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2012 03 15 HPCHistoric Preservation Commission Agendas are now available on the City's Web Page @ www.la-auinta.orq HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION AGENDA The Regular Meeting to be held in the Study Session Room at the La Quinta City Hall, 78-495 Calle Tampico, La Quinta, California March 15, 2012 3:00 P.M. Beginning Minute Motion 2012-001 CALL TO ORDER: A. Pledge of Allegiance B. Roll Call II. PUBLIC COMMENT: This is the time set aside for citizens to address the Historic Preservation Commission on matters relating to historic resources within the City of La Quinta which are not Agenda items. When addressing the Historic Preservation Commission, please state your name and address and when discussing matters pertaining to prehistoric sites, do not disclose the exact location of the site(s) for their protection. Ill. CONFIRMATION OF THE AGENDA: IV. CONSENT CALENDAR: A. Approval of the Minutes for January 19, 2012. Historic Preservation Commission Agenda V VI BUSINESS ITEMS: A. Phase I Archaeological Resources Survey Report for Tentative Tract Map 36403 Applicant: Constance Schivarelli Consultant: CRM Tech - Daniel Ballester, Archaeologist, and Bai "Tom" Tang, Principal Investigator/Historian Location: Southwest Corner of Calle Conchita and Madison Street B. Paleontological Resources Assessment Report for Tentative Tract Map 36403 Applicant: Constance Schivarelli Consultant: CRM Tech - Harry M. Quinn, Paleontologist/Geologist, Michael Hogan and Bai "Tom" Tang, Principal Investigators Location: Southwest Corner of Calle Conchita and Madison Street C. Emergencv Phase III Data Recovery Excavations at CA-RIV-521 1 /H - Report of Findings Applicant: KB Homes (Palizada) Consultant: Applied Earthworks, Inc. - Dennis McDougall and Vanessa Mirro Location: Southeast Corner of Avenue 60 and Monroe Street CORRESPONDENCE AND WRITTEN MATERIAL: VII. COMMISSIONER ITEMS: Vill. PLANNING STAFF ITEMS: IX. ADJOURNMENT: Historic Preservation Commission Agenda DECLARATION OF POSTING I, Carolyn Walker, Executive Secretary of the City of La Quinta, do hereby declare that the foregoing agenda for the La Quinta Historic Preservation Commission meeting of Thursday, March 15, 2012, was posted on the outside entry to the Council Chamber, 78-495 Calle Tampico, and the bulletin board at the La Quinta Cove Post Office, on Thursday, March 8, 2012. DATED: March 8, 2012 CAROLYN WALKER, Executive Secretary City of La Quinta, California MINUTES HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION MEETING A Regular meeting held in the Study Session Room at the La Quints City Hall 78-495 Calle Tampico, La Quinta, CA January 19, 2012 This meeting of the Historic Preservation Commission was called to order at 3:02 p.m. by Chairperson Redmon. CALL TO ORDER A. Pledge of Allegiance �-;n- tr -u Present: Comri`" Peggy Maevers, )Puente, and Absent:F!�,�) �\C missioner Aftn Wilbur Staff IL PUBLIC COM MINEEK6609M= IV. CO PIarS# ng r6 r Le -/Johnson, Principal Planner Andr` ogenso end Secretary Monika Radeva It was m`N d andonded by Commissioners Puente/Maevers to approve the minutes, Dec er 15, 2011, with the following corrections: Page 2, ParagraW8, should read: Chairperson Redmon asked who owned the site and if it had already been approved. Staff replied the site was owned by the City of La Quinta and it was currently in review for approval. Page 3, Paragraph 1, should read: There being no further discussion, it was moved and seconded by Commissioners Wilbur/Puente to adopt Minute Motion 2011-003 approving Historic Preservation Commission January 19, 2012 the Historical/Archaeological Resources Survey for the Washington Street Apartments project, as submitted with staff's recommendations. Unanimously approved. AYES: Commissioners Maevers, Puente, and Chairperson Redmon. NOES: None. ABSENT: None. ABSTAIN: Commissioner Wilbur. V. BUSINESS ITEMS: A. Historic American Building Survey with the West Adobe HABS/HAE David Maman Design located at 81 Principal Planner Andrew contained in the staff report Department. j Mr. Robert S. White and with Archaeoloal As; introduced therrii iucted in Conjunction request submitted by 58. the information file in the Planning White, M �,:;drehaeolog ists Box 180 Sun City, CA, Mr. White said the` d AB'8 ER stuck` '' done • as a mitigation measu ?, ow the tic 4emol r'the building. He explained the ortisted oio sep parts. The HABS portion in additio I researb on theliginal family that lived there and some 649struc n detah -, ,;�� he HAER portion was the visual datioi jng th h the use of large format, black and whitb; hoto phs. Ho d these were the type of photographs that we tipuf eId for this type of project by the Library of Congress and Natioi Park Sprvice. He said these photographs were also `c *plemente* wit me medium format and digital photographs. Mr. Ato a ained the scaling process for the drawings for each elevation} building which consisted of taking actual on -site hand measure '°'J is and converting them into scaled field drawings which were then brought to a draftsman to be converted into a hand -drawn mylar. The mylar was given to the photographer to digitize them and to be printed on the appropriate paper as per the Library of Congress' specifications. Mr. White noted that the site plan, floor plan, courtyard plan, etc., were all to scale. He said the negatives, the prints, and the original drawings were included in the box and the appropriate materials were used to meet archival specifications per the established protocol by K Historic Preservation Commission January 19, 2012 the Library of Congress for large projects in the public sector that would be archived in Washington. Mr. White said there was no need for a consultation with the Federal Government as this was a local CEQA project and the structure was only found eligible for the California Registry Historical Resources at the local level. It was not National -register -eligible. Mrs. White showed and explained to the Commission the contents of the box containing information on the pk ct that would be archived with the report. / Commissioner Puente asked if�.'he ' ',Iding had already been demolished. Staff replied i d ''t. White explained the applicant would be eligible` PA- a da oii ion permit through the City once the archiving p ct was completed Discussion followed regard in f,the �oor condition ,af the structure. Staff mentioned that the Code �P nce Departrr'rent had cited the property forstenance vi6tations and noted that its situation could be a pYotei ar "_ fety hazer , Thus, the applicant was proceeding with th miti n measw.ea in order to be able to demob ? ay yam. �Y 4�Mtr Mr, ite expl led that ecause the materials used to build the adobe, bncl Hof soil, it t> ul not be burned and the materials that bit+lrl be its d "ition were minimal. He said at the tinie"ft tea as col,le' ' the data on the structure, the applicant VI was allod to molish the detached garage and the swimming pool, as those a modern features that were not part of the 84.9inal adob`. nd a potential safety and fire hazards. Comri'ti sionenilMaevers said he visited the site and he found it to be a nuisance- Ahazard as well. Mr. White said the team had recommended that there be a representative on site at the time of demolition as there were still some questions regarding the way the structure was built. Mr. White explained that there were two goals for this project, aside from creating the visual record. The first one was to .identify who built the adobe and the second, who was the architect. He said the team was unable to identify the architect as no one could remember, or otherwise establish, whether or not an architect was ever involved. K Historic Preservation Commission January 19, 2012 He explained that Mrs. White had interviewed surviving members of the family who originally lived in the adobe and even they could not provide any more information. The only person that was identified was the individual who was contracted to have the adobe built, but nothing more. Based on an inscription located on the top of the chimney, the team believed the adobe was built in 1932. Discussion followed regarding the seclusion of the adobe as it was located far from the main road and no one even knew that it existed. Chairperson Redmon asked if there w uld�,be an addendum to the report to address any possible fm ' � ",4uring�.the actual destruction process. <' '�°w Mr. White replied that the s inAnis process was to prepare a report on the demoliti He also said that there were archaeological/paleontol6ii an¢, Native Amertcaf% monitoring stipulations for the project duiNg its) velopment ;-' Mr. White said�Jthe team's dal to identify whether the adobe walls were maxle o't o dividual br9s or f they were poured. He explained that it waa' iffidA.,to tell as halls had been plastered, but a g repair het of the `stucco had been removed, alto `them determ its I at the sar- Is were made out of individual brieks Howe the t still ded to determine whether the adobe s buii>; on a con et slab or if it was built in the more ua tional a wh'. °a trench was dug and was lined with rock e s this del °gtion would have to be done after the demoliti QN, , eral disc ssior ui. llowed regarding the extended and detailed res ch done,, �y Archaeological Associates team, the difficulties they encou Bred, #fie individuals they talked to, etc. Chairpers " Redmon said she was very pleased with the report and was happy to have such nice documentation of the site. Mr. White expressed his compliments to the photographer and the wonderful work he did on the project. Chairperson Redmon asked if there would be another report presented to the Commission after demolition. Staff replied there would be a report, but the project would not be presented to the Commission. 4 Historic Preservation Commission January 19, 2012 Staff explained the report would be available if the Commissioners would like to review it. Commissioner Maevers asked if there were significant findings during demolition, if they would be recorded and identified. Mr. White replied they would be and explained the process for doing that. Chairperson Redmon said she was very grateful for all the work done on the project and said she would like to know if, in fact, there were additional findings after demolition.` .. Chairperson Redmon said the Com ' did``t have to vote on this project as the presentation was m ly infnational. VI. CORRESPONDENCE AND VII. COMMISSIONER ITEMS: Commissioner Puente s,a+41 she had atfgli d'°g�couple of events put together by the Coachella V geological ciety. She briefly described the events and asked if ' ' u , aIify for any, cred xs. Staff asked ; issioner <uen ,•�,forwa`'whatever brochures and informatiortt°e had tailable `gl e eveW*,,'jso that staff could determine if they were l ible for cal dits. e lV f Ch.IF` Redir "" entedcecutive Secretary Carolyn Walker for ring th omm loners v dell informed regarding different training �*rtunities I Ily ilable in order for them to be able to maintain their CLG` rtification `' X d Commissit er Mae rs said he was looking forward to attending the Webinar on esdaylanuary 24, 2O12, at La Quinta City Hall, titled "What Style Is It?" H of the webinar would also provide free AICP credits. Commissioner Puente presented a newsletter from the Indian Wells Historic Preservation Commission and asked staff if the HPC could do something similar, on an annual basis. Staff asked that Commissioner Puente provide a copy of the newsletter for review and offered to get back to her with an answer. Staff noted that the City of Indian Wells did not have an official Historic Preservation Commission such as La Quinta's Commission, and was more likely an organization similar to the La Quinta Historical Society. 5 Historic Preservation Commission January 19, 2012 Commissioner Puente asked if the Ethics Training would be available through the City. Staff replied the City Clerk's Department would notify the Commissioners if they needed to re -take it, as it only needed to be renewed every two years. Staff said the City Clerk's Department would also provide information regarding on-line training or classes available at the City. Commissioner Redmon asked if staff could give an update on putting together the Annenberg "Sunnylands" Estate tour. Staff replied the estate would not be open to the public until Marc 042. Staff said the previous discussion was that if there was another agtlt offered the tour, which was highly expected once the property w _'r essibtk then the Commission 01 could to join in. Staff mentioned that urs tr the estate would also be available during the Annual Planni. As iatidk�-,,Conference in October 2012 which was scheduled to b Id i Pa t+ Springs, but in order to be able to sign up for those the Cdimissioners would have to register for the Conference first. VIII. PLANNING STAFF ITEM None IX. ADJOURNMENT: There beingfturther in 'i was k shoved and seconded by Commissi rs Pue /Maeve1*,,+b adjo ` this Meeting of the Historic Preservati ommiss on to the next Meiing to be held on February 16, 2012. This m mg ohe Historl Ppservation Commission was adjourned on 19, a— dt 'P.M., nimously Approved. Subm Monika Radeva Secretary 0 BI #A HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION STAFF REPORT DATE: MARCH 15, 2012 ITEM: PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES SURVEY REPORT TENTATIVE TRACT MAP #36403 LOCATION: SOUTHWEST CORNER OF CALLE CONCHITA AND MADISON STREET APPLICANT: CONSTANCE SCHIVARELLI CONSULTANT: CRM TECH - DANIEL BALLESTER, ARCHAEOLOGIST, & BAI "TOM" TANG, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/HISTORIAN BACKGROUND: The study area consists of 7.3 t acres, located at the southwest corner of Calle Conchita and Madison Street (Attachment 1). The site is partially the location of a former citrus grove and an abandoned garage constructed in the 1970's, on the southern portion of the site. Elevations on the property range from approximately 25 to 45 feet below mean sea level. An Historical/Archaeological Resources Survey has been submitted for the property (Attachment 2). The survey report includes a records search of the property, historical research, Native American participation, and a field survey. This report, when accepted, will be part of the environmental review required by the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) for the tentative tract map application, which proposes to subdivide 7.3 acres into 11 lots and one retention parcel. On October 20, 2005, the Historic Preservation Commission reviewed an archaeological resources survey report associated with Tentative Tract Map 33801 which assessed the southern half of the same property. The previous map was proposed by a different applicant and has since expired. CRM Tech notes (Attachment 2, p.8) that the prior cultural resource survey contained findings consistent with their own results. DISCUSSION: An archaeological and historic records search for the property was conducted at the Eastern Information Center (EIC) located at UC Riverside. Historical background research was also conducted at the Science Library at UC Riverside and the California Desert District office of the Bureau of Land Management in Moreno Valley. Historical maps and land survey plat maps were consulted from the U.S. General Land Office and the U.S. Geological Survey. The results of the records search indicated that almost all of the lands within one mile of the project site have been reviewed by prior surveys. The report notes that the southern half of the project site has been reviewed under at least four prior cultural resource surveys, according to EIC records. The report notes that over 100 historic/archaeological sites and isolates have been recorded within a one mile radius of the project. However, no cultural resources have been recorded or identified within or immediately adjacent to the boundaries of the project site. A request was made of the Native American Heritage Commission for a check of their Sacred Lands inventory. Upon response, 11 letters of correspondence were sent to area tribal authorities. To date, four responses were received from the contacts. The responses did not have specific concerns regarding the site, but requested that a Native American Cultural Resource Monitor be present during ground disturbing activities, to have a qualified archaeologist available if resources are discovered, that proper procedures are followed in the event of finding any human remains, and that a copy of any cultural resource documentation produced be provided. A field survey was conducted by walking along parallel east -west transacts spaced at 10 meters apart. The survey produced negative results and noted that a 1960's era home identified in a previous cultural resources report from 2005 was no longer in existence and had no identifiable remains. A secondary garage built in no earlier than 1970 was noted on the project site, but was deemed to have no particular architectural or aesthetic merit. Following the preparation of this report, the applicant obtained a demolition permit and has demolished the garage. CONCLUSION: As they have cited that no significant archaeological resources have been identified in the immediate vicinity, CRM Tech, Inc. has recommended that work be halted and a qualified archaeologist be called only in the event that archaeological materials are uncovered during construction of the project. RECOMMENDATION: Adopt Minute Motion 2012-001, accepting the "Historical/Archaeological Resources Survey Report", prepared for Tentative Tract Map No. 36403; City of La Quinta, Riverside County, California", as prepared by CRM Tech dated January 12, 2012 and recommending to the Planning Commission the following project conditions of approval for Tentative Tract Map No. 36403: 1. The site shall be monitored during on- and off -site trenching and rough grading by qualified archaeological monitors. Proof of retention of monitors shall be given to the City prior to issuance of the first earth -moving or clearing permit. Monitors shall include a Native American cultural resources monitor. 