirrea tridentata) is probably the result of the small sample sizes rather than from it not being utilized. 37 Table 4. Provenience information for the analyzed macrobotanical samples from CA-RIV-6059. EB No.a Unit Layer Volume (L) 1888 7 2 1.0 1887 9 1 1.0 1886 7 5A 1.0 a The EB number is the accession number of the UCLA Paleoethnobotany Laboratory. Table 5. Plant material absolute counts and weights (gm) from CA- . RIV-6059. Unit 9 7 TYPE Laver 1 Laver 2 Laver 5A SEEDS Cheno-Ams 5 Sphaeralcea sp. cf. 5 Unknown type 61 1 Unidentifiable seeds 3 3 1 Seed Totala 3 13 PLANT PARTSb Wood 0.14 4.78 0.07 Fruit (Brassicaceae cf.) 1 Attachment 1 Leaf part 7 Amorphous 0.03 Unknown t>lant cart 3 21 a Seed total includes unidentifiable seeds and fragments b Weights (in grams) except plant parts. Table 6. Wood charcoal absolute counts and weights (gm) for CA- RIV-6059. 9 7 Inver 1 Laver 2 Laver 5A TYPE Ct wt. Ct Wt. Ct Wt Atriplex sp. 2 0.01 1 0.03 7 0.06 Prosopis sp. 4 0.03 15 2.99 Diffuse porous 1 0.03 Bark 8 0.06 Indeterminate 6 0.04 3 0.04 12 0,01 Total identified 20 0.14 20 3.09 19 0.07 Total wood charcoal 0.14 4.78 0.07 38 IV The Cahuilla used seeds of saltbush (Atriplex sp.) for food and the leaves and roots, which contain saponin, as a surfactant (Barrows 1900; Ebeling 1986). Mesquite (Prosopis sp.) was a very important plant for the Cahuilla providing a relatively large harvest of seed pods ("beans") during the summer months and edible blossoms in June (Barrows 1900; Ebeling 1986). Its sap was used to treat wounds and in dye manufacture and its wood was used as fuel and in the construction of domiciles and various utensils (Strike 1994). The small size of the sample has apparently resulted in the recovery of few remains. The moderate wood charcoal densities and unusually large amounts of plant parts suggest large scale burning at or near the site. Given the near normal charcoal densities and the presence of bone and shell in the samples, seed processing appears to have been a minor activity at the site. Pollen Results (Owen K. Davis) Pollen concentration is low (4300-8600 grains/cc) and preservation moderately poor (37-41%; Table 7, Figure 16) for all samples analyzed. The pollen assemblage is dominated by Chenopodiaceae Amaranthus (25-30%), chamise (Adenostoma, 6-14%), and cattail (Typha- Sparganium, 4-15%). Although the samples are generally similar, sample PSI has more oak, samples PSI and PS2 have more Asteracae and slightly more Ambrosia, and samples PS2 and PS3 have greater percentages of cattail and chamise. Charcoal is not extremely abundant in these samples. The slight differences between the three samples from CA-RIV-6059 is due in part to vegetation change. Sample PSI was taken from 50 centimeters above sample PS2, and shows a slightly more xeric condition than PS2 (as indicated by higher percentages of dryer desert plants). Possibly PSI was deposited after Lake Cahuilla had started to retreat. PS2, the stratigraphically lower sample from Unit 7, has higher percentages of cattail and chamise, suggesting more extensive aquatic vegetation and nearby chaparral. PS3 has similar pollen concentrations as PS2, which is likewise suggestive of aquatic vegetation and chaparral. Nearby standing water is clearly suggested by the pollen percentages and is fully consisted with occupation during highstands of Ancient Lake Cahuilla. Furthermore, dominance of Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus and presence of Ambrosia, Artemisia, and Ephedra indicates that the upland vegetation at the time was desert, similar to that of today. Absence of creosote bush and mesquite pollen probably results from the low pollen production of these plants and poor preservability of their pollen. The pollen percentages of the CA-RIV-6059 samples are similar to those of nearby CA-RIV4754 (Table 7, Figure 16; Davis 1997). Although this similarity exists, the vegetation implied by the CA-RIV-6059 pollen is decidedly more mesic than that suggested by the CA-RIV4754 pollen samples. Mesic conditions are indicated by greater percentages of woody plant pollen (pine, oak, chamise, and buckthorn) and fewer desert indicators (Ephedra, Ambrosia). However, the presence of 4-15% cattail in pollen samples from CA-RIV-6059 and of cattail, sycamore (Platinus), and willow (Salix) at CA-RIV-4754 (Davis 1997) does document extensive lakeside vegetation during highstands of Lake Cahuilla. we, SAMPLE CA-RIV-6069 PS1 PS2 PS3 CA-RIV-6060 FEA.1 CA-RIV-4764 001 002 003 sum 300 300 300 6 301 301 16 TRACERS 97 124 193 228 354 228 120 CONC (gr/cc) 8605 6731 4325 73 2366 3673 371 DETERIORATED 110 93 124 52 127 151 11 Abies 0 0 1 0 1 5 0 Cupressaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus total 7 14 6 4 8 7 0 Quercus 18 3 2 1 0 1 0 Adnestoma 18 41 33 0 0 0 0 Ceanothus 17 13 18 0 9 11 0 Ephedra 5 3 2 0 22 34 1 Ambrosia 14 10 1 8 13 28 0 Artemisia 7 3 16 0 10 1 0 Other Compositae 20 32 5 3 14 8 1 Gramineae 10 2 2 8 5 3 0 Chenopodiaceae-Amar. 74 84 90 17 Be 45 2 Onagraceae 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 Typha-Sparganium 13 44 25 4 5 2 0 Fungal Spores 42 21 0 33 123 332 5 Arthropod Feces 3255 381 148 118 35 20 73 Charcoal 5478 638 2999 9558 56 332 21533 Table 7. Pollen counts for CA-RIV-6059, CA-RIV-6060 (Feature 1), and selected types for CA-RIV-4754. 40 I Ieooj?g3 seoe j podouyuV F.M O°°` — E sa.iods Ie6un_j Ea°OL — n E wRlueCuadSeyd�(1�®. ® i —�I� snqiuejvwv �® aeaaelpodouapodoua yO aeaulmO raE sepsodwoOJeyPOEo® ® WSUBW to— ersojgwyE,® r, m nE elpayo� ri n r, E snWoueaO to® ® c awo2souapy�® snoien(D �m snurdcq — =c GEIV80111�li3G --][ (D01J61 ONOO N m M O N 8 a a �i o g m� CA•RIV-6059 CA.RIV.4754 c� {L 41 Faunal Material from CA-RIV-6059 (Thomas A. Wake) A total of 634 bone specimens (60.73 g) recovered from CA-RIV-6059 have been identified and analyzed. Forty four various taxonomic categories are represented (including size class categories). Twenty vertebrate genera and twenty four species are identified (Table 8). The remaining taxonomic categories consist of bone fragments that are identifiable only to the Family or Order level, or relative size class category. The CA-RIV-6059 vertebrate faunal assemblage is dominated by mammals (Figures 17 and 18), the most common of which are cottontail rabbits (Genus Sylvilagus). Fish, predominantly razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus) and a few bonytail (Gila elegans), and reptiles follow. Birds are represented by only a few specimens and make a negligible contribution to the overall assemblage. Excavation Units 7 and 9 have by far the highest densities of bone (Table 9). Fish Fish remains have been reported from a number of sites associated with the northern shoreline of ancient Lake Cahuilla (Follet 1988; Gobalet 1992, 1994; Moffitt and Moffitt 1996; Wilke 1978). The composition of the RIV-4754 archaeological fish fauna, while somewhat limited in diversity and number, is representative of the region and comparable to other known assemblages. Fish represent the second most common class vertebrate animals by count, and the third by weight, in the RIV-6059 archaeofauna. A total of 91 (3.06 g) fish bone specimens are identified (Table 8). Many other Salton Basin archaeological sites have similar, or greater representation of fish bone (Follett 1988; Gobalet 1992). No fish were identified from Locus A. Fish bones in Locus B are heavily concentrated in Unit 7, with only a single undifferentiated fish fragment present in Unit 9, and completely absent from all other Units (Table 9). Three different species of fish are represented (Tables 17 and 18, Figures 19 and 20). Most (N=50, 2.46 g) of the bone represents 2 species of cypriniform fishes (Order Cypriniformes), the bonytail (Family Cyprinidae, Gila elegans, N=6, 0.39 g, M1141=1) and the razorback sucker (Family Catostomidae, Xyrauchen texanus, N=44, 2.07 g, MN1=2). Photographs of these fish are provided as Figures 21 and 22. One upper precaudal vertebra (0.11 g, MNI=1) representing a large striped mullet (Perciformes, Mugilidae, Mugil cephalus) was also identified. One (0.03 g) fragment is referred to the Catostomidae, and six (0.09 g) to the Cypriniformes . The remaining 33 (0.37 g) elements are identifiable only as bony fish (Osteichthyes) remains. Preservation of the fish bones is good, but some specimens are quite brittle, and some appear weathered. Few fragile individual head bones are identified. Most Salton Basin archaeological ichthyofaunas are dominated solely by more durable vertebral elements (Follet 1988; Moffitt and Moffitt 1996). Vertebral elements do dominate this fish assemblage. The MNI's for both bonytail and razorbacks were generated by numbers of unique vertebrae (1 vertebrae #6 for bonytail and 1 vertebrae #2 for razorback). Numbers of paired cranial region elements such as pharyngeal tooth plates (1 L, bonytail) were similar. 42 Table 8. Identified vertebrate species from CA-RIV-6059. Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Gila elegans Catostomidae Xyrauchen texanus Cypriniformes Perciformes Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Osteichthyes Anura Bufonidae Bufo punctatus Chelonia Testudinidae Gopherus agassizii Squamata - Sauria Iguanidae Dipsosaurus dorsalis Callisaurus draconoides Uma inornata Sceloporus magister Squamata - Serpentes Colubridae Masticophis sp Viperidae Crotalus sp Serpentes Chub - Bonytail 6 .39 Sucker Family 1 .03 Sucker - Razorback 44 2.07 Minnow Order 6 .09 Cypriniformes ---- ---------- 57 2.58 Mullet - Striped 1 .11 Perciformes -------------- 1 .11 Fish - Bony 33 .37 -------------- 33 .37 Total Fish ---- ---------- 91 3.06 Toad - Red -spotted 1 .02 Total Amphibian ---- ---------- 1 .02 Tortoise - Desert 4 17.88 Chelonia -------------- 4 17.88 Iguana 1 .01 Iguana - Desert 14 .24 Lizard - Zebra -tailed 2 .04 Lizard - Coachella V. Fringe 1 .01 Lizard - Desert Spiny 1 .03 Colubrid Snake Family 2 .13 Whip Snake - Unid 9 .22 Rattlesnake - Unid 1 .05 Snake suborder - Unid 1 .01 Squamata 32 .74 - Total Reptile ---- ---------- 36 18.62 43 Table S. Identified vertebrate species from CA-RIV-6059 (continued). Anseriformes Anatidae Anas crecca Anas sp Anas sp, sm Aves Aves, lg Aves, and Aves, sm Lagomorpha Leporidae Lepus californicus Sylvilagus audubonii Sylvilagus sp Rodentia Sciuridae Ammospermcphilus leucurus Geomyidae Thomomys bottae Heteromyidae Dipodomys deserti Dipodomys merriami Dipodomys sp Perognathus californicus Cricetidae Neotoma lepida Neotoma sp Rodentia Rodentia, sm Carnivora Canidae Canis latrans Artiodactyla Teal - Common (European Teal) Duck - Unidentified Duck - Small Anseriformes Bird - Unid Bird - Large Bird - Medium Bird - Small Total Bird 7 1 1 2 1 3 3 1.01 .09 .24 1.34 .10 .16 .21 .05 .52 1.86 Hare, Rabbit Family 17 1.10 Jackrabbit - Black -tailed 3 .66 Cottontail - Audubon's 12 2.72 Rabbit - Unid 68 15.39 Lagomorpha 100 19.87 Squirrel, Chipmunk Family Ground Squirrel - Antelope Pocket Gopher - Botta's Kangaroo Rat - Desert Kangaroo Rat - Merriam's Kangaroo Rat - Unid Pocket Mouse - Californicus Wood Rat - Desert Wood Rat - Unid Rodent - Unid Rodent - Small Rodentia Coyote Carnivora Even -toed Ungulates - Unid Artiodactyla 44 1 54 7 1 1 1 1 5 7 46 5 129 .01 2.61 .58 .05 .01 .01 .04 .33 1.55 .78 .21 6.18 1 .07 -------------- 1 .07 1 .51 ---- ---------- 1 .51 Table 8. Identified vertebrate species from CA-RIV-6059 (continued). Mamma1ia Mammal - Unid 68 2.33 Mammalia, lg Mammal - Large 1 .25 ---lia, and Mammal - Medium 3 .61 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 185 7.35 258 11.05 ---- ---------- Total Mammal 488 37.17 45 ---- ---------- TOTAL TAXA: 634 60.73 2 0), Figure 17. Distribution of animal bone by count (NISP) at CA-RIV-6059. Fi4(14%) i..n.—nrrn Figure 18. Distribution of animal bone by weight (gm) at CA-RIV-6059. wpri Class Count Weight(g) ---------------------------- Fish 91 3.06 Amphibian 1 .02 Reptile 42 18.62 Bird 18 1.66 Mammal 488 37.17 TOTAL: ---------------- 640 60.73 46 a � / Feat. Locus Trench ------------------------ I A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A ------------------------ Unit Total ------------------------ A A ----------------------- Unit Total ----------------------- A A A A A ----------------------- Unit Total ----------------------- ----------------------- A ----------------------- Unit Total _a_.-_«____«- A -.«-«-_s«=---------- A A A ----------------------- Unit Total ----------------------- A A A ----------------------- Unit Total a«« ----------ate. A N017.0/W163 ------- A---N011 0/W111 A N017.0/W171 A N017.0/W171 ----------------------- Trench Total ---------------------- A N021.0/W163 A N021.0/W163 A N021.0/W163 A N021.0/W163 A N021.0/W163 ----------------------- Trench Total ------- A--N021.0/W161 A N021.0/W16 A N021.0/W167 A N021.0/W16 ----------------------- Trench Total Table 9. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RIV-6059. Unit Level Taxon Common Name __________________________________________________________________ 000-010 Crotalus sp Rattlesnake - Unid 000-010 Aves Bird - Unid 000-010 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 000-010 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 000-010 Neotoma lepida Wood Rat - Desert 000-010 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 000-010 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 000-010 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 010-020 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 010-020 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 2 000-010 Artiodaetyla 2 000-010 Mammalia 2 000-010 Mammalia, sm 4 000-010 Sylvilagus sp 4 000-010 Leporidae 4 000-010 Rodentia 4 000-010 Mammalia 4 000-010 Mammalia, sm 9 000-000 Mammalia s- 15 000 000Mammalia md ------------------------ 16 Mammalia 16 000-000 Mammalia, sm 18 000-000 Mammalia, sm ------_-_.--e------«------ 21 Colubridae 21 000-000 Sylvilagus sp 21 000-000 Thomomys bottae 66 Neotoma lepida 66 000-000 Lepus californicus 66 000-000 Rodentia 66 000-000 Mammalia, sm Even -toed Ungulates - Unid Mammal - Unid Mammal - Small Rabbit - Unid Hare, Rabbit Family Rodent - Unid Mammal - Unid Mammal - Small Mammal - Unid - Mammal -Medium --------------- Mammal - Unid Mammal - Small Mammal - Small ----------------------- Colubrid Snake Family Rabbit - Unid Pocket Gopher - Botta's Wood Rat - Desert Jackrabbit - Black -tailed Rodent - Unid Mammal - Small 000-000 ------------------------------------------------------------ Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 000-000 Leporidae Hare, Rabbit Family 000-000 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 000-000 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 000-000 Serpentes 000-000 Aves 000-000 Neotoma lepida 000-000 Rodentia 000-000 Marmalia 000-000 Sceloporus magizter 000-000 Sylvilagus sp 000-000 Mammalia 000-000 Mammalia, sm 47 Snake suborder - Unid Bird - Unid Wood Rat - Desert Rodent - Unid Mammal - Unid Lizard - Desert Spiny Rabbit - Unid Mammal - Unid Mammal - Small Ct Weight 1 .05 1 .05 2 .13 2 .10 1 .02 2 .02 5 .09 3 .06 2 .06 2 .02 21 59 1 51 1 .08 1 .04 ---------- 3 .63 3------21 1 .20 3 .1i 9 .15 9 .47 25 1.20 1-----04 -1 .31 -1 - 06 1 .09 ---------- 2 .15 - -- -- 1 1------11 2 .9i 1 .06 ----- 4 1.14 -1------15 1 .27 1 .02 1 .04 4 .48 1 .21 2 .06 1 .01 4 .28 =---------- 1 .05 1 .07 1 .02 1 .01 5 .16 :-1--=--03 .01 2 .11 1 .05 5 .20 Table 9. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RIV-6059 (continued). Feat. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Locus Trench Unit Level Taxon Common Name Ct Weight -----------------------------------------------=-----------------.---------a-_------------------------.---- A N021.0/W171 000-000 Mammalia Mammal Unitl 1 .01 A N021.0/W171 000-000 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .10 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 2 .11 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A N021.0/W'175 000-000 Mammalia, am Mammal - Small 1 .04 __'______`_____`------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A N025.0/W167 000-000 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 1 .10 ..«<s«.