2. The final report on the monitoring shall be submitted to the Planning Department prior to the issuance of the first Certificate of Occupancy for the project. 3. Unless other procedures are agreed upon by City and Tribal representatives, resources shall be collected for long term curation per California Office of Historic Preservation Guidelines and delivered to the City prior to issuance of the first Certificate of Occupancy for the property. Prepared by: An dr v J. Mogensen, AICP Pri ipal Planner Attachments: 1. Location Map 2. Historical/Archaeological Resources Survey Report, prepared for Tentative Tract Map No. 36403 (Commissioners only) ATTACHMENT 1 AVENVE 28 0 27 --- 7-77 0 ---------- --------- 2 28 'Aour urT 27 'Project; area A -4- L 'UVEE LEVEE LEVEE S.,�Mms Pwlo� 33 34 I t111 i tl 4WD j��M -40 . ....... -112 T SCA LE 1:24,000 3 0 1/2 1 mile .1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 feet IBM So Figure 2. Project area. (Based on USGS Indio, La Quinta, Martinez Mountain, and Valerie, Calif., 1:24,000 quadrangles [USGS 1972a; 1972b; 1980; 1996]) Pi HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION STAFF REPORT DATE: MARCH 15, 2012 ITEM: PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT TENTATIVE TRACT MAP #36403 LOCATION: SOUTHWEST CORNER OF CALLE CONCHITA AND MADISON STREET APPLICANT: CONSTANCE SCHIVARELLI CONSULTANT: CRM TECH — HARRY M. QUINN, PALEONTOLOGIST/GEOLOGIST, MICHAEL HOGAN & BAI "TOM" TANG, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS BACKGROUND: The study area consists of 7.3 t acres, located at the southwest corner of Calle Conchita and Madison Street (Attachment 1). The site is partially the location of a former citrus grove and an abandoned garage constructed in the 1970's, on the southern portion of the site. Elevations on the property range from approximately 25 to 45 feet below mean sea level. A Paleontological Resources Assessment has been submitted for the property. The assessment report includes a records search of the property, literature review, and field survey. This report, when accepted, will be part of the environmental review required by the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) for the tentative tract map application, which proposes to subdivide 7.3 acres into 11 lots and one retention parcel. On October 20, 2005, the Historic Preservation Commission reviewed a paleontological resources report associated with Tentative Tract Map 33801 which assessed the southern half of the same property but did not include a field survey. The previous map was proposed by a different applicant and has since expired. The prior report, prepared by Applied Earth Works, contained similar findings consistent with this report. DISCUSSION: The site's geology is underlain with lacustrine (lakebed) deposits representative of Holocene -era Lake Cahuilla (appx. 4000 B.C. to 1680 A.D.). The area has a low to moderate potential for vertebrate fossil remains and a high potential for invertebrate remains, primarily freshwater mollusks. A paleontological records search for the property was conducted at the San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM) in Redlands, the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in Los Angeles, and the Riverside Land Identification System (RCLIS). The records search did not indicate paleontological localities have been found on the property, nor have any been found within a one -mile radius of the subject property. The applicants also conducted a literature review and field survey. The results of the field survey confirmed the presence of lakebed sediments and identified several fragments of freshwater shells, but noted the project area has been extensively disturbed by past agricultural and construction activities. CONCLUSION: The report states that the proposed project has a low toindeterminate potential for impacting vertebrate paleontological resources, but may have a high impact potential for Holocene -age invertebrate remains among undisturbed soil areas. The report recommends that all grading, trenching, and excavations beyond the top two feet of soils be monitored for fossil remains. Vegetation removal and leveling of surface soils would not require monitoring. The report concludes by recommending standing policies on excavation monitoring, resource collection, and the reporting of findings as mitigation measures. RECOMMENDATION: Adopt Minute Motion 2012-002, accepting the "Paleontological Resources Assessment Report", prepared for Tentative Tract Map No. 36403; City of La Quinta, Riverside County, California", as prepared by CRM Tech dated January 13, 2012 and recommending to the Planning Commission the following project conditions of approval for Tentative Tract Map No. 36403: 1. Excavation within the undisturbed Lake Cahuilla sediments shall be monitored by a qualified paleontological monitor. The monitor shall be prepared to quickly salvage fossils, if they are unearthed, to avoid construction delays, but must also have the power to temporarily halt or divert construction equipment to allow for the removal of abundant or large specimens. 2. Samples of sediments shall be collected and washed to recover small invertebrate and vertebrate fossils. 3. Recovered. specimens shall be identified and curated at a repository with permanent retrievable storage that would allow for additional research in the future. 4. A report of findings, including, when appropriate, an itemized inventory of recovered specimens and a discussion of their significance, shall be prepared upon completion of the steps outlined above. The report and inventory, when submitted to the appropriate lead agency (City), would signify completion of the program to mitigate impacts on paleontological resources. Prepared by: jipaAnJ. Mogensen, AICP l Planner Attachments: 1. Location Map 2. Paleontological Resources Assessment Report, prepared for Tentative Tract Map No. 36403 (Commissioners only) ATTACHMENT 1 K = I AVENUE 68 AVENUE 27 0 C-- 28 !ACUE UC7 I T, 2 C LEVEE % 33 34 OW IBM —40 J I. pump ZAg stat 13 SCALE 1:24,000 4 0 112 1 mile iom 50 4 lbi� 10,00 0 1000 2000 ;O-Z� 40,0011M Figure 2. Project area. (Based on USGS Indio, La Quinta, Martinez Mountain, and Valerie, Calif., 1:24,000 quadrangles JUSGS 1972a; 1972b, 1980; 19%1) ON CORRESPONDENCE WRITTEN MATERIAL 4 Jy aJ316 .+ w "Y y ` ' SOZ E-EO1 b6 V7 oxiDNWa NVs nt, aims 113ais aaiHi s au.Ipeaa lelllwgnS uolssaS Jalsod aullpeao uo!leuod uolliny pL J!A aullpea(i suoljemasaa IaloH £l ludV augpeaa uolle:)llddV=- sauolS ssa»nS alnui"-aaN.L /g ludV . aui!pead sauawesllianpV we&6OAd - £a 4jow r- , awlpead'uoijejisl6aa Aliq 91 4koW au!lpeaa 6olje:)pddV�;l9!4x3 s 4NOW tl S DQr.}UD4.iodWi 03ualaluO:) Z l OZ 1 (1• r r f" r wl�.� Conference Sponsors Pediment Spectra Company Cornice IS Architecture Morley Builders Page & Turnbull Wooden Window, Inc. Capital California State Parks, Office of Historic Preservation Pillar Cody Anderson Wasney Architects, Inc. Marmol-Rad7.inec♦ Associates Supporting AECOM Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association Garavaglia Architecture, Inc. ICF International Kelly Sutherlin McLeod Architecture, Inc. PGAdesign Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. May • • 20,112, 'Oakland: %7th Annual California Preservation Cc early roots in Oakland as we learn:fro the future of preservation and cultivatii Learn why Oakland is ranked number 5 in the New York Times' "45 Places to Go in 2012" at the 2012 California Preservation Conference! Help Shape the Future of Historic Preservation • Learn current and best practices by leading professionals • Attend Exclusive Tours and Events in unique places e Network and Socialize with over Soo preservationists • Earn Continuing Education Credits Who Should Attend Anyone with an interest in protecting California's rich and diverse heritage, LEED Certified Professionals, City and County Planners, Landscape Architects, Historians, Engineers, Educators, Attorneys, Contractors, Advocates, Real Estate Agents, Historic Property Owners, and many others! Continuing Education Conference programs, workshops and study tours qualify for AIA, AICP, ASLA, CLG, and MCLE continuing education credits. Exclusive Tours and Events that High- light the East Bay's Rich Architecture, Landscapes, and History Include: Fox Theater, Camron-Stanford House, Ford Assembly Building, Peralta Hacienda, USS Hornet, Lake Chabot Regional Park, Paramount Theatre, UC Berkeley, First Unitarian Church of Oakland, Rotunda Building, Lakeside Theater at the Kaiser Center, and more! FEATURED SPEAKER Come hear Mayor Jean Quan, the first woman and the first Asian American to be elected Mayor of Oakland, welcome attendees at the Opening Plenary on May 4th at the First Unitarian Church of Oakland. Sponsor, Exhibit, Advertise! Conference Sponsorship, Exhibit, and Program Book advertising opportunities still available! Receive excellent benefits and support a worthwhile cause at the same time. For more information contact Yvonne Dunkley at 415.495.0349 or by email at cpf@californiapreservation.org. Volunteer Do a good deed and attend the conference for free (based on the number of hours volunteered). Conference Headquarters and Accommodations The 2012 Conference Headquarters is at the Oakland Marriott City Center (www.marriott .com). Rooms are available until April 13, 2011 at a discounted rate of $139 (single/double) for the nights of May 2 through May 7, 2012. Call 800.991.7249 to make your reservations and be sure to reference our group code: California Preservation Conference. Rooms are limited so make your reservations early! For a complete list of hotels and other accommodations near the Conference Headquarters, please visit our website. www.californiapreservation.org TRACKS Twenty -First Century Preservation: Cultivating Broader Perspectives O How do we recognize history not apparent in the bricks and mortar of our neighborhoods? How do we identify and engage new com- munity partners? This track explores how professionals and communities can integrate new perspectives to address cultural and social heritage. The Money Tree: Sowing the Seeds of Economic Development O The economic climate directly affects historic preservation. This track will examine the impact of emerging economic trends on historic properties and identify how preservationists can influence real estate development by knowing what makes public agencies and private developers tick. Training New Growth: Planning for Change in Historic Contexts O This track examines the planning tools that are available for managing change in a historic context. Using examples ranging from individual projects to long-term planning efforts, speakers will highlight successful strategies for designing the built environment and its landscapes. Tending to the Technical: Best Practices in Building Preservation (, A range of technical topics for preservation professionals and clients are covered in this track, including alternative fire and life -safety compliance, fa4ade and material investigation techniques, innovative seismic assessment and design, and interdisciplinary approaches to adaptive reuse. New Shoots in Old Ground: Industrial Roots and Reuse O Oakland and the greater Bay Area have a commercial, manufacturing and military past that generated numerous significant structures and landscapes. This track examines the economic, technical, and social impacts associated with reuse of these commercial and industrial areas. Inn Imagery: Courtesy M nmanlevm Oakland AaweiaYmn Photography: Co cl-1,rtured Speaker Courtesy at chya Oakland- Rotunda Building O Greg Leon,. I"ude , Bodge O Russell Monde; 13th Street post Office Interior O Rmsell Mond,, OakWM Cr,, Hall Cori of OHA; leke Merritt at Night ® Ruscefl Moody; Fox untater M-11 Courtesy of Friends of the rox rheatx &CA P-1- akdand Fox neater Maryuee 0 Russet Monde CONFERENCE PARTNERS African American Museum and Library at Oakland Alameda Architectural Preservation Society . American Institute of Architects, East Bay Chapter American Institute of Architects, San Francisco Chapter American Institute of Architects, Santa Clara Valley Chapter Art Deco Society of California Association for Preservation Technology, Western Chapter Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association California State Parks, Office of Historic Preservation Chinese Historical Society of America City of Oakland Friends of the Oakland Fox Friends of Peralta Hacienda Historical Park Oakland Heritage Alliance PAST Heritage Potomac Association Samuel Knight Chapter, Society for Industrial Archaeology San Francisco Architectural Heritage U.S. Green Building Council - Northern California Chapter Victorian Preservation Association of Oakland Visit Oakland STUDY TOURS Oakland's Food Industries: A Behind -the -Scenes Tour T Q A m May 3, 9:00 am-5:00 pm Oakland has always been a center of food production and is now reemerging in that role. See the history of industrial food production buildings that continue to be used for making high -quality beverages and foods. You may even get a tastel Rosie the Riveter/WWII Home Front National Historical Park T Q A May 3, 9:00 ca -12:30 pm The Kaiser Shipyards transformed Richmond into WWII "boomtown." See how this National Park interprets and preserves its diverse history through public art and historic sites, including wartime housing, a childcare center, and the Ford Assembly Building. From the Fox to PRueger: Golden Age of Theaters in California T Q A May 3, 9:00 ani 2:30 pm Visit the Fox, Paramount, and Alameda theaters to see their unique designs and learn about their restorations, including how economic and technical challenges were resolved to continue their use today. Rebuilding Community Through Urban Agriculture T Q A May 3, 9:00 am-) 2:30 pm Explore how community -driven, urban agricultural groups are reintroducing farming to Oakland's historic neighborhoods alongside soil remediation projects and new zoning initiatives to promote preservation, create equitable food systems, and reconnect communities. WWII to Present Adaptively Reusing StrUChrreS of the Past T Q A May 3, 1:30 pn -5:00 Pm Enjoy a tour of WWII aircraft carrier the USS Hornet, a National Historic Landmark, and a narrated base bus tour with stops at reused Navy buildings with thriving businesses, and a wine tasting at Rockwall Winery. The Balancing Act in East Bay Regional Parks T Q A May 3, 1:30 pni Pm Discover the East Bay Regional Park District's dynamic and diverse parks to learn how its cultural landscapes combine the challenges of ever -changing biological resources with the maintenance of built resources, while enjoying some of the most breathtaking vistas of the East Bay. . Ground -breaking Women at Three Restored East Bay Historic Houses T Q A May 3, 1:30 pm-5:00 pm Historic House Tour touts ground -breaking 19th century women professionals and exhibit restoration techniques used in three East Bay residences: 1876 Italianate Camron-Stanford House, 1884 East take Stick Cohen Bray House, and 1897 Colonial Revival Meyers House. For complete descriptions of all tracks, workshops, tours, and events, visit wvnv.californiapresewation.org/conference.html Old Town Oakland Walking Tour T A May 4, 11:00 am-12:30 pm Take a guided walk through the Old Oakland Historic District, in the area which was once the western terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad, with brick commercial Victorian buildings that continue to thrive as offices, galleries, boutiques, and eateries. Necklace of lights T A May 5, 7:30-8:30 pm Tour Oakland's famous Necklace of Lights around Lake Merritt with local author Annalee Allen followed by informal dinner and drinks or gondola ride (reservations required) at the historic Lake Chalet Boathouse & Restaurant overlooking the lake. Ranches and Redwoods: Oakland's Early History T Q h May 6, 9:00 am-12:30 pm Experience the fascinating exhibits and com- munity gardens at Peralta Hacienda Historical Park, followed by a walk through the Redwood Regional Park's 150-foot coast redwoods, once owned by the Peralta family. WORKSHOPS Is Newer Better? Using Substitute Materials in Historic Preservation Project T May 3, 9:00 am-12:30 pm This workshop will identify typical material substitution requests, replacement characteristics, aesthetic and performance considerations. In addition, we will evaluate the sustainability of using substitute materials and under what circumstances such materials may be considered appropriate. Local Government Forum T s Washington Inn, May 3, 10:00 am-3:00 pm This forum, led and sponsored by the Office of Historic Preservation, will provide training and discussions on Historical Resources and CEQA, application of the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation, and how local governments are integrating preservation into planning practices. Successful Rehabilitation Tax Credit Applications: Advice and Examples T May 3, 1:30-5:00 pm Demystify the 20 percent Federal Historic Preservation Tax Credit process administered by the Office of Historic Preservation. Avoid common errors in preparing and submitting an application and learn how to facilitate the state and federal review process. Snapshot in Time: Designation and Documentation Programs in the Digital Era T May 3, 1:30-5:00 pm To accommodate new digital media, registration programs and HABS, HAER and HALS, have changed their photographic submission standards. We will reveal the changes for each of the programs and present examples, case studies and offer insights for successful submissions. MOBILE SESSIONS UC Berkeley Campus: Development through Time T Q A May 4, 2:00-5:15 pm Established in 1873, the UC Berkeley Campus has gone through many periods of develop- ment. Learn about its development and visit the renovated Drawing Building and modern addition of the Richard C. Blum Hall, which combines renovation and addition decisions with campus developmental goals. Rocking and Rolling in Uptown: How the Fox Theater Renovation Spurred Reinvestment T A May 4, 2:00-5:15 pm Visit the renovated Fox Theater that helped catalyze reinvestment in uptown Oakland and hear views from real estate and financial experts involved in developing the neighborhood. Affordable Housing: Successfully Combining HPTC and LINK T Q A May 5, 9:00 am-12:15 pm This mobile workshop examines two affordable housing complexes—Altenheim Senior Housing and St. Joseph's Senior and Multifamily Affordable Housing —that successfully combine adaptive reuse and new construction using historic and low-income housing tax credits. Water and Wood as Frienemies: Repairing Wood Windows and Testing for Performance T Q h May 5, 9:00 am-12:15 pm Learn how to identify wood deterioration while participating in a hands-on session of wood and glazing repair techniques, and see a demonstration of in-service window water testing. Also view the robotic technology used to make historic reproductions of window components. Tour of the Mission Armory: 1800 Mission Street, San Francisco T Q A May 5, 2:00-5:15 pm This San Francisco landmark was a symbol of neglect until Peter Acworth, owner of an internet- based adult film studio, purchased the building in 2006. Learn about its history, the unrealized reuse proposals for the site as well as its current rehabilitation Master Plan. Transportation provided on BART. Adult Content —Must be 18 years or older. Industrial Waterfront Parks: Turning Grit into Green T Q A May 5, 2:00-5:15 pm Tour two of Oakland's Industrial waterfront parks at different stages of re -development, and examine strategies for reincorporating these industrial spaces back into the public experience: the proposed site for Gateway Park at the foot of the new Bay Bridge and nearby Middle Harbor Park. SPECIAL EVENTS Opening Reception T a Rotunda Building, May 3, 5:30-7:30 pm join us as we kickoff the 37th Annual California Preservation Conference in Oakland with old friends and new acquaintances for wine and appetizers under the Rotunda. Emerging Professionals Reception T May 3, 8:30-10:00 pm Emerging professionals are invited out to socialize and network in Old Town, Oakland. Opening Plenary Session First Unitarian Church of Oakland, May 4, 9:00-10:30 am Gather for the Opening Plenary in the 1891 masonry Romanesque church, with large redwood spans and stained glass by Goodhue of Boston. President's Circle Reception (Imiutlon Only) Guy Hyde Chick House, May 4, 6:00-7:30 pm Attend the President's Circle Reception at Bernard Maybeck's well-preserved masterpiece in the Oakland hills. For information about joining the President's Circle, call 415.495.0349. Three Minute Success Stories T s Kaiser Center Lakeside Theater, May 4, 8:00-10:30 pm Enjoy a dessert buffet reception and hear accounts of buildings saved from the brink of ruin and preservation battles fought and won —performed with flair and humor —and within 3 minutes time! CPF Annual Membership Meeting T m Washington Inn, May 5,12:30-1:45 pm (Open to all attendees) CPF's Annual Membership Meeting will be held at the Washington Inn, a local landmark. Closing Fiesta —Auction and Reception s Oakland Marriott City Center, May 5, 5:15-7:30 pm Bid early, bid often and join hundreds of attendees for a fiesta that benefits a great cause. Auction items include fine art, wine, tours, overnight stays at historic places, and a little kitsch ... just for fun! T = Ticket required Q = Transportation provided A = Walking required (distances vary) m = Includes refreshments or meal THURSDAY, MAY 3 8:00 am-12.00 pm O Registration ,_ Registration and Exhibitor Setup 9.06 am-12:30 pm O Study Tour Rosie the Riveter/W WII Home front National Historical Park T 9:00 am- 12 30 pm O Study Tour From the Fox to PBueger: Golden Age of Theaters in California T 9:00 am-12:30 pm O Study Tour Rebuilding Community through Urban Agriculture T 9:00 am-12:30 pm • Workshop Is Newer Better? Using Substitute Materials in Historic Preservation Projects T 9 00 am-4:00 pm ®Meeting National Historic Landmarks Owners an Stewar s.Meeting 9 00 am-5:00 pm O Study Tour Oakland's Food Industries: A Behin -t e-Scenes Tour T 10:00-3:00 pm O Forum Local Government Forum 12:00.6:00 pm O Registration Registration, Bookstore, Auction and Preservation Products & Practice ExhibitHall _ _ - 1:30-5:00 pm ® Meeting state Historical Building Safety Boord Meeting 1.30.5:00 pm O study Tour WWII to Present Adaptively Reusing Structures of the PostT., 1:30.5:00 pm O Study Tour The Balancing Act in East Bay Regional Parks T 1:30.5:00 pm O Study Tour Ground -breaking Women at Three Restored East Bay Historic Houses T 1:30.5:00 pm ® Workshop Snapshot in Time Designation and Documentation Programs in the Digital Era T 1 30-5:00 pm 0 Workshop Successful Rehabilitation Tax Credit Applications: Advice and Examples T 5 30.7:30 pm ® Event Opening Reception at the Rotunda T 8:30.10:00 pm ® Event Emerging Professionals Reception T FRIDAY, MAY 4 8:00 am-6:00 pm O Registration Registration, Bookstore, Auction and Preservation Products & Practice Exhibit, Hall 9:00-10:30 am ® Event Opening Plenary Session at First Unitarian Church of Oakland 11:00 am-12:30 pm ........ _.._._ ® Special Session Design Roundtable Tending the Crop 1 1:00 am-12:30 pm ® Special Session Preservation 101 11 00 am-12:30 pm O Study Tour Old Town Oakland Walking Tour T 2.00-3:30 pm 0 Session Cultural and Ethnic Significance- 2:00.3:30 pm O Session Fire and Life Safety Upgrades of Wstoric Buildings 2 00-3:30 pm 0 Session Whi=ing Rockets and Cold War Paranoia Modern Age Evaluation Methodologies - -. 2.00-5:15 pm • Mobile Session UC Berkeley Campus: Development through Time T - 2:00-5:15 pm 0 Mobile session Rocking and Rolling in Uptown. How the Fox Theater Renovation Spurred Reinvestment T 3 45-5:15 pm 40 Session Tool Shed: Virtual Building Blacks for Historic Preservation 3 45-5:15 pm ® Session - Pruning a Hospital to Grow Apartments at the Presidia, San Francisco 3 45-5:15 pm Session . By Land, Air, and Sea: Transforming Big Industrial Buildings for 21 st Century Uses 6 00.7: 30 pm Of nvitation Only President's Circle Reception at Guy Hyde Chick House 8.00.10:30 pm ® Event ThreeMinute Success Stories at Kaiser Center Lakeside Theater T SATURDAY, MAY 5 8:00 am-7.30 pm O Registration Registration, Bookstore, Auction and it Preservotion Products & Practice ExhibHall . _ _ 9:00.10:30 am Session Pruning Public Parks: Landscapes Under Pressure to Perform _ - 9.00-10:30 am • Session Pier 70: A Study in Public -Private Partnership 9 00-10:30 am Session Transforming Spaces from Industry to Art 9:00 am-12.15 pm Mobile Session Affordable Housing: Successfully Combining HPTC and LIHTC T- 9 00 am-12:15 pm O Mobile Session Water and Wood as Frienemies at Wooden Windows Factory T 16.45 am 12:15 pm 0 Session New Tools in the Shed Form -Based Codes and Community Character 10:45 am 12:15 pm Session What's Next for Redevelopment Agencies in California 10:45 am 12 15 pm 0 Session food for Thought: Oakland Along the Food Trail Waterfront 12:30-1:45 pm ® Event CPF Annual Membership Meeting at Washington Inn T 2:00-3:30 pm • Session Mixed Uses Fabricated from Industrial Sites - 2.00-3:30 pm ® Session Old Facades New Investigative Tools 2'00-3:30 pm a Session Economic Development Toolkit - 2:00.5:15 pm 0 Mobile Session Tour of the Mission Armory T- 2 00-5:15 pm 0 Mobile Session Industrial Waterfront Parks: Turning Grit into Green T 3 45 5:15 pm Session Grafted Stock. Evaluating ContemporaryAdditions .. _ _. _._ 3.45 5:15 pm ...__ ®Session Get Me to the Greek Three Buildings, Three Seismic Retrofit Solutions -at UC Berkeley -- I 145-5:15 pm "ion - Learning from Viagra Affecting the Supply and Demand Cycle in favor of Reuse I 5:15-7:30 pm ® Event Closing Fiesta —Auction and Reception _ - -- 7:30.8:30 pm ® Study Tour _ Necklace of Lights T - SUNDAY, MAY 6 9:00 am-12:30 pm -__- 0 Study Tour -_ Ranches and Redwoods: Oakland s Early History T REGISTRATION [ G I S T p /� t I O (� I FORM p A A Please fill out one wformorkshops, per attendee. Guest tickets for workshops, L J R /� ' V I R � V � study tours, mobile workshops, and events may be included on form. Before Affair Subrotal Cost Quantity Suilaal PACKAGE DEAL Moleone) IMdeone) ❑ Ground -breaking Women at Three Restored Includes Regular Registration, Opening Reception, East Bay Historic Houses $ 40 - $ 3-Minute Success Stories & CPF Annual Meeting ❑ Old Town Oakland Walking Tour $ 15 $ ❑ CPF Member $ 325 $ 350 $ ❑ Necklace of lights $ 15 $ ❑ Non Member (includes 8-month CPF membership) $ 365 $ 390 $ ❑ Ranches and Redwoods: Oakland's Early History $ 40 $ REGULAR REGISTRATION Includes Plenary Session & all Education Sessions. Does not include ticketed events listed below. ❑ CPF Member $ 230 $ 255 $ ❑ Non -Member (includes 8-month CPF membership) $ 270 $ 295 $ ❑ President's Circle Member - $ 0 $ 0 $ ❑Sponsor (# of complimentary registrations $ 0 $ 0 $ based on sponsor level)/Partner WORKSHCPS/FORUM ❑ Is Newer Better? Using Substitute Materials in $ 35 $ - Historic Preservation Projects ❑ Local Government Forum $ 20 $ ❑ Successful Rehabilitation Tax Credit Applications $ - 35 $ ❑ Snapshot in Time: Designation and Documentation $ 35 $ Programs in the Digital Era ❑ Speaker $ 0 $0 $ ❑ Student ID Required) $ 125 $140 $ ❑ Oneday (Members deduct $20) ❑ Friday $ 130 $ 145 $ ❑ Saturday $ 155 $ 170 $ ❑ Continuing Education Credits (Price per affiliation): All # , All MCLE, USGBC, ASLA $ 30 # $ MOBILE SESSIONS ❑ UC Berkeley Campus: Development through Time $ 40 $ ❑ Rocking and Rolling in Uptown: How the $ 40 $ Fox Theater Renovation Spurred Reinvestment - ❑ Affordable Housing: Successfully Combining $ 40 HPTC and LIHTC ❑ Water and Wood as Frienemtes $ 40 TOURS, WORKSHOPS, MOBILE SESSIONS/FORUM, & EVENTS Tour of Mission Armory $ 40 ❑ Post Industrial Parks: Turning Grit Into Green $ 40 All tickets sold separately and not Included in Regular Registration. STUDY TOURS op ntaNanLa f enceA ndeesMarcn Id ' Quantity subtotal SPECIAL EVENTS - - -- - - ---- $ 65 - $ ❑ Opening Reception - - -- $ 45 - - $ ❑ Oakland's Food Industries: Behind the Scenes Tour -- - -- --- -- -- ❑ Emerging Professionals Reception $ 15 $ ❑ Rosie the Riveter/WWII National Historical Park _._ ._. _ ____ _-... $ 40 -_. $ ---- - --- ---- -- __----- ❑ Three Minute Success Stories (Includes Reception) $ ---'"-" 40 $ ❑ From the Fox to Pflueger: Golden Age of Theaters .- --- - - $ 40 - - - $ - - -__-- ---`- --- _-- _-"--"- ❑ CPF Annual Membership Meeting. (Includes lunch) $ ___-- 25 - $ ❑ Rebuilding Community through Urban Agriculture ----------- $ 40 - ---- $ - - ----- ---- -�- --- ❑ Closing Fiesta (Includes reception & live auction) $ " __---" 0 " $ ❑ WWII to Present: Reusing Structures of the Past $ 40 $ - - - ---- - - ---- - - - -- ----- - - - ❑ The Balancing Act in East Bay Regional Park $ 40 $ TOTAL (Registration and other options) $ REGISTER ONLINE, BY MAIL, OR BY FAX Register early) Space is limited and many Study Tours, Workshops, and Events sell out quickly. Registration forms and Conference updates are online at www.californ iapreservation.org California Preservation Foundation 5 Third Street, Suite 424, San Francisco, CA 94103 415.495.0349;fox: 415.495.0265 CANCELLATION POLICY To cancel, call 415A95.n8 9. Conference Registration cancellations: Before March 16, I2 processing fee; Between March 16-46113, S45 processing tee. No refunds after April 11 To receive a full refund for ticketed events, ormellations must be made by April 13. CPF reserves the right to cancel any Ucketed excels and will provide a refund for that event. The Colifarnia Preservah.n Foundafion tCPF) is the only svra.,dr, nanprolB hinonc preservaton educai on and adrocary membership organrzot Dn is Cohmmla. CPF serves as an essential link in the ones huforic preservation network and emphasizes educatbnal programs, advacucy and nforma600 exchange through a quarterly leuec Preservation Design Awards, c nisei Californib PreservonLn Conference, workshops, and pudli.u.ns addressing nitical preservation issues. Company/Afliliotion Address Address cityState Zipcode Phone Fax Email SPECIAL NEEDS El No ❑ Yes; please explain theoring, vision, mobility,dietary, el All Speciol Events are local within a I 0-minute walk or accessible by the Broadway Starts. Please really us ahead of time it special accommodations are needed. DATE: ITEM: LOCATION: APPLICANT: CONSULTANT: BACKGROUND: HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION STAFF REPORT MARCH 15, 2012 EMERGENCY PHASE III DATA RECOVERY EXCAVATIONS AT CA- RIV-521 1 /H — REPORT OF FINDINGS; SP 201 1-086 SOUTHEAST CORNER OF AVENUE 60 AND MONROE STREET KB HOME APPLIED EARTH WORKS, INC. (DENNIS MCDOUGALL AND VANESSA MIRRO) The study area is a t 80.8 acre parcel located on the east side of Monroe Street between Avenue 60 and Avenue 61 (Attachment 1). The property is vacant, but was rough -graded in 2005/2006 under approvals issued for Tract 31732 and 31733. The City is currently processing applications on this site to allow a revised project, based on current housing market trends. The original Phase I (survey level) Archaeological/Historical Resources Survey was performed in 1998, which recommended that Phase II investigations be required prior to any development activity. Tracts 31732 and 31733 were approved by the City in January 2004, and required the Phase II survey as mitigation. This Phase II (test level) survey was conducted by CRM in 2005, and reviewed by the HPC on July 21, 2005 (Attachment 2). From that point, there is no information in the case files pertaining to monitoring agreements or activities. Due to the lack of information on monitoring activities, and seeing a need to update the current state of the archaeological conditions on site, staff required KB Home to provide updated monitoring and historical reporting as part of their project revision, which was submitted 6/24/201 1. Due to the size of the document, staff has provided only the following sections: • Management Summary • Introduction • Project Background • Research Design • Native American Consultation • Methods and Procedures • Summary and Interpretations The full Phase III report is available in the Planning Department for review. DISCUSSION: Based on the recommendations of the 7/21 /05 HPC report, KB Home retained Applied Earthworks (AE) to monitor the site work associated with the project. The Phase II study found that cultural materials extended to a depth of approximately 50 cm and were previously disturbed by agricultural and construction activities. Because the site is primarily composed of heavily disturbed surface scatter, preservation of the site was not recommended, and instead further monitoring was requested prior to Phase III. Monitoring was conducted between 9/26/2005 to approximately June 2006; during this time "discrete cultural features" were identified by the monitoring team of AE staff and Torres Martinez representatives. As a result, operations were suspended pending assessment of these features by archaeologists. Over the next few months, it was found that approximately 94 such features existed, mostly associated with ceremonial cremations/burials of human and some animal (dog) remains. In accordance with state requirements regarding discovery involving potential human bone (HSC Section 7050.5), the County Coroner was required to investigate these burials to make an official determination. During this time, KB Home filed amended maps for the two tracts, which were approved on November 15, 2006. In the meantime, further investigation and analysis of the sites, artifacts and remains, along with arrangements for the transfer of post - analysis remains to the Torres -Martinez for reburial, continued into 2010. By that time, economic conditions had precluded any further progress on the project. The Phase III Data Recovery Excavation prepared by AE found that materials recovered from the site during the Phase II monitoring included 1,437 ceramic fragments, 150 pieces of debitage, nine edge modified flake tools, five hammerstones, four biface fragments, one core tool, and one Olivella shell bead. No historical artifacts were identified during either the monitoring or the emergency data recovery excavations. All materials of significance have been recovered during Phase II. Therefore, approval of the project will have no impact on historical or archaeological resources as those recovered to date have been previously addressed. Letters requesting comments on the project site, and announcing availability of the Phase III report for review, were sent to local Indian tribes by Staff as part of the Senate Bill 18 consultation procedure. The only response received was from the Cahuilla Band of Indians, recommending that approved cultural monitors be present on - site. Given the amount of recovered materials during the initial grading activities, CA-RIV- 5211 /H remains a sensitive area that warrants continued monitoring. It is one of the largest Cahuilla cemetery sites in the Coachella Valley. The Phase III report suggests further monitoring of future grading, and processing of any encountered materials pursuant to a treatment and mitigation plan, incorporated with the report. RECOMMENDATION: Adopt Minute Motion 2012-03, accepting the "Emergency Phase III Data Recovery Excavations at CA-RIV-521 1 /H: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in the Coachella Valley, California", as prepared by Applied EarthWorks, Inc., dated November 2010, and recommending to the Planning Commission the following project conditions of approval for Specific Plan 1 1-086, Tentative Tract Map 36305, and Site Development Permit 1 1-918: 1. The site shall be monitored during all land disturbance/grading by qualified archaeological and paleontological monitors, as well as representative(s) of the Torres -Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians. Proof of retention of all monitors, including Native -American monitor(s)/representative(s) shall be given to City prior to issuance of first earth -moving or clearing permit. Monitoring shall be focused within those areas not previously disturbed by grading construction 2. A final report on all monitoring shall be prepared and submitted to the Planning Department prior to the issuance of any building permit for the project. "Building permit" in this context shall mean any residential unit, clubhouse, or other habitable occupancy -rated structure or building. 