----= A ----------- N029.0/W175 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 000-000 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 1 .34 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A N033.0/W179 000-000 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .06 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A N033.0/W191 000-000 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 2 .16 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. A N037.0/W175 000-000 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 1 .11 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A N041.0/W167 000-000 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .05 A N041.0/W167 000-000 Mammalia, and Mammal - Medium 1 .18 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 2 .23 -------------------------- A N041.0/W171 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 000-000 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 1 .08 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. A N041.0/W175 000-000 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .11 A N041.0/WI75 000-000 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 5 .32 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 6 .43 --- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------' Loaoa Total 95 6.99 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B 3 000-010 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .02 --'------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B 6 040-050 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 .05 B 6 040-050 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 2 .07 B 6 060-070 Mammalia Mammal - Unid - 3 .05 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Unit Total 7 .17 --------------------------------------------------------------•--•----------------------------------------: B 7 000-010 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 .34 B 1 000-010 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 15 .92 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Level Total 11 1.26 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. B 7 010-020 Lepus californlcus Jackrabbit - Black -tailed 1 .27 B 7 010-020 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 4 .79 8 1 010-020 Leporidae Hare, Rabbit Family 6 .22 B 7 010-020 Neotoma sp Wood Rat - Unid 2 .06 B 7 010-020 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 24 .56 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Level Total 37 1.90 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B 7 020-030 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 .39 B 7 020-030 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 1 .04 B 7 020-030 Thomomys bottae Pocket Gopher - Botta's 1 .03 B 7 020-030 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 1 .02 B 7 020-030 Mammali a, sm Mammal - Small 7 .26 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Level Total 12 .74 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. B 7 030-040 Xyrauchen texanus Sucker - Razorback 1 .03 B 7 030-040 Aves, and Bird - Medium 1 .10 B 7 030-040 Sylvilagus audubonii Cottontail - Audubon's 2 .49 B 7 030-040 Mammalia, am Mammal - Small 2 .05 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Level Total 6 .67 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. B 7 040-050 Gila elegans Chub - Bonytail 2 .16 B 7 040-050 Xyrauchen texanus Sucker - Razorback 3 .12 B 7 040-050 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 .06 B 7 040-050 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 1 .03 B 7 040-050 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 2 .09 _____________ Level Total _--------------_-_--------_-____-----_---____________-_--______-___-_-_-___------ 30 46 m Table 9. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RIV-6059 (continued). Feat. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Locus Trench Unit Level Taxon Common Name Ct Weight B 7 050-060 Gila elegans Chub - Bonytail 2 .05 B 7 050-060 Xyrauchen texanus Sucker - Razorback 27 1.10 B 7 050-060 Catostomidae Sucker Family 1 .03 B 7 050-060 Cypriniformes Minnow Order 5 .08 B 7 050-060 Mugil cephalus Mullet - Striped 1 .11 8 7 050-060 Osteichthyes Fish - Bony 10 .12 B 7 050-060 Dipsosaurus dorsalis Iguana - Desert 1 .01 B 7 050-060 Iquanidae Iguana 1 .01 S 7 050-060 Masticophis sp Whip Snake - Unid 1 .02 B 7 050-060 Aves, sm Bird - Small 2 .04 B 7 050-060 Sylvilagus audubonii Cottontail - Audubon's 4 .66 B 7 050-060 Leporidae Hare, Rabbit Family 6 .27 B 7 050-060 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 3 .08 B 7 050-060 Thomomys bottae Pocket Gopher - Botts's 1 .12 B 7 050-060 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 5 .12 B 7 050-060 Mammalia, sm Mamnal - Small 11 .34 ______________________________________________________________________________________-________________ Level __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Total 81 3.16 B 7 060-070 Gila elegans Chub - Bonytail 1 .15 B 7 060-070 Xyrauchen texanus Sucker - Razorback 10 .65 B 7 060-070 Osteichthyes Fish - Bony 9 .11 B 7 060-070 Anas crecca Teal - Common )European Teal) 4 .32 B 7 060-070 Anas sp Duck - Unidentified 1 .09 B 7 060-070 Aves, and Bird - Medium 1 .08 B 7 060-070 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .04 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B 7 060-070 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .08 Level __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Total 34 1.52 B 7 070-080 Osteichthyes Fish - Bony 12 .11 B 7 070-080 Dipsosaurus dorsalis Iguana - Desert 1 .01 B 7 070-080 Anas crecca Teal - Common (European Teal) 3 .69 B 7 070-080 Leporidae Hare, Rabbit Family 1 .05 B 7 070-080 Perognathus californicus Pocket Mouse - Californicus 1 .04 e 7 070-080 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 1 .01 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B 7 070-080 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .03 Level __________________________________________________________________-___-_--__________________-_-__________ Total 20 .94 B 7 080-090 Gila elegans Chub - Bonytail 1 .03 B 7 080-090 Xyrauchen texanus Sucker - Razorback 1 .02 S 7 060-090 Cypriniformes Minnow Order 1 .01 B 7 080-090 Dipsosaurus dorsalis Iguana - Desert 3 .07 B 7 080-090 Aves, sm Bird - Small 1 .01 B 7 080-090 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 .10 B 7 080-090 Leporidae Hare, Rabbit Family 2 .15 B 7 090-090 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 3 .15 B 7 080-090 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 5 .06 B 7 090-090 Rodentia, sm Rodent - Small 1 .01 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B 7 080-090 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 15 .21 Level __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Total 35 .82 B 7 090-100 Aves, 1g Bird - Large 1 .16 B 7 090-100 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 3 .04 B 7 090-100 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 2 .01 ___ B 7 090-100 Mammalia, am Mammal - Small 9 .24 Level __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Total IS 45 S 7 100-110 Aves, and Bird - Medium 1 .03 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B 7 100-110 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .02 Level _____________________ Total 2 .05 Unit Total -------------------- __ __------------------------------------------ ______________________ ________________ ____________________ 269 11.97 B 9 000-010 Ammospermophilus leucurus e=- Antelope Ground Squirrel Antelo e 1 03 B 9 000-010 Dipodomys sp Kangaroo Rat - Unid 1 .01 B 9 000-010 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 1 .03 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B 9 000-010 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .01 Level ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4 .08 49 20e Table 9. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RIV-6059 (continued). Feat. Locus Trench Unit Level Taxon Common Name Ct Weight B 9 010-020 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .03 B 9 010-020 Neotoma lepida Wood Rat - Desert 1 .03 B 9 010-020 Mammalia Mammal - Unid B .24 B 9 010-020 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 3 .13 ___________________________________________________________________________--___-___----________________-. Level Total 13 .43 _________________________________________________________________________-__-__-_______-__-____________. B 9 020-030 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 1 .16 B 9 020-030 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 4 .08 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. B 9 020-030 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 2 .02 Level __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Total 7 .28 B 9 030-040 Gopherus agassizii Tortoise - Desert l 5.33 B 9 030-040 Uma inornata Lizard - Coachella V. Fringe 1 .01 B 9 030-040 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 3 .10 B 9 030-040 Thomomys bottae Pocket Gopher - Botta's 1 .06 B 9 030-040 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 3 .02 B 9 030-040 Mammalia Mammal - Unid B .11 B 9 030-040 Mammalia, lg Mammal - Large 1 .25 B 9 030-040 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .02 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Level __________________________________________________________________-_--_________-__________-__-____-______. Total 25 _-__. 5.90 B 9 040-050 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 .19 B 9 040-050 Thomomys bottae Pocket Gopher - Botta's 1 .04 B 9 040-050 Dipodomys merriami Kangaroo Rat - Merriam's 1 .01 B 9 040-050 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 4 .04 B 9 040-050 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 2 .01 B 9 040-050 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .01 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Level __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Total 11 .30 B 9 050-060 eufo punctatus Toad - Red -spotted 1 .02 B 9 050-060 Colubridae Colubrid Snake Family 1 .02 B 9 050-060 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .06 B 9 050-060 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 9 .27 B 9 050-060 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 1 .01 8 9 050-060 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 12 .27 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Level Total 25 .65 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B 9 060-070 Osteichthyes Fish - Bony 2 .03 B 9 060-070 Dipsosaurus dorsalis Iguana - Desert 1 .02 B 9 060-070 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 3 .14 B 9 060-070 Neotoma lepida Wood Rat - Desert 1 .06 B 9 060-070 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 2 .07 8 9 060-070 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small B .17 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Level Total 19 .49 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B 9 070-080 Dipsosaurus dorsalis Iguana - Desert 4 .06 B 9 070-080 Callisaurus draconcides Lizard - Zebra -tailed 2 .04 B 9 070-080 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 .19 B 9 070-080 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 2 .12 B 9 090-080 Sciuridae Squirrel, Chipmunk Family 1 .01 B 9 00-080 Thomomys bottae Pocket Gopher - Botta's 1 .07 B 9 070-080 Dipodomys deserti Kangaroo Rat - Desert 1 .05 B 9 070-080 Neotoma sp Wood Rat - Unid 1 .15 B 9 070-080 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 3 .04 B 9 070-080 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 3 .05 B 9 070-080 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 13 .32 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Level Total 33 1.10 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B 9 100-110 Dipsosaurus dorsalis Iguana - Desert 1 .01 B 9 100-110 Lepus cali£ornicus Jackrabbit - Black -tailed 1 .12 B 9 100-110 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 1 .03 B 9 100-110 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 2 .02 B 9 100-110 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 5 .51 -__-----_ Level Total ________________________________________________________________________________ 30 69 Unit Total 145 9.92 50 Table 9. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RIV-6059 (continued). Feat. Locus ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------' Trench Unit Level Taxon Common Name Ct Weight B 10 010-020 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .06 B 10 010-020 Neotoma sp Wood Rat - Unid 1 .32 B 10 010-020 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 2 .25 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unit Total --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 .63 B 11 020-030 Masticophis sp Whip Snake - Unid 1 .02 B 11 020-030 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .10 B 11 020-030 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 1 .04 B 11 030-040 Masticophis sp Whip Snake - Unid 5 .13 B 11 030-040 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 5 .06 B 11 040-050 Dipsosaurus dorsalis Iguana - Desert 3 .06 B 11 040-050 Masticophis sp Whip Snake - Unid 2 .05 B 11 040-050 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 1 .02 B 11 040-050 Mammalia, and Mammal - Medium 1 .12 B 11 040-050 Mammalia, sA Mammal - Small 1 .01 B 11 050-060 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 1 .03 B 11 050-060 Rodentia Rodent - Unid 4 .05 B 11 060-070 Thomomys bottae Pocket Gopher - Botta's 1 .20 B 11 060-070 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .01 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Unit Total ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 .90 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B N015.0/W 75 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .10 B NOB3.5/W 75 Mammalia, sm Mamal - Small 1 .27 .as."``------a.-.a---------------•""---_.--..--....---.-----------.-----.-----.---...."""""""'_. B N087.5/W1OO Xyrauchen texanus Sucker - Razorback 1 .08 B N081.5/W100 Gopherus agassizii Tortoise - Desert 1 .15 B N087.5/W100 Sylvilagus audubonii Cottontail - Audubon's 3 .90 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 5 1.13 B N100.0/W 15 Sylvilagus an Rabbit - Unid 6 1.54 B N100.0/W 15 Neotoma sp Wood Rat - Unid 1 .40 B N100.0/W 75 Rodentia, sm Rodent - Small 1 .07 B N100.0/W 75 Mammalia, am Mammal - Small 3 .27 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 11 2.28 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B N100.0/W100 Gopherus agassizii Tortoise - Desert 2 12.40 B N100.0/W100 Anas sp, sm Duck - Small 1 .24 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B N100.0/W100 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 1.35 Trench Total 5 13.99 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B N112.5/W125 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 1 .08 «m... a-----------------------------•_______ B N125.0/W 31.5 ---P_._---------..--...-a.«.-_---___s��.�_�_�z«___�z=_ Sylvilagus s Rabbit Unid 1 15 B N125.0/W 37.5 Canis latrans Coyote 1 .07 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 2 .22 S N125.0/W 50 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit Unid 5 1.05 S N125.0/W 50 Neotoma sp Wood Rat - Unid 1 .33 B N125.0/W 50 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 2 .12 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total ....... ----- 8 1.50 B = N125.0/W =-s_------""_"" 75 ________P--------------------`"""`_`_------a«_------...�. Sylvilagus s Rabbit Unid 1 26 B N125.0/W 15 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .11 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 2 .37 B N125.0/W125 Sylvilagus Sp Rabbit Unid 11 6.85 B N125.0/W125 Neotoma sp Wood Rat - Unid 1 .29 B N125.0/W125 Rodentia, sm Rodent - Small 3 .13 B N125.0/W125 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 12 .81 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 33 9.06 cBv N131.5/W'125 t if9'c a_« '@ Sylvilagusaudubonii"i '` - ...-__. Cottontail Audubon's 3 fii 61 51 � �� Table 9. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RN-6059 (continued). Feat. Locus Trench Unit Level Taxon Common Name Ct Weight ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B N150.0/W 95 8yrauchen texanus Sucker - Razorback 1 .07 B N150.0/W 75 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 16 1.04 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trench Total 17 1.11 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B N170.0/w 50 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 1 .11 B N170.0/W 75 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 1 .22 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- �tal 545 53.74 __Z---------------------------------«<----.----------. --------_--------4-----6-e-ea- 3IS'f � � W O 60.73 52 Figure 19. Distribution of fish bone by count (NISP) at CA-RIV-6059. vp��(W., C.... pn, 0w�-On ■.a.e�(M, Figure 20. Distribution of fish bone by weight (gm) at CA-RIV-6059. S.hp WK, (IMI qbf Taxon Count Weight(g) Gila elegans 6 .39 Xyrauchen texanus 44 2.07 Catostomidae 1 .03 Cypriniformes 6 .09 Mugil cephalus 1 .11 Osteichthyes 33 .37 TOTAL: ---------------- 91 3.06 53 D L S1 Y }\ V i 'aU _ ^i Figure 21. Boneytail, approximately1 cm. long.r - r•Deacon 1 --t _, Figure 22. Male razorback sucker. Source: Minckley and Deacon (1991:304) 54 G�' Salton Basin Fishes The bonytail and razorback are native to the Colorado River system. Both of these species were originally most common in the rapidly flowing, turgid waters of the lower Colorado River, from the Grand Canyon down. Gobalet (1992:76) believes that ancient Lake Cahuilla, fed by nutrient laden Colorado River waters, was a plankton rich environment and could have supported large numbers of filter feeding razorbacks and omnivorous bonytail and striped mullet. The striped mullet is a euryhaline species that ascends the Colorado from the Gulf of California. 'The only predatory fish species known from northern Salton basin archaeological sites, the Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucfus), and the machete (Elops affrnfs) could both have feasted on young bonytail and razorbacks. However, no squawfish or machete are identified at RIV-4754. Gobalet and Wake (n.d.) report the discovery of a single pupfish (Cyprinidon) vertebra from a non -archaeological late Holocene paleontological assemblage, and suggests that small fish species such as woundfish (Plagopterus argentissimus), Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentahs), and desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularis) might eventually turn up in archaeological assemblages when the possibility of their presence is considered prior to excavation (1 mm mesh screens should be used for some samples). It is generally believed that the fish species found at the study area and other local archaeological sites were delivered to ancient Lake Cahuilla during the late Holocene, when the Colorado River periodically left its banks and flooded into the Salton Basin, filling it and dramatically changing the local environment from desert to lacustrine (Wilke 1976:194). At least four, and possibly five, individual lake filling events are believed to have occurred throughout the late Holocene (Hubbs and Miller 1948; Laylander 1995; Schaefer 1994; Sutton and Wilke 1988; Waters 1983; Wilke 1976). During its high stand, Lake Cahuilla lay at 12 in above sea level, had a depth of 95 in, and covered over 5700 km2 (Waters 1983:374). These lacustrine intervals of roughly 100 to 250 years must have had profound influences on past human subsistence and settlement patterns. Razorback sucker (Xvrauchen texanus) Razorbacks, the most common fish species at RIV-6059, are also well represented at many other Salton Basin archaeological sites (Gobalet 1992, 1994; Gobalet and Wake n.d.). Razorbacks are one of the two most common archaeological fish species in the region. In many sites razorbacks are the dominant fish species (Follett 1988; Gobalet 1992, 1994, Moffitt and Moffitt 1996; Wilke 1978). Razorback suckers have adapted to meet the ecological conditions found in the various swift water drainages that constitute the lower Colorado River system (Moyle 1976:173). Razorbacks are relatively robust, but for a sucker (Catostomidae) they have a relatively streamlined body, with a prominent hump behind and above the head, capped by a sharp keel, and large fins. It is believed that the fishes shape is a result of adaptation to the swift water of the lower Colorado 55 oz�� River and helps the fish to maneuver and stay on the bottom in the face of strong currents during seasonal floods (Moyle 1976). Razorback suckers are filter feeders and therefore quite selective in their food choices. They are primarily planktivores, straining out most small food items floating in the water column with their long gill rakers and specialized pharyngeal teeth (Papoulias and Minkley 1990). Gut contents of 34 preserved razorbacks from Lake Mojave included planktonic crustaceans, rotifers, diatoms, detritus, and filamentous algae (Marsh and Papoulias 1987:117). These fish grow to a large size, attaining average lengths of up to 1 m and weights of 7 kg, but fish over 60 cm and 4.5 kg are unusual (Moyle 1976:230). Spawning typically occurs in the spring in tributaries or shallow lake waters over silty sand, gravel, or rocks (Moyle 1976:230). Spawning females are often attended by groups of up to 12 males (Moyle 1976:230). While relatively small, the sample of razorback bones was large enough to permit analysis of size and age, like that performed on the bonytail (Gila elegans) bone from RIV-6060 detailed below and on bonytail remains from RIV-4754 (Wake 1997). No proatlas vertebrae were identified, so revisiting Casteel's (1976:138-141) analysis of growth rates was not possible. One observation is apparent though. The razorback bones from RIV-6059 are all of relatively uniform size; none are strikingly small and none are really large. Gobalet and Wake (n.d.) note that this pattern is common throughout virtually all known Salton Basin archaeological fish assemblages and believe that this uniformity in size may have something to do with procurement practices (see below). Age Determination Two separate metrical analyses were conducted in order to gain information concerning the size, and therefore, the age structure of the fish population represented in the excavated sample from RTV-6059. 1) Size (centrum length) of the thoracic vertebrae (upper precaudal in the catalog) in the archaeological sample was used to estimate the skeletal lengths of the Xyrauchen individuals constituting the majority of the RIV-6059 fish sample. The proportional method described by Casteel (1976:104-117) was used. 2) The growth annuli on the same thoracic vertebrae were also counted, averaged, and compared to the annuli of the comparative skeletal specimens, which are of known length and can be assigned to an age class following Vanicek and Kramer (1969). A complete annulus usually corresponds to one year of growth (Casteel 1976). Length Determination Average size (length) of the razorbacks from RIV-6059 was determined using the proportional method described and discussed by Casteel (1976:105-117). First, a representative sample of five thoracic vertebrae were selected from three excavation unit level bags (Unit 7, Levels 40-50, 50- 60, 60-70). Thoracic vertebrae were chosen since they are readily identifiable as Xyrauchen. These skeletal elements lack the laterally projecting, anterio-posterially angled transverse processes on each side of the centrum that articulate with equivalent projections on the respective conjoining parapophyses that the ribs attach to that are distinctive of Gila. They also lack longitudinal bony laminae in the dorsal cavity of the centra. Neither Ptychocheilus (squawfish - 56 vertebrae have bony laminae in dorsal cavity), or Mugil (striped mullet - vertebrae are perforate and dissected), the other most commonly encountered fish species in Salton Basin archaeological sites, have this exact thoracic vertebral morphology. The samples discussed here were chosen because each subsample contained the only thoracic vertebrae available. Incomplete upper thoracic vertebral centra were rejected. Complete vertebral centra are necessary in order to accurately measure their respective lengths and account for all available growth annuli. In total, five archaeological Xyrauchen thoracic vertebrae were measured (Table 10). All measurements were taken with digital calipers. To serve as a comparison, lengths of 10 of the post-weberian thoracic vertebrae of one individual Xyrauchen texamrs (CAS 26235) were measured (Table 10). Average thoracic lengths were then calculated for the specimen (CAS 26235:4.329 mm). An overall sample average was calculated (4.12 mm). The average archaeological sample length was then plugged into an equation to determine the estimated size of the fish. The following basic algebraic equation was used: R (comp. spec.) SL (Comp. spec.) R (sample) x where X is the average of the respective measured thoracic vertebrae, SL is the measured skeletal length of the comparative specimen, and x equals estimated average skeletal length of the archaeological fish. The following equations was generated and solved, yielding the size estimate listed below. The actual equations are: Based on CAS 26235 4.33 282.79 -- _ -- x=269.08 4.12 x Estimated skeletal length = 269.08 mm The size estimates refer to the average length of the skeleton (measured from the tip of the premaxilla to the end of the hypural). The actual (total length) average length of the fishes would be somewhat longer (up to 50 mm) if the presence of the caudal fin rays is taken into account. 57 Table 10. Xyrauchen teranus upper thoracic verterbral lengths (in mm). CAS 26235 RIV-6059, Unit 7 4.46 3.90 (40-50) 4.62 4.13 (50-60) 4.34 3.85 (50-60) 4.54 4.65 (60-70) 4.27 4.05 (60-70) 4.26 4.36 4.17 4.23 4.04 4.33 (Average) 4.12 (Average) Table 11. CA-RIV-6059, Unit 7, Xyrauchen texanus upper thoracic verterbal lengths (in mm). 40-50 50-60 60-70 8 7 8 8 7 Average: 7.6 m .Ju Annuli Counts Counting growth annuli is an excellent way of determining age and season of death in variou vertebrates, especially fish. Growth annuli can be found on many different fish bones includin the operculum, vertebrae, scales, and otoliths. These annuli are usually deposited in a yearly cycl similar to tree rings, with rapid growth occurring during period of warmer weather and great( food availability, and slower growth occurring during period of lower temperatures and less( resource availability. A seasonal annulus typically consists of a band of diffuse bone grading int a band of denser bone. Rapid growth produces the relatively diffuse annulus deposits and slow( growth typically leads to denser bands. The operating assumption is that one complete annulu equates to one year of life. Casteel (1976:138-141) has calculated a growth rate for Xyrauchen texanus at Lake Cahuill based on number and size of annuli from one proatlas vertebra. The proatlas he studied has 1 annuli (Casteel 1976:140). It was not possible to make a direct comparison to this study since n razorback proatlas vertebrae are present in the RIV-6059 collection. Annuli on the same Xyrauchen thoracic vertebrae discussed above were counted and averaged t provide a mean age for the entire sample. Thoracic vertebral annuli were also counted on th comparative Xyrauchen specimens (CAS 26235) to serve as a control. All annuli were counte using a binocular stereo zoom dissecting microscope. When I first began counting annuli I attempted to count each obvious ring on each vertebra. Th rapidly became quite frustrating. After viewing the whole sample to be counted and considerir the comparative specimens, relatively consistent, regular patterns of yearly annuli becan ; apparent, but were still subtle. I counted one relatively dense ring and the abutting of a relative diffuse ring as a complete annulus. Annulus counts and averages for the sampled vertebrae a detailed in Table 11. The annulus count for the comparative specimen (CAS 26235) is seven (7). The average annul count for the five sampled vertebrae is 7.6, with a range of 7 to 8. An overall average age f seven and one-half years is suggested. Bonytail (Gila elegans) Bonytail, the second most common fish species at RIV-6059 (Table 8, Figures 19 and 20), a well represented at many other Salton Basin archaeological sites (Gobalet 1992, 1994; Gobal t and Wake n.d.; Moffitt and Moffitt 1996). Bonytail are one of the two most comm( r archaeological fish species in the region in general, the other being razorback sucker (Foll( t 1980, Gobalet 1992, 1994; Wilke 1978). Bonytail are part of a three species complex (Gi I cypha, Gila elegans, Gila robusta) that have adapted to meet specific ecological conditions foul i in the various drainages that constitute the lower Colorado River system (Moyle 1976:172 . Possible hybridization resulting in apparently intermediate forms has caused some confusion ov r 59 a�� the placement of species in this complex, and some have considered Gila elegans and Gila robusta to be sister subspecies of Gila robusta (i.e. Gila robusta elegans and Gila robusta robusta, Gobalet 1992:74; Kaeding et al. 1986; Holden and Stalnaker 1970). However, it is now generally accepted that Gila elegans is a valid species (Gobalet 1992, 1994; Moyle 1976). Bonytail have a streamlined body, a hump behind and above the head, large fins and a long tail. It is believed that the shape of these fishes is a result of adaptation to the swift water of the lower Colorado River and helps them to maneuver and stay on the bottom in the face of strong currents during seasonal floods (Moyle 1976). Bonytail are not selective in their food choices, eating virtually anything in or on the water including filamentous algae, plant debris, insects, insect larvae, planktonic animals, and occasional small fish (Vanicek and Kramer 1969). These fish grow quickly in the first three years of their lives, attaining average lengths of 158 mm and weights of 31 g by their third year (Vanicek and Kramer 1969:200). Growth slows after their fourth year, when they reach sexual maturity and begin to spawn at sizes of 258 mm and 129 g. Bonytail have been observed spawning over gravel beds, broadcasting their adhesive eggs widely (Jonez and Sumner 1954). Unfortunately the six identified bonytail specimens from RIV-6059 do not represent a large enough sample to conduct size and age analysis along the lines of RIV-6060 (detailed below) or RIV-4754 (Wake 1997). Striped mullet Wugil cephalus) Ken Gobalet (1992, 1994, Personal Communication 1997) indicates that striped mullet are generally rare in Lake Cahuilla area archaeological fish assemblages, although they were apparently much more common in the Salton Basin earlier in the 20th century (Dill 1944; Moyle 1976). Follett (1988) has reported finding large numbers of striped mullet otoliths (up to 220 saggitae) at various locations in the Salton Basin. The striped mullet is a marine species that breeds in offshore waters, although Moyle (1976:342) implies that some spawning may occur in fresh water. Striped mullet typically ascend up to 190 km up the Colorado River and return to the Gulf of California to spawn. Striped mullet are thick bodied fish with broad, flat heads and small, terminal mouths. They have long gill rakers and typically filter fine detritus that they scoop from the bottom in shallow waters. Ancient Lake Cahuilla would have represented fine habitat for this species with its calm waters and high productivity. Representation of striped mullet at RIV-6059 is consistent with its relative abundance at other Salton Basin archaeological localities. Procurement and Processine Fish were clearly an important part of the diet at RIV-6059. However, their acquisition by the site's occupants is somewhat problematic. Bean (1970:68) notes in his dissertation that "'three or four hundred years ago, fish played an important part in the Cahuilla diet." Bean (1.970:68) mentions that both the use of nets and bows and arrows to capture fish is recorded in Cahuilla 60 c� l l oral history. While it is certainly possible that bows and arrows were used to capture fish along the shore line of ancient Lake Cahuilla, the number of individuals represented at this site suggests some other means of mass capture. Bean (1970:68) also briefly mentions fish traps or weirs as possible methods of capture. It is possible that nets were used to capture the RIV-6059 fish. It is perhaps more likely, however, that nets were used in combination with stone weirs. Numerous U or V-shaped rock alignments are found along successively descending ancient Lake Cahuilla shorelines. The purpose of these alignments has been debated for many years, but most of the literature interprets or accepts them as fish traps or weirs (Gobalet and Wake n.d.; Treganza 1945; Wilke 1980). It is assumed that these alignments served as breakwaters to protect localized areas of shoreline from wave action and provide calmer water that would more attractive to spawning razorbacks. Others have proposed that the rock alignments served as supports for slight pole structures covered with branches that would provide calm water and shelter attractive to fishes, and also be difficult for large fish to escape from if surprised (Gobalet and Wake n.d.). Either scenario would allow for the capture of mature razorbacks, since it is well known that they congregate in large numbers in shallow waters over gravel beds (Moffitt and Moffitt 1996:102; similar to proposed ancient Lake Cahuilla shore environments where wave action would keep sediment from building on sand and gravel beds, e.g. Gobalet 1992:76; Gobalet and Wake n.d.). Such constructions are designed to catch larger mature fishes and would be ideal for procuring fish of the size indicated by the CA-RIV-6059 sample. The use of large mesh nets alone or in combination with weirs or traps also explains the absence of bones from small fishes in the RIV-6059 faunal assemblage. No specimens representing fingerling sized fish are present in the available RIV-6059 fish remains. Bones from small fishes have been recovered from Salton Basin archaeological sites, and were clearly consumed by people since some have been extracted from human coprolites (Farrell 1988; Follet 1988; Sutton and Wilke 1988; Wilke 1978). Smaller, immature fishes and fingerlings could easily hide or swim between parts of the stone barriers and escape capture. Fingerlings could also easily escape large mesh nets designed to capture mature fish. The fact that no small fishes are represented in the well-preserved RW-6059 assemblage, along with the relatively large average skeletal lengths determined above, strongly supports the hypothesized use of some size -graded mass capture technique such as netting and/or the use of traps or weirs. Four fish bones (4.4%) are burned (Table 12). The presence of burned fish bones suggests that whole fish may have been roasted over open fires or tossed into hearths subsequent to consumption. No cut marks were observed on any of the fish bones. 61 � /� Table 12. Distribution of modified elements at CA-RIV-6059 (B=burned, G=ground) Locus ______________..___-_-__----_________--_--_________________________________-______________.____-____ Trench Unit Level Taxon Element Ct Weight B G Comments A 4 000-010 Mammalia, am limb 1 .02 8 A 66 000-000 Lepus californicus scapula 1 .27 8 A _________________________________________________________________________________________.____---__ 66 000-000 Mammalia, am femur 1 .04 B Unit a-- Total - ----- 2 .31 I.00aa Total----��3 - a .33 ¢=__--__ B 7 000-010 Mammalia, am - indeterminate 7 56 BL B 7 010-020 Leporidae tooth 2 .08 B B 7 010-020 Mammalia, am indeterminate 10 .15 B B 7 010-020 Mammalia, am metapodial 1 .02 B B 7 010-020 Mammalia, am scapula 1 .05 B B 7 010-020 Sylvilagus sp mandible 1 .25 B B 7 020-030 Mammalia, am indeterminate 2 .09 B B 7 020-030 Sylvilagus sp metapodial 1 .09 B B 7 030-040 Sylvilagus auduboni femur 2 .49 B B 7 040-050 Sylvilagus sp mandible 1 .02 e B 7 040-050 Xyrauchen texanus vert,lowerpreca 1 .03 B B 7 050-060 Cypriniformes cranial 1 .06 B B 7 050-060 Mammalia, sm indeterminate 1 .01 B B 7 050-060 Xyrauchen texanus vert,caudal 2 .09 B B _________________________________________________________________________________________.____-____ 7 070-060 Mammalia indeterminate 1 .01 B Unit ----_------------------------ Total 34 2.00 B 9 040-050 -P ---Y ___ ________�--�z-�-------- Di odour s merriami cranial ----------------__-____-_ 1 .01 B B 9 050-060 Mammalia, am humerus 1 .01 B B 9 060-070 Mammalia indeterminate 1 .02 B B 9 070-080 Mammalia, am innominate 1 .07 B _________________________________________________________________________________________.____-____ Unit Total 4 .11 B 11 040-050 Mammalia, and cranial 1 .12 B B N100.0/W7.00 -----_-----------------�a-����-----_-----__----------- Gopherus agassizii hyoplastron 1 11.84 B G edge -ground, platter w/burned crust B N125.0/W 37.5 Canis latrans --------------- cranial 1 .07 B ----------------------------------------�� B N125.0/W125 Mammalia, am indeterminate 1 _._______- .09 B B N125.0/W125 _______________.________________-___________________________________-____--______-________._____-___ Sylvilagus sp tibia 1 .20 S Trench Total 2 .29 Loeue Total 43 14.43 SITE TOTAL: 46 14.76 62 c;�_ 1; `l1 Amphibians One amphibian (Bufo punctatus) is identified from CA-RIV-6059 (Table 8). The red spotted toad is the only anuran currently known from the northern Salton Basin (Stebbins 1985). It is possible, in light of the presence of Colorado River fish species, that the toad element identified here could represent similar Colorado River Bufo species (B. alvarius, B. cognatus, or B. woodhousei). Both B. cognatus and B. woodhousei are shown by Stebbins (1985:) as entering the Imperial Valley, or southern Salton basin. While generally sparse, remains of amphibians have been reported from other archaeological sites in the northern Coachella Valley area (Hudson 1993; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). Reptiles A variety of reptile taxa are present in the La Quinta area, and many of them are represented in the RIV-6059 vertebrate archaeofauna (Table 8, Figures 23 and 24). Nineteen lizard specimens, thirteen snake vertebrae, and four gopher tortoise (Gopherus agassizi) bones are identified from RIV-6059. Four genera and four species of lizards are identified in the RIV-6059 archaeoherpetofauna; the desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsahs, N=14), the zebra -tailed lizard (Callisaurus draconoides, N=2), the desert spiny lizard (Sceloporus magister, N=1), and the fringe -toed lizard (Uma cf. inornata, N=1). All of these lizards, with the exception of Sceloporus magister - a rock dweller, are strongly associated with open sandy desert, washes, and dunes. Desert iguanas are clearly the most common in this assemblage. Dipsosaurus is common in the La Quinta area. They consume plants and are strongly associated with creosote bushes (Stebbins 1985). Lizards do appear in other local area archaeological sites and are currently common around La Quinta. Dipsosaurus bones have been identified at other local and regional archaeological sites (Hudson and Sanchez 1996). The majority of the snake vertebrae identified at RIV-6059 are assigned to the Genus Masticophis (racers) (N=9, 0.22 g). Two specimens are identified to the Colubridae (Non -venomous snakes, N=2, 0.13 g). One rattlesnake (Genus Crotalus) vertebra is identified (0.05 g). All of the snake genera identified here are still found in the La Quinta area (Stebbins 1985). The individual snake vertebrae are not burned or modified in any detectable way, and therefore could be intrusive. Snake remains, including burned specimens, have been reported from a number of sites in the northern Coachella Valley, so the inclusion of serpents in the diet of the site's occupants cannot be discounted (Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992), 63 ;, ap� D . )1)L2-14�' Figure 23. Distribution of reptile bone by count (NISP) at CA-RIV-6059. aaa..a6. nlr.) aoub a (4y.) a.�.a.ew*tlrf C� (SKI VA.W Figure 24. Distribution of reptile bone by weight (gin) at CA-RIV-6059. Taxon Gopherus agassizii Dipsosaurus dorsalis Callisaurus draconoides Uma inornata Sceloporus magister Iguanidae Masticophis sp Colubridae Crotalus sp Serpentes TOTAL 64 Count Weight(g) 10 17.88 14 .24 2 .04 1 .01 1 .03 1 .01 9 .22 2 .13 1 .05 .01 42 18.62 The four desert tortoise identified in the RIV-6059 reptile assemblage are interesting for a variety of reasons. No turtles, not even the hearty desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizi), are presently found in the La Quinta area (Stebbins 1985). It is well known that desert tortoises were consumed by desert peoples. However, desert tortoise remains have been positively identified from one other site in the northern Salton Basin area (Schneider and Everson 1989). Three of the tortoise specimens are carapace fragments, one of which is unmistakable and identified as the distal end of vertebral plate #6, from the left side. The fourth tortoise specimen is unmistakable as well, the posterior portion of the left hypoplastron. The hypoplastron specimen is burned to a black color, and has carbonized residue adhering to it. The lateral edge of the specimen is ground and smoothed, and bears multiple fine striations when viewed under a dissecting microscope. This specimen appears to be artifactual, a tortoise plastron platter perhaps, and may have been transported to the site from somewhere actually within the range of Gopherus agassizi. Consumption of turtles at other local sites is suggested by the presence of their remains in general and especially burned plastron fragments (Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992; Wake 1996). No aquatic turtle species such as the western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata), or any of the Colorado River turtles (Kinosternon sonoriense and Trionyx spiniferus) are identified in the RIV-6059 faunal assemblage. The lack of aquatic turtle elements at this site is quite interesting, especially in the light of the large number of fish remains that suggest the presence of suitable, calm, freshwater habitat, which are ideal conditions for pond turtles. Birds Eighteen bird bone specimens are identified from CA-RIV-6059 (Table 8). Seven of these represent common teal (Arras crecca, 1.01 g). Two other bones are identified as duck (Genus Anas, 0.33 g). The nine remaining bird bones are identified only to relative size classes. Ducks and teal are strongly associated with lacustrine or estuarine environments, and their presence, and association with fish remains, strongly suggests exploitation of such habitats. Remains of greater varieties of bird species, some of which are lacustrine, have been reported from other archaeological sites in the northern Salton Basin area (Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Wake 1997; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). Mammals Mammals (N=488, 37.17 g) represent the majority of the vertebrate faunal assemblage from CA- RIV-6059 (Tables 17 and 18, Figures 25 and 26). A total of eight mammal genera and nine species are identified. Rodents are the most diverse mammal order with five genera and six species represented. Lagomorphs (rabbits) are each represented by two genera and species (Lepus californicus - the black -tailed jackrabbit, and Sylvitagus auduboni - Audubon's cottontail). Carnivores are represented by 1 Genus and Species (Canis latrans - coyote). 65 Figure 25. Distribution of mammal bone by count (NISP) at CA-RIV-6059. W (W4 A.b"b tl l W . ("Y..) M W ON Figure 26. Distribution of mammal bone by weight (gm) at CA-RIV-6059. fain(+.) Sws>r1Y pY.l Crtr1Y (fY.1 Taxon Count Weight(g) Leporidae 100 19.87 Sciuridae 55 2.62 Geomyidae 7 .58 Heteromyidae 9 .11 Cricetidae 12 1.88 Rodentia 51 .99 Canidae 1 .07 Artiodactyla 1 .51 Mammalia 257 10.54 TOTAL: ________________ 488 37.17 •• Mammal remains classifiable only to relative size classes (n=258, 11.05 g) are the most numerous, with small mammals dominating. Unidentified large manurial remains constitute the smallest of these less identifiable groups (N=1, 0.25 g) in the mammal assemblage. Only one specimen is identified as representing the Artiodactyla (even -toed ungulates such as deer and sheep). The most numerous identified mammal taxa in order of relative abundance are cottontail rabbits (Genus Sylvilagus, N=80, MN1=2, 18.11 g), antelope ground squirrels (Genus Ammospermophilus, N=54, 2.61 g), woodrats (Genus Neotoma, N=12, MNI, 1.88 g) and pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys, N=7, MNI=1, 0.58 g). Heteromyid rodents, kangaroo rats (Genus Dipodomys - 3 Species, N=3, MNI=3, 0.07 g), and pocket mice (Genus Peromyscus, N=1, 0.01 g) all indicate desert environments. All of these taxa could have been consumed by the site occupants, although natural occurrence should not be ruled out. Rabbit remains, especially cottontails are common constituents of archaeofaunas in the local area and many other California desert mammal archaeofaunas (Christenson 1990, Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Sutton 1991, 1993; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). The Cahuilla are known to have exploited rabbits (Bean 1978). The low number of jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) specimens (N=3, 0.66 g) is somewhat surprising for a desert locale such as RIV- 6059, since they are common in the local area and often well represented in other neighboring archaeological assemblages (Christenson 1990; Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Sutton 1991, 1993; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). Six cottontail (1.05 g), one jackrabbit (0.27 g), and one kangaroo rat (0.01 g) bones are burned, indicating possible roasting or disposal of portions of carcasses in fires. Burned bone constitutes 7.3% of the total RIV-6059 bone assemblage, a 8.41/o of the mammal assemblage (Table 12). Although common and known as burrowers, the various identifiable rodent specimens (see Table 8) could also represent dietary constituents since 1 specimen (.01 g) is burned. The 63 (1.76 g) indeterminate small mammal specimens most likely represent rodents. Eighteen of the small mammal (probably rodent) bones are burned, possibly indicative of their consumption or disposal. The burning could represent roasting or disposal, although natural wildfires are a possibility. Bean (1978:578) mentions the consumption of "rabbits and other small game ...", probably rodents. Rodent remains are well represented in faunal assemblages from the northern Coachella Valley (Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). Ground Stone The ground stone collection from CA-RIV-6059 comprises fragments representing three metates. The first metate is represented by five fragments of partially burned sandstone with obvious grinding surfaces. The second metate is evidenced by two heavily burned, granitic fragments. The grinding surface of the second metate has several cracks, presumably resulting from being fired. The third metate is represented by a bifacially wom, lightly burned, granitic fragment. 