3. Any recovered and collected archaeological, zooarchaeological, and/or paleontological resources shall be processed in accordance with the Mitigation Monitoring Treatment Plan for CA-RIV-1 152/H, incorporated as Appendix B to the "Emergency Phase III Data Recovery Excavations at CA-RIV-521 1/H: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in the Coachella Valley, California", as prepared by Applied EarthWorks, Inc., November 2010. Recovery and treatment of resources, along with the ultimate disposition of any artifacts, shall be coordinated in consultation with the Torres -Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians. Attachments: 1. Site location map 2. Staff Report to HPC dated July 21, 2005 3. Emergency Phase III Data Recovery report excerpts Prepared by: Wallace Nesbit, Principal Planner ATTACHMENT 1 d J CY �0 a 27 iC� � -77 a a r Y N 26 .... m — r H IF I = _ ... '. ... -'.a 76 'r. aVENUF' - of _ PROJECT AREA _ = _ _ - __ _ _ ?"2 _ + - l Swrm «I ng Pooh] I AVE � 61 - { - yi Stahon au 50 TORRES MARTINEL 2 _ Torres (S11,) INUTA•N WESERV ATION SCALE 1:24,000 as 0 MINA t00o 0 1.0 2,W0 3,000 4000 5,000 6,000 7.000 Faer 05 0 glomelara Martinez Mtn. 1981 (1988), La Quinta 1959 (1980). Valerie 1956 (1972), and Indio 1956 (1972), CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangles Figure 1-2 Project location map. 3 ATTACHMENT 2 HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION STAFF REPORT DATE: JULY 21, 2005 ITEM: PHASE II (TEST LEVEL) ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT CA-RIV-5211/H, TTM 31732 LOCATION: SOUTHEAST CORNER OF MONROE STREET AND AVENUE 60 APPLICANT: IREC PAC LQ/197 LLC CONSULTANT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION (CAROL R. DEMCAK, RPA AND SUE A. WADE, RPA) BACKGROUND: The study area is approved for development with a single family residential project. The property.is a portion of 1,279 acres previously surveyed by CRM TECH for a larger. project (Coral Mountain) that was within Riverside County's jurisdiction, but is now within the City's boundaries. This property is being split off from that larger project to allow the residential development. CRM TECH's field survey of the property in 1998 resulted in the recording of a prehistoric site (CA-RIV-521 1 /H) with a very minor historic deposit (one piece of amethyst glass). In order to allow the development on this property, a Phase II testing program has been completed. DISCUSSION: A research design was prepared for the testing procedures as noted in the report. The testing of the site consisted of re -surveying the site, a surface collection of artifacts, and excavation of eight shovel test pits (50 cm diameter) eight surface scrapes (1 m x 1 m), seven test units (1 x 1 m) and five trenches (maximum 156 cm depth). Surface collection consisted of ceramic sherds, chipped stone pieces, fragments of formed tools and groundstone milling tools, fire -affected clay and rocks. The surface collection and excavations resulted in numerous potsherds, a few ground stone implements, chipped stone tools, Cottonwood Triangular and Desert Side -notched projectile points, pumice abaders and a shell disc bead being found. Analysis of the artifacts is provided in the report. The report states the artifact types recovered suggests this site was a Temporary camp with the occupants likely ancestors of today's Desert Cahuilla Indians. The report states identification of Site CA-RIV-521 1 /H has been determined to constitute a "historic resource," as defined by CEQA, which required this Phase II testing and program prior to construction of the project. With this testing and the P:\stan\hpc\rpt tt 31732 ph 2 archaeo.doc d evaluation conducted to date, mitigation to a level less than significant has been achieved. The result of this report acknowledges that the site is highly sensitive for cultural resources and therefore, monitoring during earth -moving activities is recommended. RECOMMENDATION: Adopt Minute Motion 2005 , accepting the "Report of Phase II (Test Level) Archaeological Investigations at CA-RIV-521 1 /H, TTM 31732 City of La Quinta, Riverside County, California", as prepared and recommended by Archaeological Resource Management Corporation, and subject to the following conditions: A. The site shall be monitored during on- and off -site trenching and rough grading by qualified archaeological monitors. Proof of retention of monitors shall be given to the City prior to issuance of first earth -moving or clearing permit. The Torres -Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians shall be contacted to determine if a tribe member is to be included as an archaeological monitor. B. The final report on the monitoring shall be submitted to the Community Development Department prior to the issuance of the first Certificate of Occupancy for the project. C. Collected archaeological resources shall be properly packaged for long term curation, in polyethylene self -seal bags, vials, or film cans as appropriate, all within acid -free, standard size, comprehensively labeled archive boxes and delivered to the City prior to issuance of first Certificate of Occupancy for the property. Materials shall be accompanied by descriptive catalogue, field notes and records, primary research data, and the original graphics. Attachment: 1. Report of Phase II (Test Level) Archaeological Investigations at CA-RIV- 521 1 /H, TTM 31732 City of La Quinta, Riverside County, City of La Quinta, Riverside County, California (Commissioners only) Prepared by: Stan Sawa, Principal Planner P:\stm\hpckpt tt 31732 ph 2 wchaeo.doc LATE .P r. I N T H E C=€'CEMETERY } f ; LEY; �CAL1 FOR IA i.� a � a 1 � - Y W I ,may X t ! irti P r', t t.� e VISIOI,,- 3 µi"� J t EMERGENCY PHASE III DATA RECOVERY EXCAVATIONS AT CA-RIV-521 1 /H: A LATE PREHISTORIC CEMETERY IN THE COACHELLA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA USGS Valerie 7.5' Quadrangle; Township 6S, Range 7E, Section 35 Prepared for: KB Home - Southern Califomia/Coastal Division 36310 Inland Valley Drive Wildomar, CA 92595 Prepared by: Dennis McDougall and Vanessa Mirro Applied EarthWorks, Inc. 3292 East Florida Avenue, Suite A Hemet, CA 92544-4941 (951)766-2000 With contributions by: David Earle, Lowell Bean, James Toenjes, Suzanne Griset, John Eddy, Doug Harro, Rebecca McKim, Kholood Abdo-Hintzman, Mike Mirro, Virginia Popper, Judith Polanich, and Sherri Gust November 2010 Keywords: CA-RIV-5211/H (P33-005211); monitoring; Phase III data recovery; cremation features; Cahuilla mortuary practices; Toro; Zea mays (maize); cemetery. MANAGEMENTSUMMARY This report presents the results of archaeological monitoring and emergency data -recovery excavations for the KB Home's Dobron, La Quinta 322 Lots Project (Project), located in the City of La Quinta, Riverside County, California. The Project proposes to subdivide a total of 80.8 acres (ac) into 320 lots for a single-family subdivision. The northern tract (Tentative Tract Map [TTM] 31732) consists of 197 lots in 43.8 ac with a minimum lot size of 5,000 square feet (sq ft) (50 ft x 100 ft) for regular lots. It also has a central 4.4-ac open space/retention basin area. The southern tract (TTM 31733) consists of 125 lots in 37 ac with an average lot size of 8,171 sq ft. There is a central proposed clubhouse with a swimming pool for this tract. The City of La Quinta approved both TTMs 31732 and 31733 on January 20, 2004 with a Mitigated Negative Declaration and conditions of approval. The proposed Project site is situated on 80.8 ac located east of Monroe Street, north of Avenue 61, and south of Avenue 60. The site is within the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 35, Township 6 South, Range 7 East, San Bernardino Baseline and Meridian (SBBM); elevation is 80 ft below mean sea level. The Project is located within Assessor's Parcels 764-290-001 and -002. KB Home retained Applied EarthWorks, Inc. ()E) to provide archaeological monitoring of ground -disturbing activities associated with the Project because of the potential to encounter significant subsurface archaeological deposits associated with site CA-RIV-5211/H, a site that was initially believed to be a Late Prehistoric temporary camp or special use site with a sparse historical component (Demcak and Wade 2005:51-52; Love et al. 1998). k prepared a Mitigation Monitoring Treatment Plan For CA-RIV-52111H, A Late Prehistoric Campsite, City Of La Quinta, Riverside County, California (MMTP) prior to construction to outline the process by which KB Home would mitigate any significant impacts to newly discovered archaeological deposits pursuant to CEQA. All ground -disturbing construction activities occurring throughout the Project area were monitored by the 1E archaeologists and Native American Monitors representing the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians. Construction activities monitored included the mechanized clearing and grubbing of su�cial vegetation, the removal of agricultural -related features such as standpipes and water pipelines, potholing for the relocation of utilities, and mass grading operations by bulldozers, road graders, and self -loading paddle scrapers. Monitoring of all ground -disturbing activities was conducted from September 26, 2005 to June 1, 2006. When discrete cultural features were identified during Project -related ground -disturbing activities by )E archaeologists and the Native American Monitors, all construction and grading activities were diverted away from the site of discovery until k archaeologists assessed the significance and data potential of the feature(s). Site CA-RIV-5211/H was previously determined eligible for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) under Criterion 4, because the data potential of the site has made a significant contribution to understanding the broad patterns of California's history and cultural heritage (Demcak and Wade 2005:55). The archaeological deposits that were identified during archaeological monitoring of Project construction and emergency data -recovery excavations, which include 18 primary human cremation features; seven secondary human cremation features; xxi three canid cremations/burials; 53 primary bum pits; 11 secondary bum pits; and two miscellaneous features, contribute further to the overall significance of this resource. In total, 94 features were identified, and it appears that the majority of the features and artifacts are associated with mortuary ceremonies, such as cremation and the clothes burning ceremony, by the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cahuilla Indians. Thus, the data indicate that CA-RIV- 5211/H served as a tulwenive or niskicweniva, or place of cremation, possibly for the Cahuilla clans that resided at the village of MauuJmi7 (Toro), located approximately 0.5 mile (mi) to the southeast of CA-RIV-521 I/H. There is little to no evidence that the site was used for habitation purposes. Absolute and relative chronological data obtained from CA-RIV-5211/H indicates that the site was used between A.D. 1400 and 1800. The site's minor historical component identified during the Phase I survey by CRM Tech (Love et al. 1998), and Phase II studies by ARMC (Demcak and Wade 2005), consisted of a sparse scatter of historical debris (6 fragments of sun -colored amethyst glass) in disturbed context (plowed field). No historical resources were identified during cultural resources monitoring or emergency data -recovery excavations at CA-RIV-5211/H, and the site's historical component does not contribute to the eligibility of the site as a historical resource. It should be noted that during the archaeological monitoring and emergency data -recovery excavations reported herein, Project -related construction activities were focused primarilyon mass grading and excavations for housing lots and the retention basin area; however, to date, many Project -related ground -disturbing activities (e.g., road and utility construction) have yet to be completed within the Project area. Therefore, due to the sensitivity of the Project area, it, is recommended that a qualified archaeologist and representative from the Tones Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians monitor any future ground -disturbing activities in the Project area, particularly within those areas that were not previously disturbed during construction such as the proposed roadways and utility locations. It is also recommended that geophysical investigations (i.e.,, magnetic field gradient studies) be conducted in these areas to attempt to identify, and subsequently recover, significant subsurface cultural deposits prior to any ground -disturbing activities. If significant cultural materials are encountered, treatment of such resources would follow the procedures outlined in the Treatment Plan included in APPendix B. Consultation with the Torres Martinez Desert Cabuilla Indians regarding the recovery and treatment of resources is also recommended. All human remains and artifacts recovered will be turned over to the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians upon completion of the Project. i 9 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND This report presents the results of archaeological monitoring and emergency data recovery excavations for the KB Home's Dobron, La Quinta 322 Lots Project (Project). The Project is located in the City of La Quinta, Riverside County, California (Figure 1-1). The Project proposes to subdivide a total of 80.8 acres into 320 lots for a single-family subdivision. The northern tract (Tentative Tract Map [TTM] 31732) consists of 197 lots in 43.8 acres (ac) with a minimum lot size of 5,000 square feet (sq ft) (50 ft x 100 ft) for regular lots. It also has a central 4.4-ac open space/retention basin area. The southern tract (TTM 31733), consists of 125 lots in 37 ac with an average lot size of 8,171 sq ft. There is a central proposed clubhouse with a swimming pool for this tract. The City of La Quinta approved both TTMs 31732 and 31733 on January 20, 2004 with a Mitigated Negative Declaration and conditions of approval. The proposed Project site is situated on 80.8 ac located east of Monroe Street, north of Avenue 61, and south of Avenue 60 (Figure 1-2). The site is within the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 35, Township 6 South, Range 7 East, San Bernardino Baseline and Meridian (SBBM); elevation is 80 ft below mean sea level. The Project is located within Assessor's Parcels 764-290-001 and -002. KB Home retained Applied EarthWorks, Inc. (,E) to provide archaeological monitoring of ground -disturbing activities associated with the Project because of the potential to encounter significant subsurface archaeological deposits associated with site CA-RIV-5211/H, a site that was initially believed to be a Late Prehistoric temporary camp or special use site with a sparse historical component (Demcak and Wade 2005:51-52; Love et al. 1998). )E prepared a Mitigation Monitoring Treatment Plan For CA-RIV-5211/H, A Late Prehistoric Campsite City Of La Quinta, Riverside County, California (MMTP) prior to construction to outline the process by which KB Home would mitigate any significant impacts to newly discovered archaeological deposits pursuant to CEQA (Appendix B). All ground -disturbing construction activities occurring throughout the Project area were monitored by the /E archaeologists and Native American Monitors representing the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians. Construction activities monitored included the mechanized clearing and grubbing of surficial vegetation, the removal of agricultural -related features such as standpipes and water pipelines, potholing for the relocation of utilities, and mass grading operations by bulldozers, road graders, and self -loading paddle scrapers. Monitoring of all ground -disturbing activities was conducted from September 26, 2005 to June 1, 2006. When discrete cultural features were identified during Project -related ground -disturbing activities by tE archaeologists and the Native American Monitors, all construction and grading activities were diverted away from the site of discovery until lE archaeologists assessed the significance and data potential of the feature(s). 1. Site CA-RIV-5211/H was previously determined eligible for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) under Criterion 4, because the data potential of the site has made a significant contribution to understanding the broad patterns of California's history and cultural �,��arstow s= Ckh'.000NAF2RlNO_'�� ARIZ: ,r Yermo: Needles, l Fenner Lancaster,, Ludlow +Palmdale , Adelanttb nM Uctonnlle F� t r _ • �, e Cadiz COUNTY �y 7 iWq �F� �; UdalJuncton.o-'� r R m �f10-�Twentynme Patera - l§ —�.�^\ - ...-G l lands ,_� Yucbe,Valley t ram^ '—�� J _ r,Lob J (ON f 1 \Banningr`t r„ i € RI Id2 rPahii SPdng t HerneLL tt�� '� t peserl Center 0: �ORANGE� t fl " COUNTtY, oUNiv„,,� Lake Ir�nore,, a IndM Blydle o �^ Z 5ZO Temecpla �a ° PROJECTAREA o� So sanan oft ago spgngs W ,M, 1 Esc'ondidof, �t r ?iy) ` :.r t Zk �C2l paIna.` 1 'Julian " �jIMPERIAL Yy,.- SANDIEr NTY✓ . -'"N,y COUNT1Y "4 ° "s'Y Y 8 c•, i't` s Pine H PH(i/IC 3 r `c .f +�a t u t +4.' ff s Yf I .N 1 ., t � ° yaAXF,t+�aj�iYiti.��j„��*�,�u:� •: SCALE 1:2,000,000 u o sfi - 60 75 too Miles T6 0 M 56 16 1w 126 glmmWrt PROJECT AREA ?figure 1-1 Project vicinity map. 2 M'M A AVENUE .. SA E I I 27 cb O C+ r N :: 27 26 M : t \i � l Sv im r �ngeF, i --- 1 4 3 ABM 4U; SW", i _ 76 AVENOF-- au _ _ _ J PROJECTAREA I ` I bf T 0 R R E S Torres (See) 1 so INDIA'N JMARTINEZ i 2 S E R V AT10N i 1.9g SCALE 1:24,000 MINe 1,000 0 ,p00 2,000 3,000 4,030 5,000 6.000 7000 FeM 0.5 0 AN KIa Nere Martinez Mtn. 1981 (1988), La Quinta 1959 (1980), Valerie*1956 (1972), and Indio 1956 (1972), CA7.5' USGS Quadrangles Figure 1-2 Project location map. 3 heritage (Demcak and Wade 2005:55). The archaeological deposits that were identified during construction for the Project, which included 18 primary human cremation features; 7 secondary human cremation features; 3 canid cremations/burials; 53 primary burn pits; 11 secondary bum pits; and 2 miscellaneous features, contribute further to the overall significance of this resource. In total, 94 features were identified. It appears that the majority of the features and artifacts identified were associated with mortuary ceremonies, such as cremation and the clothes burning ceremony, by the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cahuilla. 1.2 REGULATORY CONTEXT The proposed Project is subject to compliance with the CEQA, as amended through 2005. Therefore, cultural resources management work conducted as part of the proposed Project complied with the CEQA Statutes and Guidelines (California 2010), which directs lead agencies to first determine whether an archaeological site is a "historically significant" cultural resource. A project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment (California 2005:14). Generally, a cultural resource shall be considered "historically significant" if the resource is 45 years old or older, possesses integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR, including the following: 1) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California's history and cultural heritage; 2) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past; 3) Embodiesthe distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or, 4) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. (Title 14 CCR, § 15064.5) The cited statutes and guidelines specify how cultural resources are to be managed in the context of projects, such as the KB Home's Dobron Project. Briefly, archival and field surveys must be conducted, and identified cultural resources must be inventoried and evaluated in prescribed ways. Prehistoric and historical resources deemed "historically significant" must be considered in project planning and development. As well, any proposed project that may affect "historically significant" cultural resources must be submitted to the SHPO for review and comment prior to project approval by the responsible state agency and prior to construction. It should also be noted that sites that may contain human remains important to Native Americans must be identified and treated in a sensitive manner, consistent with state law (i.e., Health and Safety Code §7050.5 and Public Resources Code §5097.98), as reviewed below. In the event that human remains are encountered during project development and in accordance with the Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5, the County Coroner must be notified if potentially human bone is discovered. The Coroner will then determine within two working days of being notified if the remains are subject to his or her authority. If the Coroner recognizes the remains to be Native American, he or she shall contact the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) by phone within 24 hours, in accordance with Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. The NAHC will then designate a Most Likely Descendant (MLD) with respect to the human remains. The MLD then has the opportunity to recommend to the property owner or the person responsible for the excavation work means for treating or disposing, with appropriate dignity, the human remains and associated grave goods. 1.3 REPORT ORGANIZATION The Project description and regulatory context governing the Project have been described above. Chapter 2 provides the Project background, including a summary of the cultural resources studies conducted previously at CA-RIV-5211/H, the results of an archaeological records and literature search, and the archival references and other sources consulted for the Project. The environmental and cultural setting of the Project area is discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 outlines the Project's research design, including the research issues and questions pertaining to settlement systems and land -use strategies, technology; exchange and external relations, subsistence, and mortuary practices, and the types of data required to answer these questions. The Native American consultation efforts conducted throughout all phases of the Project are described in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 details the methods and strategies for the fieldwork conducted at CA-RIV-5211/H, as well as the methods for the laboratory processing of the cultural materials recovered during fieldwork, and the methods for the analyses and other special studies conducted on the materials recovered. The local and regional geology of the area, natural and archaeological stratigraphy observed within the site area, and post -depositional site formation processes are described in Chapter 7. Summaries of the cultural features identified and investigated during emergency data -recovery excavations at CA-RIV-5211/H are provided in Chapter 8, while Chapter 9 details and summarizes the chronological data gathered at the site. The analyses of the artifact assemblages and other cultural remains recovered are provided in Chapters 10-15. Chapter 16 summarizes the data recovered during fieldwork at CA-RIV- 5211/H, and applies this data to the Project research design and topics outlined in Chapter 4. References are provided in Chapter 17, followed by Acknowledgements in Chapter 18. Confidential Appendix A contains an updated California Department of Parks and Recreation site record for CA-RIV-5211/H that incorporates the results of emergency data -recovery excavations at the site, while the Mitigation Monitoring and Treatment Plan (MMTP) developed for CA-RIV-521l/H and the Project studies is provided in Appendix B. Appendix C includes a comprehensive overview of Cabuilla mortuary rituals by Lowell Bean and James Toenjes, followed by a summary of dog remains identified at CA-RIV-5211/H in Appendix D. Results of special studies, including beads, textiles, radiocarbon, and obsidian, are reported in Appendices E, F, G, and H, respectively. W 2 PROJECT BACKGROUND 2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES CA-RIV-5211 was recorded and reported initially in 1987 by WESTEC Services, Inc. during an Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Rancho La Quinta Development, Riverside County, California (Kyle and Gallegos 1987). At that time, CA-RIV-5211 was described as being located in a plowed field between Avenue 60 and Avenue 61 approximately 0.3 mile (mi) east of Monroe Street within the NW '/4 of the NW '/4 of Section 35 (T6S/R7E). The site was described as measuring 20.5 by 11.9 meters (m), or 244 mz, and consisting of a "temporary camp dominated by ceramics" (Kyle and Gallegos 1987). Artifacts observed at the site in 1987 included 31 ceramic sherds, one granitic mano fragment, and one fire affected rock, all of which were collected by WESTEC Services, hic. The 1987 site record also states that "several concentrations of ceramics" were observed, and notes that site integrity is disturbed, and that the site was located within a plowed field" (Gallegos et al. 1987: Archeological Site Record for CA-RIV-5211). The site record indicates that all surface artifacts were collected; however, the whereabouts of these materials is not reported. In 1998, CA-RIV-5211 was once again surveyed and a site record update was generated and reported by CRM TECH in a report entitled Cultural Resources Survey, Coral Mountain Project, Coachella Valley, Riverside County, California (Love et al. 1998). However, CRM TECH found CA-RIV-5211 to be much larger and more complex than recorded initially in 1987; CRM TECH defined a site area measuring approximately 440 by 315 in (N-S x E-W), or encompassing some 30 acres (ac) within the western half of the NW '/4 of Section 35 (T6S/R7E). CRM TECH also discovered a minor historical component within the site area consisting of historical debris along the site's eastern margin, and the site trinomial was revised to CA-RIV-5211/H to reflect the presence of this historical component. Prehistoric cultural materials recorded within the newly revised site boundaries by CRM TECH in 1998 included: 500 ceramic sherds; chipped stone debitage and cores, including quartz, quartzite, chalcedony and basalt; several manos and mano fragments; two hammerstones; a pumice abrader; and three arrow points. They note that "...one area in particular, near the center of the site, represents a living area where a multitude of activities were taking place represented by manos, flakes, hammerstones, cores, and a point" (Love et al. 1998: Site Record Update for CA-RrV-5211/H). It should be noted that the three arrow points noted in 1998 were collected by CRM TECH and were temporarily stored at the CRM Tech office. The 1998 site record also adds that the site "probably dates from after the last recession of Ancient Lake Cahuilla, beginning ca. A.D. 1650, and that site integrity is fair, but that "shifting sands and silts, alluvial runoff and vegetation can change site exposure over time" (Love and Tang 1998: Site Record Update for CA-RIV-5211/H). CRM TECH stated that the site fits the definition of a "village site," as a place of extended residence where multiple activities took place. The density and variety of artifacts, especially in the main locus or concentration, provides generous research potential into numerous aspects of centuries -old culture, and meets CRHR Criterion 4 (Love and Tang 1998:49). Thus, CRM 7 TECH determined that CA-RIV-5211/H should he considered a "historical resource" eligible for CRHR inclusion. Based on this determination of eligibility, CRM TECH 'recommended Phase II level . investigations at CA-RIV-5211/H prior to any development of the Project area to verify their conclusions that the site was indeed an important archaeological resource eligible for CRHR inclusion. Specifically, they recommended a 100 percent surface collection; excavation of test units and surface scrapes where the artifact concentration is greatest; laboratory analyses; curation; and reporting (Love et. al. 1998:53). As well, the City of La Quints. subsequently required archaeological testing of the site in their condition's of certification of a Mitigated Negative Declaration of Environmental Impact (Case No: Environmental Assessment 2003-492). CRM TECH also recommended that all archaeological investigations be coordinated with Native American Tribal elders and council members of the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians to "...assure proper treatment of archaeological sites, especially known cremation remains, and other remains that may be discovered during the development phase." CRM TECH also added that, at the conclusion of the mitigation excavations, it may be determined that'buried artifacts or features may still remain in subsurface contexts, and would therefore recommend that one or more archaeologists and Native American monitors be present during grading to assess the significance of the deposits as they are exposed (Love et al. 1998:55). In 2005, Archaeological Resource Management Corporation (ARMC) was retained by the Project developer, IREC PAC LQ-197 LLC, to conduct Phase II test level investigations at CA- RIV-5211/H. The results of these investigations are reported in Report of Phase 11(Test Level) Archaeological Investigations at CA-RIV-52111H, 7TM 31732, City of La Quinta, Riverside County, California (Demcak and Wade 2005). Phase II investigations conducted by ARMC at CA-RIV-5211/H entailed a resurvey of the site area, and a 100 percent surface collection of all cultural materials on the ground surface. Based on the distribution of the surficial artifacts identified, subsurface investigations consisted of manual excavation of eight Shovel Test Pits (STPs) 50 to 75 centimeters (cm) in diameter and ranging in depth from 46 to 100 cm below ground surface (bgs), eight 2 by 2 in Shovel Scrape Units (SSs) ranging from 10 to 20 cm in depth, and seven 1 by in Test Units (TUs) excavated to maximum depths of 50 to 100 cm bgs. The STPs were excavated until a substratum sterile of cultural materials was encountered, while the TUs were excavated until two culturally sterile arbitrary 10 cm levels were reached in succession, or when the unit reached recognizable lakefloor (i.e., Lake Cahuilla) deposits. All sediments were screened. through 3-millimeter (mm) hardware mesh (Demcak and Wade 2005:14-21). Additionally, five trenches 3 in in length were excavated mechanically using a backhoe with a 24-inch "(ut.) wide bucket to explore for deeper cultural deposits potentially dating to the Late Archaic period. These trenches were excavated to depths ranging from 150 to 156 cm bgs, and an estimated 10 percent of the excavated sediment volume from the trenches was screened through 3 into hardware mesh. The total volume of sediments sampled by the various types of manual excavation units and mechanical trenches amounted to 20.2 & (Demcak and Wade 2005:20-21). The Phase II investigations conducted at CA-RIV-5211/H by ARMC resulted in the recovery of 150 pieces of lithic debitage, 15 cores, nine flake tools, seven projectile points, five 8 hammerstones, four bifaces, three abraders, one core tool, four metate fragments, two mano fragments, one Olivella biplicata wall disc shell bead, one modified bird bone, one fragment of highly -calcined large mammal bone, and 1,437 ceramic sherds (Demcak and Wade 2005:22-27, 38). Within the STPs excavated, cultural materials were found at depths ranging from 15 to 61 cm bgs. The TUs yielded cultural materials from a minimum of 10 cm to a maximum of 60 cm bgs, while cultural materials were recovered to a maximum of 80 cm bgs within the trenches excavated. Additionally, one subsurface cultural feature consisting of a discrete charcoal concentration associated with burned/oxidized sediments was encountered within the profile of Trench No. 3 at a depth of 50 to 62 cm bgs (Demcak and Wade 2005:18-21). According to ARMC, all of these cultural remains were encountered within the two highly disturbed (i.e., from agricultural activities), uppermost strata (a root zone and a plow zone) of sandy silty alluvium overlying a clay hardpan of lakefloor deposits that was "encountered at roughly 50 cm below datum." No midden-altered sediments were encountered during testing (Demcak and Wade 2005:43). Upon completion of the testing phase, the. artifacts were turned over to the City of La Quinta for curation. Based on the presence of temporally diagnostic artifacts (Desert Side -notched and Cottonwood Triangular arrow points, ceramic types, and shell bead types), ARMC concluded that CA-RIV- 5211/H was occupied sometime between A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1650. The results of three. radiocarbon assays of charcoal samples recovered from subsurface contexts (including one sample of charcoal from the feature encountered in Trench No. 3 described above) suggested a slightly narrower time frame of site occupation spanning from A.D. 1260 to A.D. 1620. The results of obsidian hydration analyses also suggested that there may have been two differing periods of site occupation within the time frame defined by the radiometric data (Demcak and Wade 2005:49-52). Based on the local stratigraphy, both relative and absolute dating techniques, and lack of "any lakeside occupational debris (fish bone, burned gastropod shells, developed middens, hearths, aquatic plant residues, etc.)," ARMC concluded that CA-RIV-5211/H represented a Late Prehistoric temporary camp or special use site occupied periodically by the ancestors of the Desert Cahuilla sometime after the final recession ancient Lake Cahuilla between A.D. 1260 to A.D. 1620 (Demcak and Wade 2005:43, 51-52). ARMC further concluded that CA-RIV-5211/H was eligible for inclusion in the CRHR under Criterion 4 (Demcak and Wade 2005:55). According to ARMC, ...the test revealed that the site has one component (Late Period), has no midden development, and is primarily a surface scatter which is heavily disturbed. Thus preservation of the site would not be an appropriate mitigation measure. Nor would a data recovery program be appropriate in that the research potential of the site has been fully explored during the test phase, with the exception of the presence/absence of an underlying Late Archaic deposit [Demcak and Wade 2005:1]. Therefore, ARMC recommended a mitigation monitoring program during rough grading that would include the following elements: (a) full-time observation by a qualified archaeological monitor; (b) recovery of diagnostic artifacts; (c) in the event of discovery of human remains, consultation with the Riverside County Coroner's Office in Indio and with Most Likely Descendents (MLDs), as directed; and (d) additional excavations as needed (Demcak and Wade 2005:56). 