67 Bead One Olivella sp. spire ground bead was recovered from Trench N87.51W75 at Locus B (Figure 27). This has a length of 13.5 mm, an overall diameter of 6.9 mm, and a hole diameter of 2.5 mm. This specimen was found in direct association with ceramics and clearly is from a late precontact context. Apparently this type of bead is fairly common on late sites in the Coachella Valley (Laylander 1997:85). King (1981) has placed spire lopped and spire ground beads in earlier periods on the coast. These beads, however, are known to appear in late contexts on the coast (see e.g. Elsasser 1978; Brock 1986) as well as in the Coachella Valley. The assignment of earlier dates to all sprite removed Olivella beads on the coast is probably incorrect and is undoubtedly incorrect in the Coachella Valley. The evidence from CA-RIV-6059 supports this idea. Chipped Stone Locus A contained 42 pressure flakes and 6 pieces of debitage. Thirty-five of the pressure flakes were of obsidian (Figure 28), three of chert, three of chalcedony, and one of jasper. Debitage consisted of 1 piece of wonderstone, 4 pieces of chert, and 1 piece of chalcedony. Two obsidian samples from Locus A were submitted to the Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, for energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence trace element provenience and obsidian hydration rim measurement analyses. The CA-RIV-6059 obsidian was determined to be from the Obsidian Butte source located in the Salton Buttes of Imperial Valley (Table 13, Skinner et al. 1998). This source was commonly utilized by southern Californian groups, but would have been partially or completely inundated during stands of Ancient Lake Cahuilla. The obsidian hydration analysis yielded rim measurements of 3.0 and 3.1 microns (Table 14, Skinner et al. 1998). These rim measurements coincide with others taken from the Obsidian Butte source (Ericson 1981). Calibrated dates from these additional measurements are AD 1110-1210 and AD 1670 (Ericson 1981). Specimen slides for CA-RIV-6059 are curated at Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory under the accession number 98-67 (Skinner et al. 1998). Locus B contained 2 projectile points and 2 pieces of chalcedony debitage. One of the projectile points (CS021; Figure 29) is a Desert Side -notched type of milky grey chalcedony. This specimen is missing its tip and measures 17.2 mm at base, 9.3 nun at midsection, 23.5 mm in length, and is 4.2 mm thick. This specimen came from Trench N125/W75. The second projectile point is a complete Cottonwood Triangular point (CS024; Figure 30) of dark purple jasper. This came from Unit 7, 10-20 cm. The specimen measures 10.5 mm at base, 2.3 mm at tip, 11.8 mm in length, and is 2.4 mm thick. Cottonwood Triangular points are believed to have been introduced into the Coachella Valley during the Saratoga Springs Period (AD 500-1200). They were used into the Late Pre -Contact Period (AD 1200-contact) and the Proto-Historic Period. Desert Side - notched points were also used during these latter periods. These point types have been found in association with each other on numerous sites (Heizer and Hester 1978:11). 68 aa� Figure 27. Olivella biplicata spire - ground bead recovered from. CA- RIV-6059, Locus B (Trench N87.5/W75). Figure 28. Obsidian pressure flakes from CA-RIV-6059, Locus A. 22WOO v `m V ti � z � � u c �_ U g 6 V O 'O 'O a r N vl Q � M b ^ a m oo 00 -moo �r nor or Q O Q Q ^ N ♦+ Vl O\ Vl N r ✓t M O� M O .. N 0o ao �o 00 o r r o N M m N Me o e oom Q m o Vl Q T Q M M N N r m C0 F Is OmI m U u m E az e a F N 43 0 M M rn • 0.l u L W U w 6 CN O O F Ca Ca U u W y y Q a v a CA z0 o o � y � pj in J z N II M p, rn m o � s u u � O II in !z 70 Figure 30. Cotton- wood triangular point from CA-RIV- 6059, Locus B (Trench 7, 10-20 cm). Figure 29. Desert side -notched point from CA-RIV-6059, Locus B (Trench N125/W75). 71 Thermally Affected Rock The thermally affected rock is mostly in small friable pieces, generally composed of granite with some shist. Locus A had 127.7 grams and Locus B had 4713.8 grams of the thermally affected rock, yielding a total of 4841.5 grams. Unit 9 produced the majority of burned rock (4585.2 grams). The trenches on the eastern portion of Locus B also produced large quantities of thermally affected rock. Some specimens were examined by geologist Harry M. Quinn. He reports that they are highly burned rocks with the specimens consisting primarily of quartz muscovite schist and quartz diorite, with arkosic sandstone and porphyroblastic feldspar also present (Quinn 1998). Trench N1251W50 produced the greatest volume. All of the burned rock is associated with charcoal deposits. Explanations that could be put forward to account for this evidence of burning include food processing activity, cremation ritual, intentional burning of a deceased persons house/property, or accidental burning. Ceramics CA-RIV-6059 produced a total of 2032.8 gm of Cahuilla ceramics comprising 1458 brownware and 59 buffware sherds. Of this, brownwares comprise 95.9 percent of the ceramics assemblage by count (1399 sherds), with the buffwares comprising 4.1 percent by count (59 sherds). The brownwares constitute 91.1 percent of the pottery assemblage by weight (1852.6 gm), with buffwares comprising 8.9 percent by weight (180.2 gm). A breakdown of the ceramics distribution by provenience is provided in Table 15. Most of the pottery came from the surface collection of the deflated soil area at Locus A. These sherds are generally small and undiagnostic. Because the soil at Locus A has deflated and the sherds rested on the ground surface, the larger, diagnostic pieces were probably collected by relic hunters and the remaining sherds were broken by off -road use of the deflated alkali pan. This is evidenced by the average size of the sherds from Locus A (1.96 gm) contrasted with the average size sherds from Locus B (5.24 gm). To further support the idea of better preservation at Locus B, 5 out of 6 sherds representing identifiable vessel forms came from that locus. Of these, all are wide -mouthed forms probably representing cooking vessels. The absence of narrow -necked forms associated with water storage might further support shoreline occupation at the site, with no need for water storage. VPJ J U ,?2� Table 15. Distribution of ceramics by weight (gm) and provenience. Provenience Brownwares Baffwares Total Locus A Unit 1, 0-10 cm 2.9 2.9 Unit 3, 0-10 cm 8.7 2.4 11.1 Unit 4, 0-10 cm 0.9 0.9 Surface Collection 1304.4 105.5 1409.9 Locus B Unit 3, 0-10 cm 2.6 2.6 Unit 7, 0-10 cm 17.2 5.2 22.4 Unit 7, 10-20 cm 12.8 14.8 27.6 Unit 7, 60-70 cm 4.6 4.6 Unit 9, 20-30 cm 0.8 0.8 Unit 9, 50-60 cm 12.8 12.8 Unit 9, 70-80 cm 26.9 26.9 Unit 9, 90-100 cm 14.3 14.3 Unit 10, 0-10 cm 3.3 3.3 Unit 10, 10-20 cm 1.7 1.7 Trench N 100/W 100 11.0 11.0 Trench N100/W75 27.8 1.9 29.7 TrenchN125/W125 46.7 14.6 61.3 Trench N] 251W37.5 16.7 16.7 TrenchN125/W50 47.2 47.2 Trench N125/W75 75.7 75.7 Trench NI37.5/W125 26.8 16A 43.2 TrenchNl50/WI00 32.5 32.5 Trench N170/W50 0.2 0.2 Trench N170/W75 31.2 0.4 31.6 Trench N87.5/W75 3.1 1.6 4.7 Surface Collection 117.4 14.8 132.2 Totals 1852.6 180.2 2032.8 It is not surprising that brownware sherds dominate the collection. This pottery is made from residual clays found in the nearby mountains and foothills. Buffware, on the other hand is made from sedimentary clays from pond and lake bed accumulations. If Lake Cahuilla was at one or more high stands during the occupation of the site, sedimentary clays probably would have been difficult to locate. Consequently, one would expect the site to contain a majority of brownwares. The site seems to support this hypothesis with the earlier use area identified on the site (Unit 9 vicinity) having no buffwares and the most modem area, the upper levels of Unit 7, having buffware present. 73 The brownware sherds can be divided into 12 sub -categories based on body characteristics and temper. The buffware sherds can be divided into 3 sub -categories. An attempt is being made to correlate these with previously identified ware categories for the region. The only decoration exhibited in the entire ceramics assemblage for the site is a red slip on a small piece of buffware from the surface of Locus A (CE 108). Burned Clay Burned clay fragments are frequently found on precontact sites in this region. They are likewise abundant on CA-RIV-6059. Locus A contained 1906.4 grams (75% of clay on the site) of clay and Locus B contained 634.7 grams. Two gross types of clay have been identified; tabular and globular. The significance of these types is as yet unclear, but possible uses range from lining storage containers, to flooring, to daub for siding of structures, to use in baking. These uses are considered here by James H. Toenjes. Consideration of Clay Uses (James H. Toenjes) The presence of burned and unburned clay in aeolian dune contexts is an issue of debate. While there has been little effort to explain its presence, it is often dismissed as a natural occurrence. When clay is accepted in archaeological sites as cultural, it is minimally analyzed and during excavation is often noted for frequency and discarded. Clay as a resource was depended upon by the Cahuilla for manufacturing ceramic storage containers and service ware, as daub for domestic and ceremonial house structures, daub for the sealing of containers, baking, and in the formation of figurines, pipes, discoids, and very likely floor surfaces in sandy environments. Bean, in Mukat's People, describes the use of clay in cooking Women prepared these animals [rodents, e.g. wood rats] by boiling or roasting; sometimes they were skinned, sometimes cooked whole. Occasionally they were covered with wet clay (forming a casing around the animal carcass) and baked [Bean 1972:60]. This cooking method was also observed of the Yumans in the baking of fish (Trippel 1889). As construction material for dwellings and other structures, however, clay has not been adequately addressed. Ethnographically, there is evidence for such a use of clay. David Prescott Barrows observed in his discussion of Cahuilla house, or jacal, construction: In the Cabeson villages the houses are built higher at the sides with roofs sloping much more gently from the ridgepole. A favorite material here is a tall thrifty plant, hang -al (the Artemisia ludoviciana, Nutt.), which is piled upon the roof and 74 a� i wattled in closely to form the walls. Dirt is then piled on the roof and mud daubed thickly on the sides. Some of these latter contain several rooms built on to one another and are high, roomy, and really comfortable. On the desert the posts, rafters, etc. are, of course, cut from the hard imperishable mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) [Barrows 1900:38]. In Mukat's People, Bean describes the Cahuilla desert house as having: ... roofs ... supported by stout, upright, forked posts well set in the earth, and the walls and steeply -pitched or dome -shaped roofs thatched with whatever material was available —palm fronds, arrowweed, willow withes, tules, or other plant shrub material. Some were wattled, plastered with adobe mud, or banked with sand [Bean 1972:72]. The floors of the desert kish and other structures may also have been surfaced with clay. Collectors local to the Indio area have reported finding artifacts in association with buried clay "floors." Borrows (1900:68) notes that the processing of mu-tal (a variety of opuntia) entailed the pounding of cactus heads on a hard, smooth, dirt floor. Clay was also used as a daub to hermetically seal food containers: Of receptacles for storing food, the most striking is the basket granary... In the Cabeson these granaries are made almost exclusively out of the hang -al, the species of wormwood so abundant there (Artemisia ludoviciana, Nutt.), and having been filled with mesquite beans they are covered over and sealed with an armful of the shoots and a daub of mud (Barrows 1900:52). The sealing of the granaries with mud is also reported by Bean (1972:73). Various mechanisms may have resulted in the burning of clay or daub. Strong (1929:84) reports that funerary ritual entailed the burning of the house of the deceased. Presumably the daub would be fired by this action. Also, the practice of burning mesquite groves in which stores of clay or previously -utilized granary areas were present would have produced burned clay. Because of its variety of uses, clay was a premium resource material and would have been required in substantial quantity. Sources for clay would include stratigraphic deposits in mountainous areas, lacustrine bed deposits associated with prehistoric Lake Cahuilla, and surface deposits resulting from seasonal rains and alluvial action. These various clay sources were likely exploited for specific purposes. Hypothetically, at any time during the life of a community or household there would have been a stockpile of raw, unmodified clay ready for use. The presence of unarticulated clay massess in windblown dunes and unassociated with the natural process of aquaeous deposition must, as with the occurrence of lithic cobbles, be considered a cultural phenomenon. The clay originally transported to a site of habitation or use would be stored in an unaltered state ready for crushing and soaking. Thus burned or unburned clay fragments in an unmanipulated form may, be found in association with dune habitation or or specialized activity sites. 75 Other Materials Twenty freshwater shell fragments from Locus B and two from Locus A, were identified as freshwater mussel (Anodonta). Three of these fragments were burnt (from Unit 7, 10-20 cm). Four whole unidentified univalves, one of which was burnt, and six burnt univalve fragments came from Locus B. One shell fragment from Locus B was unidentifiable. Two colorless glass fragments came from Locus B. One specimen was melted and had a yellow and black painted -on label. Locus A produced one .22 caliber, side -strike bullet shell. One small, partially rusted metal fragment was recovered from Locus B. CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2) Radiocarbon Dating One radiocarbon age determination has been provided by Beta Analytic from charcoal in Feature 1 at this site (Beta-112309, 350 +/-30 BP). The calibrated results (2 sigma, 95% probability) are AD 1460 to 1645. This date would correspond with a final stand of Lake Cahuilla. Floral Material Pollen and macrobotanical analyses were conducted on samples taken from Feature 1. The pollen sample contained mostly desert indicators with a small amount of Gramineae and Typha- Sparganium (Davis 1997). The macrobotanical analysis reported 5.43 gams of unidentifiable wood parts (Martin and Popper 1997). Faunal Material A total of 127 bone specimens (6.70 g) recovered from RIV-6060 have been identified and analyzed. Sixteen various taxonomic categories are represented (Table 16). Mine vertebrate genera, and eight species are identified. The remaining taxonomic categories consist of bone fragments that are identifiable only to the Family or Order level, or a relative size class category. The RIV-6060 vertebrate faunal assemblage is dominated numerically by fish bone, predominantly bonytail (Gila elegans- N=72) and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texamrs- N=1), although mammal remains (N=25, 4.85 g) clearly outweigh them (Figures 31 and 32). Reptiles and birds are represented by only one specimen each and make a negligible contribution to the overall assemblage. Excavation Unit 3 had by far the highest overall density of bone (Table 17). 76 c�- 3 3 Table 16. Identified vertebrate species from CA-RIV-6060. Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Gila elegans- Catostomidae Xyrauchen texanus Cypriniformes Osteichthyes Chub - Bonytail Sucker - Razorback Minnow Order Cypriniformes Fish - Bony Total Fish 72 1.30 1 .07 13 .05 --------------- 86 1.42 14 .20 100 1.62 Squamata - Serpentes Colubridae Pituophis melanoleucus Snake - Gopher 1 ---- .07 ----------- Total Reptile 1 .07 Gruiformes Rallidae Fulica americana Coot - American 1 ---- .16 ----------- Total Bird 1 .16 Lagomorpha Leporidae Lepus californicus Jackrabbit - Black -tailed 1 .15 sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 3 ---- .41 ---------- Lagomorpha 4 .56 Rodentia Sciuridae Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 2 .04 Geomyidae Thomomys bottae Pocket Gopher - Botta's 1 .04 Cricetidae Mouse, Rat, Vole - New World 1 ---- .01 ---------- Rodentia 4 •09 Carnivora Canidae Canis latrans coyote - 1 2.58 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 6 .26 Mammalia, lg Mammal - Large 1 .47 Mammalia, and Mammal - Medium 1 .48 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 8 .41 16 1.62 Total Mammal ---- 25 ----------- 4.85 TOTAL TAXA: 127 6.70 77 �;!3 -! -� Figure 31. Distribution of animal bone by count (WISP) at CA-RIV-6060. WIM UM9004 Figure 32. Distribution of animal bone by weight (g) at CA-RIV-6060. wnr� Class Count Weight(g) ---------------------------- Fish 100 1.62 Reptile 1 .07 Bird 1 .16 Mammal 25 4.85 TOTAL: ---------------- 127 6.70 78 G Table 17. Distribution of animal bone at CA-RIV-6060. Feat. Locus Trench Unit Level Taxon Common Name Ct Weight --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"-- 1 Thomomys bottae Pocket Gopher - Botta's 1 .04 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.._- 2 Canis latrans Coyote 1 2.58 .-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 000-010 Mammalia, and Mammal - Medium 1 .418 3 000-010 Mammalia, am Mammal - Small 1 .07 3 010-010 Sylvilagus sp Rabbit - Unid 2 .36 3 010-010 Mammalia Mammal - Unid 5 .23 3 010-010 Mammalia, am Mammal - Small 4 .25 3 010-020 Pituophis melanoleucus Snake - Gopher 1 .07 3 010-020 Cricetidae Mouse, Rat, Vole - New World 1 .01 3 020-030 Gila elegans Chub - Bonytail 48 .135 3 020-030 Cypriniformes Minnow Order 8 .02 3 030-040 Gila elegans Chub - Bonytail 19 .42 3 030-040 Cypriniformes Minnow Order 2 .O1 3 030-040 Fulica americana Coot - American 1 .16 3 040-050 Gila elegans Chub - Bonytail 3 .04 3 040-050 Oateichthyes Fish - Bony 14 .20 3 050-060 Cypriniformes Minnow Order 3 .02 3 070-080 Gila elegans Chub - Bonytail 1 .18 Unit Total 2 2 2 2 Unit Total Unit Total --------C- Leone Sotal Xn% S4DM: 4 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 4 Mammalia, am Mammal - Small 4 000-010 Ammospermophilus leucurus Ground Squirrel - Antelope 4 010-020 Mammalia, sm Mammal - Small 5 000-010 %yrauchen texanus 5 000-010 Lepus californicus 5 000-010 Sylvilagus sp 5 030-040 Gila elegans 5 030-040 Mammalia Mammalia, lg 79 Sucker - Razorback Jackrabbit - Black -tailed Rabbit - Unid Chub - Bonytail Mammal - Unid Mammal - Large 114 3.17 1 .01 1 .05 1 .03 2 .04 5 .13 1 .07 1 .15 1 .05 1 .01 1 .03 5 31 1 .47 1 .47 - 121 6.70 239 Fish As stated above with regard to RIV-6059, fish remains have been reported from a number of sites associated with the northern shoreline of ancient Lake Cahuilla (Follet 1988; Gobalet 1992, 1994; Moffitt and Moffitt 1996; Wilke 1978). Composition of the RIV-6060 archaeological fish fauna, while somewhat limited in diversity and number, is representative of the region and comparable to other known assemblages. Fish numerically dominate the vertebrate faunal assemblage recovered from RIV-6060. A total of 100 (1.62 g) fish bone specimens are identified, constituting 790/a of the entire collection by count and 24% by weight (Figures 33 and 34). Few other Salton Basin faunal assemblages have such a high frequency of fish bone (see Wake 1997). Fish bones are heavily concentrated in Unit 3, with 1 specimen from Unit 5 (Table 17). Two species of cypriniform fishes (Order Cypriniformes) are represented, the bonytail (Family Cyprinidae, Gila elegans, N=72, 1.30 g, MNI=2) and the razorback sucker (Family Catostomidae, Xyrauchen rexamrs, N=1, 0.07 g, N0I=1) (Tables 16 and 17, Figures 33 and 34). Thirteen (0.05 g) fragments are referred to the Cypriniformes. The remaining fourteen fish bones are identifiable only as representing bony fish (Osteichthyes). Preservation of the fish bones is good, with vertebrae well represented along with a few pharyngeal tooth plates. More fragile head bones, such as found at RIV4754 (Wake 1997) are absent. Biology of ancient Lake Cahuilla fishes is discussed in the above treatment of the RIV-6059 ichthyofauna. However, in contrast to the RIV-6059 fish remains, enough bonytail vertebrae were available at RIV-6060 to allow size and age determinations. Unfortunately, the lone Xyrauchen vertebra is too poorly preserved to allow for similar analysis. Age Determination The two metrical analyses used for age determination for Xyrauchen in the CA-RIV-6059 icthyofauna assemblage were also used for Gila in CA-RIV-6060. Based on skeletal lengths of 2 Gila elegans comparative specimens, the calculated fish lengths were in turn used to estimate the age class of the fish in the sample. Average length per age class has been determined by Vanicek and Kramer (1969). 80 �� Figure 33. Distribution of fish bone by count (WISP) at CA-RIV-6060. rM�.s..(u>./ Zp .. (&M AIM.(u+.) Figure 34. Distribution of fish bone by weight (g) at CA- RIV-6060. ap�t■s�si<Nr.� ►.■r (W.( Wxi Taxon Count Weight(g) -------------------------------------- Cypriniformes 13 .05 Gila elegans 72 1.30 Osteichthyes 14 .20 Xyrauchen texanus 1 .07 TOTAL: ---------------- 100 1.62 81 e: ^ C 9vC Len¢th Determination Average size (length) of the bonytail from RIV-6060 was determined using the proportional method described and discussed by Casteel (1976:105-117). First, a representative sample of eight (8) thoracic vertebrae were selected from three excavation unit level bags (Unit 3, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-50). Thoracic vertebrae were chosen since they are readily identifiable as Gila. These skeletal elements have laterally projecting, anterio-posterially angled transverse processes on each side of the centrum that articulate with equivalent projections on the respective conjoining parapophyses that the ribs attach to. They also lack longitudinal bony laminae in the dorsal cavity of the centra. Neither Ptychocheilus (squawfish - vertebrae have bony laminae in dorsal cavity), Xyrauchen (razorback sucker - no projecting transverse processes), or Mugil (striped mullet - vertebrae are perforate and dissected), the other most commonly encountered fish species in Salton Basin archaeological sites, have this exact thoracic vertebral morphology. The Unit 3 samples were chosen because each subsample contained the only thoracic vertebrae available. Incomplete thoracic vertebral centra were rejected from this analysis. Complete vertebral centra are necessary in order to accurately measure their respective lengths and account for all available growth annuli. These vertebrae were then measured (Table 18). All measurements were taken with digital calipers. To serve as a comparison, lengths of each of the 21 post-weberian thoracic vertebrae of 2 individual Gila elegans (CAS 25860, CAS 66038) were measured (Table 19). Average thoracic lengths were then calculated for each specimen (CAS 25860: 2.71 nun, CAS 66038: 4.44 mm). An overall Unit 3 archaeological sample average was calculated as well (2.94 nun). The average archaeological sample length was then plugged into an equation to determine the estimated size of the fish. Since two known comparative Gila elegans specimens were measured, two equations were solved to serve as a control for one another. The following basic algebraic equation was used: z (comp. spec.) SL (Comp. spec.) x (sample) x Where z is the average of the respective measured thoracic vertebrae, SL is the measured skeletal length of the comparative specimen, and x equals estimated average skeletal length of the archaeological fish. The two following equations were generated and solved, yielding the size estimates listed below. The actual equations are: 82 3q lei v 1213S Table M Gila elegans upper thoracic vertebral lengths (mm) from CA-RIV-6060. Unit 3, 20-30 Unit 3, 3040 Unit 3, 40-50 Average 2.91 3.44 3.84 2.94 2.66 2.69 2.59 2.70 2.72 Table 19. Gila elegans upper thoracic vertebral annuli from CA-RIV-6060. Unit 3, 20-30 Unit 3, 3040 Unit 3, 40-50 Average 4 5 5 4 3 4 3 4 4 Table 20. Distribution of modified elements at CA-RIV-6060 Locus Trench Unit -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'_____ Level Taxon Element Ct Weight 8 G Comments 3 010-010 Mammalia indeterminate 2 .18 B 3 010-010 Mammalia, am cranial 1 .05 B 3 030-040 Fulica americana sternum 1 .16 B ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SIRS TOTAL: 4 .39 83 ado Based on CAS 25860 2.71 195 ---- _ --- x = 211.55 2.94 x Based on CAS 66038 4.44 321.25 ---- _ ------ x = 212.72 2.94 x Using equation 1: estimated skeletal length = 211.55 mm Using equation 2: estimated skeletal length = 212.72 mm The 1.17 mm disparity in the estimated lengths is most likely the result of a combination of slight errors in measuring the comparative specimens and deriving results from different sized individuals at different ontogenetic growth stages (Casteel 1976:107). At any rate, the two slightly different size estimates refer to the average length of the skeletons (measured from the tip of the premaxilla to the end of the hypural). The actual (total length) average length of the fishes would be somewhat longer (up to 50 mm) if the presence of the caudal fin rays is taken into account. Therefore, the estimated lengths of these fishes place them well within Vanicek and Kramer's (1969:200) age class IV. This age/length class is when bonytail become morphologically distinct from roundtail chubs and is just above the size that Holden and Stalnaker (1970:410) consider mature and of use for their taximetric analysis. Annuli Counts As discussed above, counting growth annuli is an excellent way of determining age and season of death in various vertebrates, especially fish. This method was used on the CA-RIV-6060 ichthyofauna assemblage. Annuli on the same Gila elegans thoracic vertebrae discussed above were counted and averaged to provide a mean age for each Unit -level and the entire sample. Thoracic vertebral annuli were also counted on the two comparative Gila elegans specimens to serve as a control. All annuli were counted using a binocular stereo zoom dissecting microscope. Two methodological problems concerning counting annuli on the bonytail vertebrae are apparent. One has to do with accounting for the relatively rapid growth during the first 4 years of life and subsequent reduction of size increase per year (Vanicek and Kramer 1969). The reduced growth rate later in life produces narrower annuli which are more difficult to count. The second problem has to do with the presence of annuli within annuli. Many of the yearly annuli examined on both the archaeological and modern Gila vertebrae contained multiple other sub -annuli, some of which are quite striking and could be confused with actual annuli. 84 0)qL the archaeological and modem Gila vertebrae contained multiple other sub -annuli, some of which are quite striking and could be confused with actual annuli. When I first began counting annuli I attempted to count each obvious ring on each vertebra. This rapidly became quite fiustrating. After viewing the whole sample to be counted and considering the comparative specimens, relatively consistent, regular patterns of yearly annuli became apparent, but were still subtle. I counted one relatively dense ring and the abutting of a relatively diffuse ring as a complete annulus. Annulus counts and averages for the sampled vertebrae are detailed in Table 19. The annulus counts for the 2 comparative specimens are 6 (CAS 66038) and 4 (CAS 25860) respectively. The average annulus count for the 8 sampled vertebrae is 4, with a range of 3 to 5. The overall average age of 4 suggested by annulus counts is roughly equivalent to the ages suggested by the length -based analysis discussed above. Four year old bonytail average 258 mm in length according to Vanicek and Kramer (1969:200), which is roughly equivalent to the 212 mm suggested skeletal length plus 5 cm for lips and fin rays. Procurement and Processine Fish were clearly an important part of the diet at RIV-6060. However, like the fish represented at RIV-6059 their acquisition by the site's occupants is somewhat problematic. As discussed earlier with the RIV-6059 fish assemblage, it is possible that nets were used to capture the RIV-6060 fish. It is perhaps more likely, however, that nets were used in combination with stone weirs in the same fashion as described for RIV-6059 above. The use of large mesh nets alone or in combination with weirs or traps also explains the absence of bones from small fishes in the RIV-6060 faunal assemblage. No specimens representing fingerling sized fish are present in the available RIV-6060 fish remains. Bones from small fishes have been recovered from Salton Basin archaeological sites, and were clearly consumed by people since some have been extracted from human coprolites (Farrell 1988; Follet 1988; Sutton and Wilke 1988; Wilke 1978). Smaller, immature fishes and fingerlings could easily hide or swim between parts of the stone barriers and escape capture. Fingerlings could also easily escape large mesh nets designed to capture mature fish. The fact that no small fishes are represented in the well-preserved RIV-6060 assemblage, along with the relatively large average skeletal lengths determined above, strongly supports the hypothesized use of some size -graded mass capture technique such as netting and/or the use of traps or weirs. Amphihians No amphibian skeletal remains are identified from RIV-6060. However, remains of amphibians are present at RIV-6059, and have been reported from other archaeological sites in the northern Coachella Valley area (Hudson 1993; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). 85 � Ua Reptiles While a variety of reptile taxa are present in the La Quinta area, only one snake is represented in the RIV-6060 vertebrate archaeofauna (Tables 16 and 17), a gopher snake (Pituophis mehmoleucus, N=1, 0.07 g). Gopher snakes are still found in the La Quinta area (Stebbins 1985). The individual snake vertebra is not burned or modified in any detectable way, and therefore could be intrusive. Snake remains, including burned specimens, have been reported from a number of sites in the northern Coachella Valley, so the inclusion of serpents in the diet of the site's occupants cannot be discounted (Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). Surprisingly, no turtle or lizard bones are identified at RIV- 6060. Both appear at RIV-6059 and in other local area archaeological sites and are lizards are currently common around La Quinta (Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992; Wake 1996, 1997). Birds One burned bird skeletal element is identified from RIV-6060, representing a coot (Fulica americans, Tables 16 and 17). Coots are strongly associated with lacustrine or estuarine environments. Aquatic birds (ducks) appear at RIV-6059 as well. Remains of greater varieties of aquatic and other bird species have been reported from other archaeological sites in the northern Coachella Valley area (Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). Mammals Mammals, (N=25, 4.85 g) are present in the RIV-6060 vertebrate faunal assemblage (Tables 16 and 17, Figures 35 and 36). A total of five mammal genera and four species are identified. Rodents and rabbits are both represented by two genera and species. Carnivores are represented by one Genus and Species (Canis latrans - coyote, N=1, 2.58 9). Mammal remains classifiable only to relative size classes (N=16, 1.62 g) represent the most numerous categories. The most numerous identified mammal taxa in order of relative abundance are cottontail rabbits (Genus Sylvilagus, N=3, MNI=1, 0.41 g), and antelope ground squirrels (Genus Ammospermophilus, n=2, 0.04 g). Gophers (Genus Thomomys, 0.04 g) and jackrabbits (Lepus californicus, 0.15 g) are each represented by 1 specimen. Rabbit remains, especially cottontails, are common constituents of archaeofaunas in the local area and many other California desert mammal archaeofaunas (Christenson 1990; Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Sutton 1991, 1993; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). It is surprising that only one jackrabbit bone is identified, since they are common in the local area and often well represented in other neighboring archaeological assemblages (Christenson 1990; Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Sutton 1991, 1993; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). 86 r�� 43 c -44-2— Figure 35. Distribution of mammal bone by count (rIISP) at CA-RIV-6060. sus a.o.. us., Ia2" Ytwlr(sY.) Figure 36. Distribution of mammal bone by weight (g) at CA-RIV-6060. ceYrrsa..Isa>.t r..omw.a,awiv:t r.aw..