9 2.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS AND LITERATURE SEARCH To better understand the role and context of CA-RIV-5211/H within the local systems of prehistoric settlement and land use, an archaeological records and literature search of the California Historical Resources Inventory System (CHRIS) database was conducted at the Eastern Information Center (EIC) at the University of California Riverside on August 15, 2005, and August 31, 2005. The goal of this search was to identify the types of cultural resources recorded previously within a one mile radius of CA-RIV-5211/H and the Project area. The results of these efforts are provided below. The records and literature search indicates that no less than,15 cultural resources surveys have been conducted within a one -mile radius of the Project area. Seven additional studies provide overviews of cultural resources in the general vicinity of the Project area. Two of the cultural resources surveys conducted previously, one in 1987 by WESTEC Services, Inc., for the Rancho La Quinta Project; and one in 1998 by CRM TECH for the Coral Mountain Project, encompassed the current Project area. As noted in the previous chapter, CA-RIV-5211/H was identified initially by WESTEC during the 1987 survey; during the 1998 survey by CRM TECH, CA-RIV-5211/H was found to be much larger and more complex than recorded originally, and the site record was updated to reflect these new findings. In addition to CA-RIV-5211/H, two sites identified as containing only three sherds of prehistoric ceramics each (CA-RIV-6115 and P33-008985), seven localities of single, isolated sherds of prehistoric ceramics (P33-008981,-008982,-008983,-008986,-008987,-008988, and-008989), and one isolated fragment of historical sun -colored amethyst glass (P33-008984) have been identified within the Project area. The records and literature search also indicates that 32 archaeological sites and 40 isolated artifacts and/or features have been recorded within a one -mile radius of CA-RIV-5211/H and the Project area. These 32 archaeological sites include: three prehistoric residential sites containing cremation features (CA-RIV71337, 71339, and-273/1343); three prehistoric residential sites (CA-RIV-1340, -5158, and-5212); four prehistoric temporary camps (CA-RIV-1344, -6105, -6109, and-6110); 10 scatters of prehistoric ceramics (CA-RIV-5977, -6098, -6099, -6101, -6102, -6104, -6108, -6113, -6116, and-6119); four sites containing prehistoric ceramics and flaked stone artifacts (CA-RIV-6106; -6114, -6117, and-7204); three sites containing prehistoric ceramics, flaked stone artifacts, and historical refuse (CA-RIV-6107/H,-6118/H, and-7138/H); one site with prehistoric ceramics and historical refuse (CA-RIV-6112/H); one prehistoric site consisting of a scatter of unshaped baked clay fragments (CA-RIV-6100); one scatter of prehistoric ground stone artifacts (CA-RIV-6895); one site containing a scatter of historical refuse and one fragment of prehistoric. ceramics (CA-RIV-61I I/H); and one historical irrigation system (CA-RIV-6103H). Of the 40 isolated artifacts and/or features identified within the one -mile radius of CA-RIV- 5211/H and the Project area, the vast majority (35) consist of isolated fragments of prehistoric ceramics. Additionally, two isolated manos/handstones, one isolated fragment of sun -colored amethyst glass, and two historical wells have been identified within the one mile radius. Other sources consulted during the records and literature search include the National Register of Historic Places (2005), the Office of Historic Preservation, Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility (2005), and the Office of Historic Preservation, Directory of Properties in the Historic 10 Property Data File (2005). However, no additional properties or sites have been listed within the boundaries of the Project area, Historical maps consulted during the records and literature search include a Government Land Office (GLO) plat map surveyed in 1903, the Indio 30' USGS quadrangle dating to 1904, and the Coachella 15' USGS quadrangles dating to 1941 and 1956. The GLO plat map dating to 1903 shows the alignment of the "Road From Indian Wells to Torres," which generally follows the alignment of the aboriginal Cocomaricopa Trail (recorded elsewhere in Riverside County as CA- RIV-53T), progressing southeast to east-northeast to north through Sections 25, 26, and 27 immediately north of the Project area (Figure 2-1). However, as shown on this map, the road is not shown as continuing further to the southeast to the ethnographic and historical Cahuilla Indian village of Toro (or Moaulmii), located just over a mile to the southeast of the Project area within Sections I and 2 (T7S/R7E). This same map also shows an agricultural field approximately one -quarter mile to the east from CA-RIV-5211/H along the boundary separating Sections 26 and 35, and a second agricultural field to the immediate southwest of the site within Section 34. However, the map does not specify whether these are "Indian" fields, or fields cultivated by non-native farmers. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that the Indio 30' USGS quadrangle dating to 1904 shows a portion of the route of the aboriginal Cocomaricopa Trail in close proximity to CA-RIV- 5211/H. As shown in (Figure 2-2), the trail crosses through the vicinity just outside the southwestem corner of the Project area in a northwest -to -southeasterly direction, heading to the village of Toro. However, due to extensive agricultural and/or urban development occurring throughout the 1900s, it is highly doubtful that any evidence of this trail system currently exists within the vicinity of the Project area. This is strengthened by the fact no segments of this trail system have been recorded within the area during previous cultural resources studies. Nonetheless, CA-RIV-5211/H appears to have been located within close proximity to this aboriginal trail system. The other maps consulted reveal little about the Project area. The Coachella 15' USGS quadrangle dating to 1941 shows a structure of some type located at the northwestern corner of the Project area. However, this structure is absent on the 1956 Coachella 15' USGS quadrangle. 2.3 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Research for this Project was carried out at the Tomas Rivera Library, University of California Riverside. Special Collections holdings, as well as published and periodical materials on Coachella Valley history and ethnohistory, Southern Pacific railroad history, the southern Coachella Valley region, and the Torres Reservation were consulted. Historical newspaper collections identified through the California Newspaper Project Database Project, housed at U.C. Riverside, and consulted at the Tomas Rivera Library and at California State University, San Bernardino, were also accessed. In addition, some materials relating to Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs not already in the files of Earle and Associates were consulted at Tomas Rivera Library, along with microfilm copies of the Cahuilla fieldnotes of John P. Harrington. The Map Library, University of California Riverside, provided historic map and air photo data. The Riverside City Library also provided research resources. The Family History Libraries at Lancaster, California and Los Angeles, California (census materials and sacramental register records for Mission San Gabriel and the Los Angeles Plaza Church) and Census Bureau and Bureau of Indian Affairs enrollment records and other historical research databases on file at 11 o y el8 �� bg�$a• i I fa � 0 ' r vays< T-ea •};,� v ao}w x' Q , � h i a �� kA w ------ --- ----------- k ; i . Xv I� e � N p rc .6L • .•.. ' ,•, I� X , € �?! _. ��l1T•, ,., a ,..,�!zr:.",.�: :„.r.• .• N �esr; xt� , ' 1 ... .. •Is �! y ro ... .. • ww • .r. i0G 411 � yyjj{{{{I�= $ 1—y .. r- o ..... ------ $ 12 SCALE 1:125,000 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Mlle 10.000 0 10.000 20.000 Fee, 1 05 0 1 2 3 L 5 6 glOmalers Indio (1904), CA 30' USGS Quadrangle Figure 2-2 1904 Indio 30-minute quadrangle. 13 Earle and Associates, Palmdale, California were also consulted. The Huntington Library's Early California Population Project database was also accessed as part of the analysis of Cahuilla mission records. Ethnographic materials and information on the Cahuilla, on the Coachella Valley region and its native inhabitants, and on Colorado River and desert oasis native horticulture had previously been collected at the Hamilton College Library, Clinton, N.Y., the Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California, the Arizona State Museum, Tucson, the Yuma County Historical Society, Yuma, Arizona, the Labriola Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, and the Coachella Valley Historical Society, Indio, California. The staff of the Water Resources Institute, Pfau Library, California State University, San Bernardino, assisted with access to Water Supply Paper data used in this research. The Riverside County Assessor's Office has also provided access to assessor's map book data and other records. Historic Plat maps and surveyor's notes bearing on the Project region were consulted at the Moreno Valley office of the Bureau of Land Management. 14 4 RESEARCH DESIGN 4.1 INTRODUCTION The questions outlined in the following research design are important topics that will lead to a better understanding of how Native American people adapted to the desert environment of southern California, how they adapted to changing conditions over time, and how they interacted with neighboring Native peoples. Common anthropological questions such as how Native peoples related to their physical environment, how they arranged themselves on the landscape, how they made a living, and at the same time how the environmental changes around them affected their daily lives can contribute a wealth of knowledge regarding the culture history of southern California. These factors not only contribute to regional reconstruction of prehistory, but also to much broader research topics that are currently being pursued by archaeologists throughout southern California regarding human adaptation to desert environments, as well as to the exploitation of the ancient water resources such as the former Lake Cahuilla in the Salton Sea Basin, and how these adaptations changed over time. In the next sections, specific research domains are discussed that could be addressed using archaeological and ethnographic data collected during archaeological studies in the southern California desert region. This research design, prepared specifically at the request of the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians on a previous project, is intentionally broad and inclusive, and considers prevailing archaeological research topics relevant to interior southern California, and specifically to the Coachella Valley. This approach will identify individual, detectable variables within key research domains, and will monitor artifactual and other types of variability, temporally and spatially, in an attempt to explain culture processes. Therefore, the primary objective. of this Research Design is to link available archaeological data to particular research domains and questions, thereby permitting significance evaluations for a variety of prehistoric archaeological site types commonly found in the southern California desert region. Data recovery at CA-RIV-521 I/H was designed to achieve five goals: 1. To recover systematically an adequate sample of archaeological data from contexts that will be impacted by Project development; 2. To describe, analyze, and interpret the recovered data and compare them with other relevant findings in the study locality and region in order to address important research questions presented in Section 4.2; 3. To enhance current knowledge of site structure and content; 4. To report the study objectives, methods, procedures, and research findings in formats appropriate for use by project managers, agency reviewers, Native Americans, i professional archaeologists, and other interested people; and 5. To continue to consult with the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians, who have indicated an interest in and concern for Project cultural resources. 77 Achievement of the goals listed above required performance of many interrelated tasks, which include: • Studies of Holocene sediments to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions relevant to the Project's research objectives and necessary for interpreting the archaeological record; • Excavation of a sufficient volume of anthropic soil and recovery of an adequate sample of specimens and data to achieve the Project's research objectives; • Use of special collection techniques to acquire potentially informative samples of soil, faunal and floral remains, lithic debitage, formed tools and temporally and functionally diagnostic artifact classes for subsequent analyses; • Documentation of the site and its natural setting, methods of investigation, features, stratification, artifacts, and ecofacts by means of field notes, standard record forms, photographs, maps, and both profile and plan drawings; • Laboratory processing of recovered materials, including accessioning collections; sorting, cleaning, preliminary identification, cataloging, stabilizing, packaging, and temporarily storing artifacts and samples; and entering catalogs and other laboratory data into computer files; and • Comparative analysis of artifact classes, site structure, settlement, and other relevant information from data recovered from CA-RIV-5211/H with other sites from the study locality and region. In sum, the data -recovery program required integration of many complex tasks. The effort was to pursue the following goals: to investigate the site's structure; to define the site's archaeological content; to identify and date major occupations; and to address particular research questions outlined in Section 4.2, below. 4.2 RESEARCH ISSUES AND QUESTIONS The research goals developed for the projects in the greater Coachella Valley are modeled on the overarching research goals of the extensive archaeological investigations at Diamond Valley Lake, located approximately 40 mi west in the greater San Jacinto Valley (Goldberg and Horne 2001). Important research issues within the overarching orientation of cultural evolution and cultural processes in the area include land -use and settlement patterns, trade and exchange, technology, and subsistence. These are avenues of inquiry that have been addressed at other site locations in the general study area; thus, inter -site comparisons may prove to be very informative. In addition, because CA-RIV-5211/H represents a cemetery rather than a habitation site, research questions regarding mortuary practices will be also be explored. For the most part, these research goals are pursued by most archaeological researchers throughout California; however, the specifics of each research domain are based on recent archaeological research in the Coachella Valley. 78 4.2.1 Settlement Systems and Land -Use Strategies Reconstructing land -use activities is important for understanding how people have interacted with their environments and how these forces have shaped or altered the physical features of the landscape. Pattems.of spatial organization develop according to the needs of the inhabitants and the constraints of existing conditions, but are dependent on the relationship among major physical components, predominant landfomvs, and natural features. The goals of reconstructing land -use and settlement patterns are to describe site distribution, define the determinants of settlement, and look for behaviorally significant divisions of space such as activity areas and the domains of various social units (e.g., task groups, households, etc.). Questions: • What types of sites types are represented within the general study region and how does CA-RIV-5211/H fit into this settlement system? • What were the determinants of site location? What role did such factors as biotic resources, raw materials, water, temperature, topography, and drainage have on the location of CA-RIV-5211/H? • What moieties or clans resided in the study area? Is it possible to determine which moiety or clan the individuals buried at CA-RIV-5211/H were associated with? • If CA-RIV-521 l/H represents only a portion of the settlement area of a population, where is the location and what is the nature of other nodes in the settlement system? • What was the function of the site and how did it change over time? Is there evidence of intensification of use of the site over time? • What were the determinants of site location during the differing periods of Lake Cahuilla lakeside occupation? What role did such factors as biotic resources, lithic raw material, water, temperature, wind patterns, insolation, topography, and access to trails and trade routes such as the Cocomaricopa/Halchidoma trail have on the location and scheduling of land use? Can site CA-RIV-5211/H be related to any of the six documented lacustrine, Late Holocene high stands of Lake Cahuilla? Is there any evidence of earlier site occupations that may or may not be related to a high stand of Lake Cahuilla? 