(vt .Nt •W4 erur.nR( Taxon Count Weight(g) Lepus californicus 1 .15 Sylvilagus sp 3 .41 As ospermophilus leucurus 2 .04 Thomomys bottae 1 .04 Cricetidae 1 .01 Canis latrans 1 2.58 Ma=alia 16 1.62 ---------------- TOTAL: 25 4.85 87 �� Y l Although common and known as burrowers, the rodent specimens (see Table 6) could also represent dietary constituents. The eight (0.41 g) indeterminate small mammal specimens most likely represent rodents. Bean (1978:578) mentions the consumption of "rabbits and other small game ...", probably rodents. Rodent remains are well represented in faunal assemblages from the northern Coachella Valley (Hudson 1993; Hudson and Sanchez 1996; Zooarchaeology Laboratory 1992). A human cremation interment was recovered from this site during monitoring for the Avenue 48 Extension Project (Brock 1998). A portion of the top layer of the cremation, measuring approximately 15 centimeters, was displaced by heavy equipment. The majority of the cremation remained intacted and was excavated as Feature 1. The cremation pit was 20 centimeters deep and contained dense charcoal with larger bone fragments in the middle layer and dense charcoal in ashy sand with small bone fragments in the bottom layer of the pit. The sides of the pit were slightly fire -reddened. The recovered faunal material was immediately turned over to the Riverside County Coroner's Office. Analysis of the remains concluded that cranial fragments and a cervical vertebra fragment consistent with Homo were present (Gray 1998). All remains recovered from excavation have been reburied along with remains from the Eagle Hardware project. Ground Stone One small ground stone fragment of brown -grey basalt was recovered from Locus A. Thermally Affected Rock 957.7 grams of thermally affected granitic rock was recovered from CA-RIV-6060. Thirteen pieces (710.4 g) were recovered from the surface collection, seven (73.2 g) came from Unit 3, 20-30 cm level, and ten pieces (174.1 g) came from Feature 1. The rocks from Feature 1 were noticeably more burnt than the other thermally affected rocks of the assemblage which was expected due to their association with the human cremation. Ceramics A total of 77 pottery sherds were recovered from CA-RIV-6060. Of these, 51 (66.2%) are bulfwares while 26 (33.8%) are brownwares. Table 21 shows their distribution on the site, where it is evident that the great majority came from the surface collection. It is difficult to explain why the buffwares are predominant. It is possible that they represent use of the site after the fish processing/consumption phase indicated by the remains in Unit 3. As noted above, one would expect brownwares to dominate on sites associated with high stands of Lake Cahuilla because sedimentary clay would not have been readily available. One identifiable vessel form was present. This was a buffware rim sherd indicating a wide mouthed bowl form (CE003). 88 .JU Table 21. Distribution of ceramics by weight (gm) and provenience at CA-RNS060. Provenience Brownwares Buffwares Total Unit 5 0-10 cm 2.0 2.0 10-20 cm 3.9 3.9 Surface Collection 128.1 168.9 297.0 Total 128.1 174.8 302.9 Burned Clay A small quantity of burned clay was present on CA-RIV-6060. A total of 586.5 grams was recovered from the site, most of which came from the surface collection (306.9 g). Units 1, 2, 3, and 5 produced 35% of the clay, with Unit 3 containing the most (162.3 g). Clay fragments were of the types discussed above, i.e., tabular and globular. Other Materials Two freshwater shell fragments, comparing favorably to freshwater mussel (Anorionta), were recovered from CA-RIV-6060. Two unidentifiable fragments were also recovered. CA-RIV-6092 (LAQS) Table 2 above indicates that 1102.3 gm of cultural material was recovered from CA-RIV-6092. This is predominately burned clay. There were 245 pieces of this clay recovered, totaling 967.1 gm or 87.7 percent of the collection by weight. The possible uses of clay are discussed above. Twenty one sherds of pottery were recovered, all except for one of which came from the surface collection. Two of the sherds are buffware while the other 19 are brownware. One rim sherd (CE007) appears to represent a plate -type form. One undiagnostic groundstone fragment was recovered, along with a small fragment of an unidentifiable medium mammal bone, and two fragments of thermally affected rock from Unit 1. 89 I / s LAQ3-H This alleged historical refuse deposit was examined by historical archaeologist, Wdham A. Sawyer, in the course of the AAG work on the site. Analysis of glass artifacts from this deposit indicates a probable deposition date of post-1950, according to marks identified on site and present in Toulouse's Bottle Makers and Their Marks (1971). Some semi -vitreous ceramics are present. These could date to the first half of this century, however, given deposition lag time, they are consistent with a post-1950 date for the deposit. An inventory of specimens examined at this deposit is on file with Archaeological Advisory Group. lRX119-0.1 This small deposit was also examined by historical archaeologist, William A. Sawyer. As with LAQ3-H, analysis of glass artifacts from this deposit indicates a probable date of post-1950 according to marks identified on site and present in Toulouse's Bottle Makers and Their Marks (1971). An inventory of specimens examined at this deposit is on file with Archaeological Advisory Group. DISCUSSIONANTERPRETATION GENERAL Three prehistoric archaeological sites have been identified on the study area: CA-RIV-6059 (LAQI), CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), and CA-RIV-6092 (LAQ5). Two putative historical archaeological deposits were previously identified on the project area: LAQ3-H, and LAQ4-H (see Demcak 1997). The northeastern part of site CA-RIV-6059, Locus B, was found to contain a large, deep, buried prehistoric occupation site. This locus occupies 0.76 acre of the study area. Its minimal depth below the ground surface is approximately 40 centimeters and it goes over 2 meters in depth in some places. This site relates to the shoreline occupation during more than one of the later stands of the Ancient Lake Cahuilla and may have continued in use during one or more periods when the lake was desiccated. There is also evidence that it may have been used after the desiccation of the lake. This site is capable of addressing many of the research questions presented in the Research Design above. With the exception of some of the backhoe trenches, research was limited to excavation around the periphery of the deposit in order to better define its boundaries for preservation. Consequently, the main portion of the deposit remains uninvestigated. The southern portion of CA-RIV-6059, termed "Locus A," contained a large quantity of pottery and burned clay. This material was confined to the ground surface with the soil the area having been deflated. It was subsequently picked over by relic seekers and disturbed by vehicular traffic. It subsequently has little research value. Q-4+ Site CA-RIV-6060 generally comprises a light surface scatter of ceramics, burned clay, and thermally affected rock. Of note was the presence of a human cremation interment investigated during monitoring for the Avenue 48 Extension Project (see Brock 1998). Also, the vicinity of Unit 3 produced a fairly substantial deposit of fish bone associated with the exploitation of Lake Cahuilla. CA-RIV-6092 is a light scatter of ceramics and burned clay. It lacks dateable material and has little research value. The two putative historical refuse deposits, LAQ3-H and LAQ4-H, have material (e.g. glass) that indicates they date to the second half of this century and consequently do not qualify as cultural resources. CONSIDERATION OF RESEARCH DOMAINS Chronology CA-RIV-6059 Three radiocarbon dates were run for CA-RIV-6059, Locus B (see Table 3 above). Unit 9 (30- 40) produced a calibrated date (95% probability) of AD 1305-1430. This could correspond with a high stand of Lake Cahuilla in the 1300s as proposed by Waters (1983). However, the faunal assemblage suggests that the Unit 9 vicinity does not represent shoreline exploitation, with mammals being predominant, and only two fish bones present. To confuse the situation more, the pollen argues for a wet environment at the time, indicating a high stand of the lake. Two radiocarbon assays were run for Unit 7 at CA-RIV-6059 (10-20 cm and 60-70 cm). The deeper sample produced a calibrated date (95% probability) of AD 1645-1950. The shallower sample had three calibrated date ranges, the earliest being the only one tenable, AD 1650-1825. If the deposit in this vicinity is related to shoreline habitation it must be from the very final high stand in the 1600s. While the faunal assemblage is not predominantly fish, razorback sucker and boneytail are present. To summarize dating for CA-RIV-6059, Locus B, the site displays evidence for multiple habitations ranging from at least as early as the 1300s to as late as the 1600s. The unexcavated main portion of the deposit may have evidence of earlier occupations, possibly even Archaic. The multiple habitations probably relate to different, evolving subsistence strategies. These strategies may not necessarily relate to the exploitation of Lake Cahuilla resources. CA-RIV-6060 One radiocarbon date was derived from charcoal associated with a human cremation interment (Feature 1) at CA-RIV-6060. The calibrated date (95% probability) is AD 1460 to 1645. If the cremation deposit and the deposit of fish bone from Unit 3 are contemporary (?) then we are looking at site use pertaining to the last or second to last stand of ancient Lake Cahuilla. 91 CA-RIV-6092 This site produced no material for absolute dating. It can be assigned to the late precontact period (post AD 900) on the basis of the presence of ceramics. Subsistence Practices The Cahuilla were, and in some cases still are, masters of their environment. They exploited many plants and animals as part of their daily subsistence. Detailed ethnobiological accounts for the Cahuilla can be found in Ebeling (1986), Bean and Saubel (1972), Barrows (1900), and Kroeber (1925). Plant Resource Exploitation It has been estimated that the Cahuilla exploited on a regular basis over 500 native and introduced plant species (Bean and Saubel 1972:4). These plants include those that were gathered directly from the desert and lakeshore, and those that were grown by the Cahuilla in irrigated fields. Specifically regarding CA-RIV-6059 and CA-RIV-6060, there are indications for use of chaparral, desert, and marshland plant communities. This discussion will mostly be limited to plants species with remains found in the sites (Tables 5, 6, and 7; see pollen results for reasons of exclusion of chaparral species in this discussion). The pollen analysis recovered mostly chaparral and desert plants. This was expected as these plants would have grown and still do grow in the vicinity of the project area. A small amount of highland plants (Quercus and Pinus) were also noted. These trees are wind-borne pollinators and their pollen can travel for many miles from its source. Indications of these trees in the pollen samples could be a result of wind transported pollen or from being washed down from the nearby mountains. There also was some indication of marshland use, as evidenced by the presence of Typha-SPargcmtwn Typha roots were dried and ground into flour, pollen was made into cakes and mush, and stalks were used for matting, bedding, and in constructing ceremonial bundles (Ebeling 1986:353). Though no creosote (I wrea tridentata) was evident in the botanical samples, the plant was of much importance to the Cahuilla. The creosote bush is a common shrub throughout the American Southwest and down to central Mexico. Called atukul by the Cahuilla, it has been referred to as the penicillin of the Indians (Krochmal et al. 1954) because it has been used to treat almost as many ailments as has penicillin in modem times. Leaves and stems were boiled into a tea and given to the person suffering from a sickness such as a cold or a chest infection. The tea was also used as a general tonic for good health, a decongestant and, when giver in a large dosage, it induced vomiting. Various nuxtures of creosote were used as applications to wounds for the prevention of infections, the drawing out of poisons, and to hasten recovery. Other mixtures were used as a treatment for dandmffl as a disinfectant, as a deodorant, and to relieve swollen limbs due to poor blood circulation. Concoctions were even used on horses suffering from colds, distemper, or numy noses. According to Jaeger (1941), creosote was used by the Indians of Mexico as a treatment for tuberculosis and gastric discomfort, and as a mending solution for pots and baskets. Creosote wood ignites easily and bums 92 _ `��Lti hot and was potentially used as firewood (Strike 1994), although desert ironwood (Olwya tesota) is known to be a much better fuel source (Bean and Saubel 1972:95). Dicona canescens, though not specifically identified in the samples, potentially was represented. Relatively high percentages of unspecified Asteraceae pollen were identified. Because Dicoria is of the Asteraceae family and due to its association with Creosote Bush Scrub it is possible that the floral assemblage did contain this species. Other archaeological sites of the Coachella Valley have produced Dicona seeds along with goosefoot (Chenopadium sp.) and western sea -purslane (Sesuwwn wrrucosum) seeds (Wilke et al. 1975, and Wilke 1978), thus making the possiblity of Dicoria in the site seem even more probable. If this is true, then the association of dicom and goosefoot may account for the relatively high pollen percentages of Asteraceae and Chenopodmceae-Amarandw pollen (also not determined to generic level). Five Chenopodmeeae Amarandw seeds were identified in the macrobotanical analysis, further supporting the presence of plants belonging to the Chenopodiaceae Amarandw group. Dicona seeds can be harvested between December and February, making this an important seed food in leaner times. Goosefoot (Cahuilla name ki'awet or ke- ha wut for C. califorrdcum), and probably dicoria, seeds were parched and ground into meal flour for cakes (Bean and Saubel 1972:52-53 and Barrows 1900:48). Barrows (1900:48) described the hard carrot -like root of goosefoot as being grated on a rock and used for soap. The leaves of goosefoot could also be used as soap, but they were not as good as the root. Goosefoot was used medicinally as a relief for stomach upsets. Sap was used as a gum and to make a strong anti-helmenthic (Bean and Saubel 1972:53 and Krochmal, et al. 1954:8). Prosopis gkmdulosa or dy as it was called by the Cahuilla, is alongside the oak (Quercus spp.) in importance to the tribe (Bean and Saubel 1972). Barrows (1967:55) remarked that "on the desert the main reliance of the Coahuilla [sic] Indians is the algaroba or mesquite." Kroeber (1925:695), in his study of the California Indians confirmed this —"the fruit of the tree was the staple food" among the Camilla. The uses of mesquite range from food to firewood, and from diapers to mortars. The bean pod of the mesquite was the most important food product of the plain. Pods were picked at three different times of the year, indicating stages of pod development. Some pods were eaten directly from the tree and some were dried and ground into a flour, or stored. According to Barrows (1967:56), "the beans were never husked, but pod and all are pounded up into an imperfect meal in the wooden mortar. This meal is then placed in earthen dishes and thoroughly soaked. It is then ready to be eaten, and is called the Coahuillas [sic], p6-chi-ta, or m6n-yi-kish, according as it is, or is not, sifted." This meal was then formed into cakes and was stored for consumption year round. This same procedure was used on harvested mesquite blossoms. Mesquite tnmks were shaped into wooden mortars and the limbs were used in making bows and as house comer posts. "Mesquite was viewed as one of the best firewoods, it compared favorably with oak and provided a hot, durable fire for cooking, baking pottery, and wamrth" (Bean and Saubel 1972:113). Mesquite charcoal has been recovered from Cahuilla cremations (Swope 1988). Mesquite bark was not only used as kindling, but also when worked properly, it was used as a cloth for diapers and for women's skirts. Faunal Resource Exploitation Analysis of the vertebrate faunal assemblages from RIV-6059 and RIV-6060 indicate that the vertebrate portion of the diet consisted primarily of small mammals, mainly cottontail rabbits and 93 asa rodents supplemented by fish, reptiles, and a few birds. Some of the fish, rabbit and rodent bones from both sites are burned, suggesting that they were roasted or disposed of in a fire (Tables 12 and 20). No large wild ungulates (bighorn