4.2.2 Technology The introduction and use of ceramics, mortars, and pestles may have important implications regarding the intensification of plant resource utilization and long-term storage of resources that have been ethnographically documented among Native peoples. The types of lithic (stone) artifacts found at different archaeological sites in this region can also be used as temporal indicators to help identify cultural affiliation of various assemblages, as well as the types of day- to-day tasks undertaken by Native peoples. Therefore, the domain of technology is perhaps the greatest key to understanding the prehistory of the study area. Not only is technology one of the most direct links between human 79 populations and their environment, reflecting systems for extracting and processing resources and for coping with environmental conditions such as climate and availability of biotic (plant and animal) and non -biotic resources, but also it may reflect cultural associations among different human populations that result in the exchange of materials and ideas. This domain is particularly worthy of study, in that technologies often are the most durable manifestations of human adaptation in the archaeological record; other expressions, such as subsistence remains and settlement patterning, are somewhat less amenable to study, although certainly deserving of investigation. Within the domain of technology, there are a number of questions that may be pursued in the study region, as follow. Questions: • How close were sources of toolstone to CA-RIV-5211/H? • How does lithic technology reflect an adaptive response to environmental change? • What milling technologies were used and did they change over time? • Are there artifact foams or distinctive artifact assemblages that signal the presence of ethnically distinct populations in the study area? • Were particular lithic, bone,, and shell tool forms related to specific functions? • In addition to the analyses of carbon/charcoal from selected site areas and cultural features, can other artifacts (e.g., projectile points, ceramics, shell and glass beads, etc.) present in the recovered assemblages be used for chronological placement of the different periods of site use or of different sites within the study area? • Were changes in milling technologies attributable to climatic shifts or changes in the hydrological character of the study area due to the rise and fall of Lake Cahuilla? • Were milling tools, either whole or fragmented, used for non -milling functions, such as stone boiling or hearth rocks or lining cremation pits? • What were the predominant types of projectile points, scraper planes, core -cobble tools, and other flaked stone tools during different periods of site use? 4.2.3 Exchange and External Relations The research domain.of exchange and external relations is particularly a fascinating one largely as a consequence of the unique geographical position of the Coachella Valley study region. The region lies along the former shorelines of Lake Cahuilla at the western edge of the Colorado Desert occupied by Great Basin desert -adapted peoples and the eastern sphere of the California coastal and inland valley dwellers who, at least during the later periods of prehistory, exhibited some of the most complex cultural traits in North America. A society's relations with other populations and the explicitly economic aspect of those relations, principally (but not exclusively) exchange, express not only technological and materials needs, but also social 80 networks and ethnic affiliations. In other words, from an archaeological perspective, artifacts that can be linked to peoples or places beyond the immediate study region may reflect specific economic (e.g., technological) requirements and may also reflect important social relationships that could be indicative of interregional alliances or linguistic -ethnic affiliations. Questions: • In what forms did various kinds of exotic material and items arrive at sites within the region: as raw materials, in partially refined forms, or as finished articles? • What local items were exchanged in trade for exotic items? • What quantity of exotic stone is present at CA-RIV-5211/H and how does it compare to assemblages at on Late Prehistoric sites in the Coachella Valley? • From where were various exotic materials acquired, including principally obsidian, cryptocrystalline silicates, steatite, shell, schist beads, and ceramics? • Are there detectable increases through time in amounts of exotic materials present in sites in the study region? 4.2.4 Subsistence Studies of subsistence are basic to understanding land -use strategies and settlement systems. One must consider that CA-RIV-5211/H is a cemetery site and therefore may not reflect the general subsistence patterns observed at habitation sites, for example. However, ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts suggest that feasting and food offerings to the deceased were an integral part of the mortuary ritual and may provide insight into subsistence that is not necessarily observed in utilitarian contexts. In order to understand the distribution of subsistence resources available to prehistoric inhabitants of the study area, the strategies developed to exploit those resources, and how cultural and biotic elements were integrated to produce coherent subsistence systems during various time periods, it is essential that a number of fundamental research questions be addressed. Questions: • Are the faunal remains recovered from CA-RIV-5211/H subsistence -related or are they a result of the mortuary rituals that took place at CA-RW-521 I/H? What resources were used for subsistence by occupants of CA-RIV-5211/H and how did these resources vary through time? Do the artifact and faunal assemblage data reflect resource expansion or resource intensification? • Do data exist that denote changing environmental conditions or significant shifts in the faunal and floral community composition that would have necessitated adaptive adjustments, such as the rise and fall of Lake Cahuilla? 81 To -what extent did the prehistoric inhabitants of the area utilize lacustrine subsistence resources, both floral and faunal, from Lake Cahuilla, and how are they reflected in the archaeological record? • What percentages of which animals (both terrestrial and lacustrine) constituted the diet of the site occupants, and is there sufficient archaeological evidence to determine the probable means by which these animals were captured and prepared for consumption? • . Do the types of floral and faunal remains recovered from the features at CA-RIV-5211/H accurately reflect known subsistence patterns of the Late Prehistoric Cahuilla? 4.2.5 Mortuary Practices Archaeologists are able to use the study of mortuary practices of prehistoric societies as a valuable source for reconstructing the past., The general structure of mortuary practice within a given society involves the disposal of the corpse along with a series of events or rituals involving both participants (living individuals attending the funerary rites) and the deceased (Bartel 1982; Bell 1994; Fleming 1973). Most burial customs serve to transmit the deceased members of the community to another world, such as heaven or the afterlife. Different communities conceived of that world in a variety of ways, hence the variability in burial custom's in the archaeological record (Alkeshin 1983). • What types of mortuary practices are -present in the study area? Do these practices change through time? • Does the presence of specific burial goods indicate the relative social status or rank of the individual? • What role do animals play in the mortuary ceremony? • Are any ethnic identifiers evident in the burial record? • Do the types of grave goods accurately reflect the gender of individuals (i.e., weaving implements, grinding tools with women, projectile points with men)? • Apart from the burial itself, can other elements of the mortuary ceremony be identified in the archaeological record? (i.e., clothes/possession burning rituals, feasting, etc.) • Did age or gender influence the mortuary treatment of an individual? • Are the practices of Cahuilla cremation as reported in ethnohistoric accounts reflected in the archaeological record? • Are there any discernable patterns in the organization of the cemetery that are based on feature types (i.e., primary cremation features, primary burn pits, etc.), gender, age, or time period? 82 5 NATIVE AMERICAN CONSULTATION Throughout the duration of the Project, tE coordinated closely with Carol Gaubatz and Dave Singleton of the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), and members of the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians (Tribe) including: Joe Loya (Tribal Cultural Resources Coordinator, and who was initially appointed Most Likely Descendent [MLD] by the NAHQ William Contreras (retained by the Tribe as J. Loya's successor as Tribal Cultural Resources Coordinator); Roland Ferrer (W. Contreras' successor as acting Tribal Cultural Resources Coordinator); Ernie Morreo (Tribal Spiritual Coordinator, and later appointed J. Loya's successor as MLD); and, Gary Resvaloso (Lead Native American Monitor for the Tribe). The most pertinent aspects of E's consultation and coordination with the above individuals during the Project are summarized below in Table 5-1. Table 5-1 C..mmaw of Nativa AmaAran Cancnhatian and Cnardinatian Native American Contact Name/ Date Time Affdiation Correspondence 10/11/05 0930 hrs Joe Loya; Torres lE contacts J. Loya to inform him of the first subsurface feature Martinez (TM) identified by IE's archaeological monitor during project grading Cultural Resources activities. J. Loya dispatches Gary Resvaloso (TM Native Coordinator American [NA] Monitor) to inspect feature. 10/11/05 1430 hrs Gary Resvaloso; Following preliminary investigation of the feature by JE, both E TM NA Monitor and G. Resvaloso agree that the feature is a probable cremation, and agree that further investigation of the feature should stop until appropriate steps are taken (i.e., inform the Tribe, contact the Coroner's Office for an official determination, contact the Native American Heritage Commission [NAHC] to assign a Most Likely Descendent [MLD], consult with MLD regarding treatment of human remains and artifacts). 10/17/05 1237 hrs J. Loya; TM J. Loya informs & that he will be sending Ernie Moreo (TM Cultural Resources Spiritual Coordinator) to "bless" the feature before investigations Coordinator can resume. 10/18/05 1200 hrs Ernie Moreo; TM jE's field crew and G. Resvaloso meet E. Moreo on site. E. Spiritual Moreo blesses feature. Coordinator 10/26/05 1335 hrs J. Loya; TM )E informs J. Loya that the Coroner (D. Gray) confirms feature is a Cultural Resources NA cremation. Coroner to contact NAHC (Carol Gaubatz) Coordinator regarding discovery. Gaubatz is out of the office until l l/l/05; MLD won't be assigned until then. 10/31/05 1045 hrs Carol Gaubatz; NAHC assigns Joe Loya (TM Cultural Resources Coordinator) as NAHC MLD, and informs)E. 83 Native American Contact Name/ Date Time Affiliation Correspondence 10/31 /05 1420 hrs I Loya; TM jE informs J. Loya that five additional subsurface features have Cultural Resources been identified during monitoring of grading activities. A wants Coordinator/MLD to schedule on -site meeting with Loya and KB Home regarding treatment and final disposition of human remains and artifacts. 10/31/05 1445 hrs Carol Gaubatz; . jE informs NAHC of additional discoveries and intention of NAHC initiating consultation with MLD. l l/l/05 1030 hrs Carol Gaubatz; As of this date, nine subsurface features (all probable cremations) NAHC, J. Loya; TM have now been discovered during monitoring of grading activities. Cultural Resources jE contacts NAHC regarding new discoveries. JE attempts to Coordinator/MLD contact J. Loya about new discoveries; however, Loya is out of the office all week. tE suspends any further investigations of the identified features until receiving further direction from MLD; grading continues in other areas. 1111105 1420 hrs Gary Resvaloso; A total of 15 features now identified during grading activities. )E TM NA Monitor contacts G. Resvaloso informing him that jE has been attempting to contact J. Loya regarding the new discoveries, but with no success. Resvaloso is comfortable with jE's handling of the situation, and will attempt to contact Loya himself. l l/l/05 1500 bra J. Loya; TM Loya retums jE's call. A informs Loya of additional discoveries. Cultural Resources Loya will dispatch E. Morreo (TM Spiritual Coordinator) at once Coordinator/MLD. to "bless" new discoveries. jE again recommends a meeting with Loya and KB Home to determine final disposition of human remains and artifacts. Meeting tentatively set for 11 /4/05. A also informs Loya that jE is recommending that KB Home supply after hours security on site. 11/2/05 1550 hrs J. Loya; TM Loya informs jE that he will be unable to attend meeting set for Cultural Resources 11/4/05. Meeting with Loya, KB Home, and E rescheduled for Coordinator/MLD 1 inm at 1300 bra at TM Tribal Hall. 11/7/05 1300 bra J. Loya; TM jE attends meeting at TM with Loya, Resvaloso, Tribal Elders, and Cultural Resources KB Home. Loya and Tribal Elders recommend full data recovery Coordinator/MLD, excavations of features, and non-destructive analyses of human Gary Resvaloso; remains and artifacts. Resvaloso also recommends having an TM NA Monitor, addition Native American Monitor on site. Tribal Elders request and TM Tribal that KB Home fund a NA Monitor Training Program. Elders 1118/05 1125 hrs Al Loya; TM Tribal & sends a course outline for NA Monitor Training Program to A. Elder Loya, and confirms need for an additional NA Monitor on site. 11/10/05 1130 bra J. Loya; TM /E emails Loya confirming: Cultural Resources Coordinator/MLD (1) Need for additional NA Monitor; (2) TM is recommending full removal of features; (3) All remains and. artifacts will be stored temporarily at iE's laboratory in He until final analyses are completed and remains 84 Native American Contact Name/ Date Time Affiliation Correspondence and artifacts are repatriated and reburied on site; (4) Additional consultation with Tribal Council and Tribal Spiritual Coordinator required at end of project to determine final disposition, repatriation, and reburial of remains and artifacts, and additional consultation with the above if additional features are encountered. 11/10/05 1145 hrs J. Loya; TM Loya informs k that he is trying to locate an additional NA Cultural Resources Monitor. Coordinator/MLD 11/11/05 1520 hrs Carol Gaubatz; k updates NAHC on current status of project and TM Tribal NAHC recommendations from meeting on 11/7/05. 12/5/05 1300 hrs J. Loya; TM Loya informs EE that William Contreras has been retained by TM Cultural Resources as Tribal Cultural Resources Coordinator, and will take lead on Coordmator/MLD project for TM. 12/5/05 1325 hrs J. Loya; TM jE confirms that William Contreras will take lead for TM on Cultural Resources project, and k would like to schedule a meeting with Contreras as Coordinator/MLD soon as possible. l2/7/05 1900 hrs W. Contreras; TM Email from W. Contreras to 1E regarding arrangement of meeting Tribal Cultural between Contreras, G. Resvaloso, Tribal Elders, and )E. Resources Coordinator 12/8/05 1030 hrs W. Contreras; TM tB returns Contreras' email regarding scheduling of meeting Tribal Cultural between Contreras, G. Resvaloso, Tribal Elders, and & Resources Coordinator 12/16/05 Various W. Contreras; TM Various emails between E and Contreras regarding timing of Tribal Cultural meeting between Contreras, J. Loya, E. Morreo, TM Tribal Elders, 12/20/05 Resources G. Resvaloso, and .E. Meeting eventually scheduled for 1/6/06 at Coordinator 1300 hrs at TM Tribal Hall. 12/21/05 12/27/05 1/2/06 1/4/06 1/4/06 1000 hrs N/A k helps coordinate submission of Reburial and Treatment of Human Remains Agreement from KB Home to TM. 1/12/06 1000 hrs J. Loya; TM MLD, k sends three letters to TM regarding: W. Contreras; TM Tribal Cultural (1) Summary of findings to date at project site; Resources Coordinator (2) Proposal of NA Monitor Training Program; 3 Description of non-destructive studies/analyses proposed for 85 Native American Contact Name/ Date Time AffWadon Corres ondence human remains, artifacts, and special samples. recovered. 3/6/06 1045 bra . W. Contreras; TM Contreras meets with �E at Hemet office regarding proposed Tribal Cultural studies of recovered remains and artifacts. Contreras toursE's Resources facilities and inspects storage facilities for human remains. Coordinator Contrems/TM formally request full, non-destructive analyses of remains and materials recovered, replicative casting of sample of the more unique/special/diagnostic artifacts, copies of Technical Reports generated by A for the project, and weekly progress reports of monitoring and excavation results at project site. 3/13/06 0900 bra W. Contreras; TM R coordinates with Contreras regarding formal requests made by Tribal Cultural the TM on 3/6/06, and TM's Reburial Agreement with KB Homes. Resources Coordinator 3/17/06 0940 lira W. Contreras; TM iE informs Contreras that construction grading will resume at Tribal Cultural project site on 4/4/06, and coordinates NA Monitors (G. Resvaloso Resources and I Mathews) for that date. Coordinator 4/5/06 1430 bra W. Contreras; TM JE informs Contreras that six new features have been identified Tribal Cultural since grading resumed, and asks Contreras status of formal letter Resources being submitted by TM to KB Home regarding Reburial Coordinator Agreement requests and procedures. 