sheep or deer) were identified, further supporting the idea of a high degree of dependence on small game and fish. The presence of fish remains at these sites suggest that they were occupied during a period when fish were available, probably at or near a high stand of ancient Lake Cahuilla, prior to any substantial lowering of lake levels and concomitant increases in salinity and alkalinity. The species composition and number of specimens is similar to that of many other sites in the area (Follet 1988; Gobalet 1992, 1994; Moffitt and Moffitt 1996; Wilke 1978). Fishing activities at RIV-6059 emphasized the capture of razorback suckers, while fishing at RIV-6060 emphasized the capture of bonytail. These occupations may correspond to the spawning cycles of each of these fish species. The presence of fish and waterfowl strongly indicate exploitation of lacustrine environments by the occupants of both RIV-6059 and RIV-6060. The domination of the mammal assemblage by rabbits and small mammals and the presence of reptile taxa illustrate exploitation of local more open or desert habitats as well. Based on the vertebrate faunal assemblage recovered from RIV- 4754 it is apparent that the site's occupants pursued a mixed strategy of fishing and hunting rabbits, and perhaps other small mammals and reptiles. The fish were probably captured with nets, or more likely, the use of nets in combination with the numerous weirs that lined the ancient shores of Lake Cahuilla and can still be seen in undisturbed areas. While fish remains are found throughout the RIV-6060 stratigraphic section, they are only found in levels below 30 cm (N=1 in 30-40 cm), and concentrated below 40 cm, at RIV-6059, Locus B. No fish are reported from RIV-6059, Locus A. The upper 30 cm of deposits from Unit 7 and Unit 9, RIV-6059, Locus B correspond strongly to the species diversity and relative abundances seen in Locus A. The upper 30 cm of Locus A and Locus B at RIV-6059 may represent a post desiccation occupation exhibiting a shift in dietary focus to exclusively desert taxa. Settlement Systems CA-RIV-6059 and CA-RIV-6060 show clear evidence of settlement associated with former stands of ancient Lake Cahuilla. At CA-RIV-6059 the radiocarbon dates indicated settlement associated with probably the three last stands of the lake. This argues for the site being in an optimal location for resource exploitation (e.g. the edge of an embayment). The relatively limited amount of fish bone from the site, particularly from the vicinity of Unit 9, could argue for occupation occurring during periods of desiccation of the lake. Hence, there may have been only a limited change in settlement pattern in this vicinity in late pre -contact times. The change may have been more in subsistence strategy rather than settlement location. The continued use of the site may indicate it was the semi -permanent home of a family unit. CA-RW-6060 has only limited evidence of settlement. The fish bone deposit in the Unit 3 area indicates use as a temporary fishing or fish -processing camp. This use was possibly only for one season or even just a few days. The explanation for the placement of the cremation interment at 94 this site is problematic. It could be that the site or location had some association for the deceased or it may be that it was just a nice area located away from the settlement. Exchange Systems Only site CA-RIV-6059 produced evidence of trade relations. Locus B undoubtedly contains considerably more exotic materials. In general, however, it would appear that the local catchment area was sufficiently diverse in resources to discourage extensive reliance on trade to meet subsistence needs. Locus A had a deposit of 35 obsidian pressure flakes probably representing one manufacturing event. The CA-RIV-6059 obsidian was determined to be from the Obsidian Butte source located in the Salton Buttes of Imperial Valley. This source was commonly utilized by southern Californian groups, but would have been partially or completely inundated during stands of ancient Lake Cahuilla. The Olivella spire ground bead from Locus B indicates trade relations with coastal Native American groups. Site Structure and Evolution of Use CA-RIV-6059 displays considerable evidence of localized activity areas. Because the densest part of the site is being preserved we can only speculate on the ranges of uses and features that are present there. Presumably we are dealing with a well-preserved, small, but heavily utilized, habitation area. This should contain evidence of residential structures, features associated with subsistence activities, as well as features associated with social system maintenance activities. These should be stratified on the site and show change through time. It is also possible that a well was present on this site. The presence of such a feature would have encouraged the consistent or re -occurring use of the site through time. What we do see from the limited data recovered is evidence of dense occupation in the central area of Locus B. At least two phases are represented, with the earlier occupation exceeding two meters in depth. At the eastern area of Locus B there is heavy evidence of burning. This could be associated with anything from food processing to possibly even human cremation activity. The radiocarbon dates indicate the use of the eastern portion of Locus B is comparatively early, falling in the AD 1305-1430 range. Unit 9 in this vicinity had clear evidence of subsistence activity with hunting focusing on the exploitation of small mammals. On the western periphery of the site, Unit 7 exhibited two phases of subsistence use which both post-date AD 1600. Again, the exploitation of small mammals is evidenced with fishing indicated to a lesser degree. 95 C �3�" MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS SITE EVALUATION Under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act a cultural resource can be regarded as potentially significant, and therefore potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), if it meets one or more of the following criteria: A. Association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history. B. Association with the lives of persons significant in our past. C. Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. D. Have yielded or may be likely to yield information important in history or prehistory. Under Appendix K of CEQA an archaeological resource is significant if it meets one of the following criteria: (a) it is associated with an event or person of recognized significance in California or American history, or recognized scientific importance in prehistory; (b) it can provide information which is both of demonstrable public interest and useful in addressing scientifically consequential and reasonable archaeological research questions; it has a special or particular quality such as oldest, best example, largest, or last surviving example of its kind; it is at least 100 years old and possesses substantial stratigraphic integrity; or (e) it involves important research questions that historical research has shown can be answered only with archaeological methods. Additional criteria of significance is found in eligibility for the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHP), which is based upon the criteria used for Federal undertakings whereby resources are evaluated for their eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (see above). Our research has indicated that CA-RIV-6060 (LAQ2), CA-RW-6092 (LAQ5), LAQ3-H, and LAQ4-H, along with the southern portion (Locus A) of CA-RIV-6059 (LAQI), are non -unique or insignificant due to their inability to provide data to increase our knowledge of the prehistory and history of the area in a substantial and meaningful way. Locus B of CA-RIV-6059 is significant in that it is the best known and best preserved example of its type and it contains a full spectrum of materials that are capable of addressing numerous research questions. It has evidence of numerous phases of use that could provide unique information on the evolution of late pre -contact subsistence and settlement systems in the region. 96 Material consists of a wide range of ceramics, stone tools, faunal remains, burned clay, and charcoal, among other things. Features such as hearths and house circles are probably present. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that all rough grading and trenching into natural soil be monitored by a qualified archaeological monitor. The project area is in a region of high sensitivity for buried archaeological resources. When and if additional resources are encountered during grading work should halt in the vicinity of the find and an assessment of the significance of the find should be made and a treatment plan should be developed, as necessary, to mitigate impacts. It is recommended that the area of Locus B of CA-RIV-6059 shown in Figure 5 be preserved, in situ, as park space because of the unique research potential of the deposit present there. If preservation is unfeasible a data recovery program of minimally ten percent of the deposit is recommended. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Various individuals helped to make this a successful project. Foremost, we would like to thank the following staff from Catellus Residential Group: John O'Brien, Brian Devlin, and Danielle Lambert. Jerry Herman, Chirstine di Iorio, and Leslie Mouriquand with the City of La Quinta's Community Development Deparment also provided valuable assistence. Additional thanks are due to Harry Quinn (Geological Consultant), Anthony Andreas (Cahuilla Consultant), Paul Trujillo (Riverside County Coroner's Office), and the staff from GR Underground, Inc. (backhoe operators). The field crew deserves thanks for their hard work: William A. "Cony" Sawyer, Steven K. Dies, and James H. Toenjes. Mr. Toenjes has, as with other projects, provided a wonderful watercolor painting of part of the project area (Locus B of CA-RCV-6059) that appears on the cover of this report. Finally, we are grateful to the specialists who helped with the interpretation of the data: Dr. Thomas A. Wake (vertebrate fauna), Dr. Owen K. Davis (pollen), Dr. Virginia S. Popper (macrobotanicals), Dr. Steve L. Martin (macrobotanicals), and the staffs from Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory and Beta Analytic Inc. REFERENCES CITED Bailey, Harry P. 1966 Weather of Southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 97 California Natural History Guides 17. Barbour, M.G., and J. Major, editors 1977 Terrestrial Vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Barrows, David P. 1900 Ethno-boiariy of the Coahudia Indians. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Bass, William M. 1987 Human Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual. Missouri Archaeological Society, Columbia, Missouri. 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Report on file at the Eastern Archaeological Information Center, Riverside, California. 106 ,)LLe 3 APPENDIX 1: PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS AAG Staff James Brock (President/Chief Archaeologist) o BA (Anthropology) UC Santa Barbara • MA (Archaeology) University of Durham, Durham, England • Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA), i.e. fisted on Registry of Professional Archaeologists, formerly the Society of Professional Archaeologists (SOPA). SOPA certifications in field research, theoreticallarchival research, and historical archaeology. • 18 years of experience as a Principal Investigator on cultural resource management projects throughout southern California William A. Sawyer (Senior Archaeologist) • BA (Anthropology) CSU Long Beach • Graduate work, CSU Long Beach • 20 years of cultural resource management experience throughout southern and central California Brenda D. Smith (Research Associate) • BS (Anthropology) UC Riverside • Currently graduate student, Native American Studies, UCLA • 5 years of cultural resource management experience in southern California Steven K. Dies (Archaeologist) • BA (Anthropology) Humboldt State University • 20 years of cultural resource management experience in California James H. Toenjes (Archaeologist) • BA (Historical Archaeology) UC Santa Cruz • Graduate work, University of Tennessee • 20 years of cultural resource management experience in California Specialists Thomas A. Wake, Ph.D., Director, Zooarchaeology Laboratory, UCLA Owen K. Davis, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona Virginia S. Popper, Ph.D., Director, Paleoethnobotany Laboratory, UCLA Steve L. Martin, Ph.D., Staff, Paleoethnobotany Laboratory, UCLA 107 . rJl APPENDIX 2: RESULTS OF RADIOCARBON DATING 108 ;Lle -26� . CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS (Variables:estimated CIYC12=25:lab multi I) Laboratory Number: Conventional radiocarbon age*: Calibrated results: (2 sigma, 95% probability) • CI3/C12 ratio estimated Intercept data: 400 •oa c `a 200 0 O a A Q loc Intercepts of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: 1 sigma calibrated results: (68 /o probability) yen a an no Beta-116954 190 f 40 BP cal AD 1650 to 1825 and cal AD 1835 to 1880 and cal AD 1915 to 1950 cal AD 1675 and cal AD 1775 and cal AD 1800 and cal AD 1945 cal AD 1665 to 1685 and cal AD 1740 to 1810 and cal AD 1930 to 1950 1600 1700 18L0 aauu cal All References: Pretoria C,Ubradon Curve jar Short Lived Samples Vogel, J. C, Fuls, A.. Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(I), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating 04 Data Talmo, A. S. and Vogel, J C, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 CaUbradon -1993 Stuiver. M, Long, A., Kra, P S. and Devine. J. M, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1) CHARRED MATERIAL Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 m Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Fax: (305)663-0964 ■ E-mail: beta@racliocarbon.com 109 � �2 CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS (Variables:estimated C13/C12=-25:lab mutt. I) Laboratory Number: Conventional radiocarbon age* Calibrated results: (2 sigma, 95% probability) • C131C12 ratio estimated Intercept data: Intercepts of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: I sigma calibrated results: (68% probability) 190 ± 50 SP 400 ] t \ \ *--*� rye Beta- 116955 190 t 50 BP cal AD 1645 to 1950 cal AD 1675 and cal AD 1775 and cal AD 1800 and cal AD 1945 cal AD 1660 to 1690 and cal AD 1735 to 1815 and cal AD 1925 to 1950 gMRREn MATEPIAL 1500 16D0 WUU ... I cal AO References: Pretoria Calibration Cumefor Short lived Samples Vogel, J. C., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(J), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Data Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Calibration -1993 Sturver, M, Long, A.. Kra, R. S. and Devine, J. M, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(l) .. M Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 ■ Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Fax: (305)663-0964 a E-mail: beta oaradiocarbon.coomr/ 110 CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS (Variables:estimated CB/C12=25:lab mult.=1) Laboratory Number: Conventional radiocarbon age* Calibrated results: (2 sigma, 95% probability) • C13/C12 ratio estimated Intercept data: 700 500 Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: 1 sigma calibrated results: (68 /a probability) 570 t 40 BP Beta-116956 570 t 40 BP cal AD 1305 to 1430 cal AD 1405 cal AD 1325 to 1340 and cal AD 1390 to 1420 CHARRED MATERIAL 1280 1300 1320 1340 13EU 1380 1400 142u i1+u 1+60 cal AD References: Pretoria Calibration Curve for Short Lived Samples Vogel, J C., Fuls. A., Visser, E. and Becker, B. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(l), p73-86 A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Data Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Calibration -1993 Stuiver, U.., Long, A., Kra, R. S. and Devine, J M, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(l) Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 ■ Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Fax: (305)663-0964 ■ 1<maiL beta@radiocarbon.com