4/10/06 0900 hrs W. Contreras; TM Contreras at project site observing data recovery investigations and Tribal Cultural coordinating with )E's Field Supervisor and NA Monitors; 10 new Resources features identified since grading resumed on 4/4/06. Coordinator 4/19/06 0915 bra W. Contreras; TM Email from Contreras to & regarding submission of formal Tribal Cultural Reburial Agreement requests and procedures from TM to KB Resources Home. Coordinator 4/19/06 0945 his W. Contreras; TM tE responds to Contreras' email above; gives Contreras update on Tribal Cultural feature excavations and identifications in progress (40 new Resources features identified since grading resumed on 4/4/06). Coordinator 7/20/06 0720'bra W. Contreras; TM Contreras invites )E and KB Home to attend TM Elders meeting Tribal Cultural regarding Reburial Agreement issues to be resolved by Tribe and Resources KB Home. Coordinator 8/8/06 1350 bra W. Contreras; TM Further consultation between TM and k, regarding Reburial Tribal Cultural Agreement issues. 8/29/06 1055 bra Resources Coordinator 86 Native American Contact Name/ Date Time Affdiation Correspondence 11 /9/06 1250 firs W. Contreras; TM k informs Contreras that jE has begun lab processing of human Tribal Cultural remains and artifacts. Resources Coordinator 11/06 Various Gary Resvaloso; Resvaloso visits Hs laboratory at various times throughout TM NA Monitor November to observe laboratory procedures and progress. 11 /27/06 N/A W. Contreras; TM Letter from Contreras to k regarding treatment and processing of Tribal Cultural recovered remains and artifacts by Hs laboratory, including: Resources Coordinator (1) TM believes that k's laboratory needs to be blessed by E. Morreo (blessing conducted on 11/28/06); (2) If approved by Tribal Council, permission to wash recovered ceramics with water; (3) If approved by Tribal Council, permission to transport ceramics to analyst in Tucson, AZ (transport to be conducted by TM members); ceramics analyst can reassemble ceramic vessels with water soluble glue, photograph ceramics, and disassemble ceramics after analyses are complete; (4) k's treatment of human remains is considered satisfactory to Tribal Council; (5) If approved by Tribal Council, permission to transport cordage and fiber artifacts to analyst in Davis, CA (transport to be conducted by TM members); (6) If approved by Tribal Council, permission to ship lithic artifacts to analyst in Coeur d'Alene, ID; (7) TM requires timeline on analyses of materials. 4/16/07 1440 bra W. Contreras; TM Email from Contreras to /E includes letter drafted by Contreras to Tribal Cultural submit to MLD (J. Loya) to submit to Tribal Council regarding Resources Hs requests to transport various artifact classes to in -state and Coordinator out-of-state analysts. 4/26/07 1615 hrs W. Contreras; TM Email from k to Contreras and Loya regarding coordination of Tribal Cultural transport of materials to various analysts. Resources Coordinator, J. Loya; TM MLD 5/l/07 1230 firs W. Contreras; TM Email from k to Contreras stating that EE will cover costs incurred Tribal Cultural by Tribal members during transport of materials to the various Resources analysts. Coordinator 87 Native American Contact Name/ Date Time Affiliation Correspondence 5110/07 1030 bra W. Contreras; TM jE informs Contreras that jE has informed KB Home of the Tribe's Tribal Cultural concerns that all project -related ground disturbing activities and Resources analyses of human remains and associated artifacts should be Coordinator completed fully before repatriation and reburial of materials can occur at project site. 7/23/08 1115 bra Roland Ferrer; Email from jE to Ferrer stating that tE has consulted with D. acting -TM Tribal Singleton (NAHC) regarding reassignment of MLD for TM from Cultural Resources J. Loya to "Tribe," or TM Spiritual Coordinator E. Morreo; Loya Coordinator has not been responding to lE's correspondences to TM for several following W. weeks. TM needs to submit formal letter to NAHC regarding Contreras TM's request for reassignment of MLD. If needed, & will help TM draft letter -to NAHC. 10/7/08 1320 hrs Roland Ferrer; Email from Ferrer to & with draft copy of letter TM will submit to acting TM Tribal NAHC requesting reassignment of MLD to "Tribe" or E. Morreo Cultural Resources en lieu of J. Loya (NAHC does reassign "Tribe" as MLD). Coordinator 3/18/09 N/A Ben Scoville; TM Letter from & to Scoville describing sequence of events leading to Planning discovery of features at CA-RIV-5211/H. A also includes an Department outline of a Cultural Resources Treatment Plan that TM can prepare for future use. 7/8/09 1045 hrs Roland Ferrer; dE requests permission to include artifact photographs in Technical acting TM Tribal Report for CA-RIV-521 I/H. Permission granted by Ferrer with Cultural Resources approval by MLD and Tribal Elders. Coordinator 1/15/10 N/A Roland Ferrer; Letter from X to Ferrer explaining chain of events leading to acting TM Tribal NAHC's reassignment of "Tribe" as MLD. Cultural Resources Coordinator 2/1/10 1030 hrs Roland Ferrer; Meeting with Melinda Home (jE) and Ferrer at TM regarding acting TM Tribal procedures for Reburial Ceremony of human remains and artifacts Cultural Resources at projectsite. Coordinator 88 6 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 6.1 FIELDWORK METHODS AND STRATEGIES 6.1.1 Surface Collection Prior to the commencement of the clearing and grubbing of vegetation and all other Project - related ground -disturbing construction activities at CA-RIV-5211/H, the entire site and surrounding Project area was resurveyed by fE archaeologists for the presence of surficial cultural materials, and all time -sensitive and/or functionally diagnostic artifacts found on the ground surface were point provenienced to submeter accuracy using a Trimble XT Global Positioning System (GPS) unit, and collected as Surface Collection, Point Provenienced items (SCPs). Sherds of prehistoric ceramics were only collected when these items exhibited traits indicative of vessel type (e.g., a rim sherd of a narrow mouth jar or a wide mouth bowl) or having been decorated in some manner. Lithic debitage was only collected when the item was derived from obsidian that could be potentially sourced using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses and/or relatively dated through Obsidian Hydration studies. Other cultural items such as non -obsidian lithic debitage, small non -diagnostic sherds of ceramics, and fire -altered rock were mapped using the same GPS unit, but were not collected. During these collections, all SCPs were assigned consecutive numbers reflecting the order in which they were collected; the SCP number and artifact type was then entered into the memory of the GPS unit. The artifact was then bagged and assigned a bag number, and the bag number, SCP number, and artifact type was logged on a master Bag Log tracking form. The SCP number, bag number, artifact type, material class, and GPS coordinates were also recorded on a Surface Collection Inventory Record. Following the clearing and grubbing of vegetation throughout the Project area, this process was again repeated prior to any mass grading excavations or other mechanized ground disturbing activities to collect any artifacts that may have been obscured initially by vegetation. 6.1.2 Construction Monitoring All ground -disturbing construction activities occurring throughout the Project area were monitored by )E archaeologists and Native American Monitors representing the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians in the event that prehistoric cultural materials and/or features were. encountered. Construction activities monitored included the mechanized clearing and grubbing of surficial vegetation, the removal of agricultural -related features such as standpipes and water pipelines, potholing for the relocation of utilities, and mass grading operations by bulldozers, road graders, and self -loading paddle scrapers. When prehistoric artifacts were encountered during archaeological monitoring of construction activities, the artifact's location was identified by placing a pin flag into the ground at its location, all construction activities were either temporarily halted or diverted away from the location of the find, and the sediments immediately surrounding the artifact were scraped away using a hand trowel or flat -nosed shovel to quickly determine whether the artifact consisted of an isolated find, or was a constituent of some type of discrete cultural feature. 89 If the artifact was determined to be an isolated find not associated with any discrete cultural feature, the artifact was treated in the same manner as described above for SCPs. If temporally and/or functionally diagnostic, an SCP number was assigned to the artifact, the artifact's number, type, and location was recorded and mapped using the GPS unit, and the item was collected and logged on a Surface Collection Inventory Record; if not temporally and/or functionally diagnostic, the artifact's type and location was recorded within the GPS unit, but.the item was not collected. Following these recordation and collection procedures, construction activities were allowed to resume within the area of discovery. When discrete cultural features were identified during Project -related ground -disturbing activities by lE's archaeologists and/or the Native American Monitors, all construction and grading activities were diverted away from the site of discovery, and a Construction Exclusion Zone (or CEZ) was erected surrounding the feature location using wooden lathe and flagging tape labeled CEZ; these CEZs typically encompassed a 3- to 5-m buffer zone surrounding the visible extent of the feature. It should be emphasized here that the majority of the features identified at CA-RIV-5211/H consisted of very discrete intrusive pits containing concentrations of charcoal and/or carbonized logs often intermixed with cultural materials and/or burned/calcined bone fragments. Many of these pits were surrounded, and often capped by, oxidized sediments indicative of an in situ bum event. As discussed elsewhere in this report, these pit features were found to consist of primary and secondary Native American cremations, canid cremations and burials, primary and secondary burn pits lacking human skeletal remains, as well as a few miscellaneous feature types (see Feature Summaries in Chapter 8). Once identified and protected from further disturbances by heavy equipment, the feature was assigned a sequential Feature Number, mapped using the Trimble GPS unit, recorded into a master Feature Log, and covered with a plastic tarp until the feature could be investigated using Controlled Manual Excavation (CME) techniques. Each day at the completion of Project -related ground -disturbing activities, and as required by the Mitigation Monitoring Treatment Plan (MMTP; see Appendix B) developed for the Project, both Hs archaeological monitors and the Native American Monitors completed a daily Cultural Resources Monitoring Report and a Daily Work Record that included the names of those monitors present on site, hours worked, the activities and types of equipment monitored and at what location(s) within the Project area, a summary of any discoveries made that day, and any actions taken or needed to comply with the guidelines set forth in the MMTP. 6.1.3 Manual Excavation As noted above, with few exceptions all of the various features identified at CA-RIV-5211/H were contained within discrete intrusive pits excavated into the surrounding sediments. Prior to the manual excavation of these features, the perimeter of the pit was clearly defined using trowels and brushes, and the feature was photographed. Size and depth of the feature below ground surface, as well as any preliminary observations regarding the feature prior to excavation, were recorded in the master Feature Log. An Excavation Unit (EXU) of appropriate size (typically 1 by 1 in, or 1.5 by 1.5 in, depending on the size of the feature) that encompassed the feature in its entirety as well as some of the surrounding non -feature sediments was then staked out surrounding the feature. Each EXU was 90 assigned a sequential number (EXU 101, 102, etc.) that reflected the number assigned to the feature encompassed by that unit (i.e., EXU 101 encompassed Feature 1, EXU 102 encompassed Feature 2, etc.). The northwest comer of each unit functioned as horizontal datum for that unit. The perimeter of the feature and the northwest corner of the EXU were mapped with the Trimble GPS unit, and a photograph was taken and a plan view drawn showing the feature in relation to the excavation unit. A vertical datum was then established for each excavation unit The manual excavation of each feature was initiated by first bisecting the feature to determine feature type, content, depth, and stratigraphy. As each feature represented a single depositional event, features were excavated stratigraphically. These excavations typically entailed the use of small, hand-held equipment such as brushes, trowels, ice picks and, most importantly, wooden or bone excavation tools which would not damage any skeletal elements upon contact. All efforts were made to expose the features in situ within their respective pits by excavating only the sediments within the boundaries of the pit. Unless shell beads were encountered, all sediments excavated were sifted through 1/8-in. hardware mesh; if shell beads were present, sediments were sifted through 1/16-in. hardware mesh. Any items collected from the screen were bagged separately by material type and class. At the request of the Native American Monitors, following the collection of all cultural materials within the screen, all residue remaining in the screen (typically consisting of chunks of charcoal) was saved and bagged for reburial. All information relating to each feature was recorded on a Feature Level Record (FLR) form, which included such data as EXU number, feature number, feature description, soil texture and color, and constituents' description. All artifacts, human and/or non -human skeletal remains (or clusters of these remains collected in blocks), and special samples (i.e., radiocarbon and soil samples) collected in situ were point provenienced in three dimensional space, itemized and mapped on the FLR, and bagged separately or otherwise packaged appropriately to prevent damage to the item. All of the individual bags or packages of materials from each feature, whether a point provemenced item or materials recovered from the screen; were then assigned bag numbers and entered on the master Bag Log tracking form, which also included all pertinent provenience data and a brief description of each item. During bisection of the feature, all attempts were made to leave all cultural materials and human or non -human skeletal remains in situ. If it became necessary to remove any of these materials to facilitate excavation of the lower portions of the feature, the materials were photographed in situ prior to their removal, and then point provenienced, recorded, and collected as described above. Once the feature was bisected fully, and prior to excavating the portion remaining in situ, the.stratigraphic profile of the feature was photographed and drawn to scale. During excavation of the second half of the feature, once again all attempts were made to leave all artifacts or materials in situ until the feature was fully exposed, photographed, and documented on the FLR. Within the primary cremation features, clusters of human and non- human skeletal remains and other cultural materials were routinely found fused together in masses due to the heat of the cremation fire. When these fused masses of materials were encountered, en lieu of trying to take them apart piece by piece and potentially damaging the items in the process, they were documented as described above, removed in a block, and packaged for further processing in Hs laboratory where these blocks could be separated and sorted more carefully in a controlled environment. 91 Upon the full removal of each feature, comprehensive descriptions and all relevant data pertaining to each feature were summarized on the, FLR and entered into the master Feature Log. The excavations were backfilled, and unless other features in close proximity prohibited such, grading activities were allowed to resume in the area. All of the cultural material, skeletal remains, and screen residues from each individual feature were packaged carefully and stored in boxes for transport to k's laboratory. in Hemet, California. 6.1.4 Site Mapping, As noted above, all isolated artifacts, features, and excavation units at CA-RIV-5211/H were mapped to submeter accuracy using a Trimble XT GPS unit. All of the data stored on this unit was downloaded on a weekly basis to a Geographic Information System (GIS) at lE's office in Hemet for mapping and analysis. 6.2 LABORATORY PROCESSING Processing of the materials recovered from CA-RIV-5211/H was conducted at E's laboratory in Hemet. Processing of materials recovered during Emergency Data Recovery investigations at the site was initiated as soon all field work was completed. However, due to the sensitive nature of the cultural deposits recovered at CA-RIV-5211/H and concerns expressed by the representatives of the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians, Tribal members Gary Resvaloso (Lead Native American Monitor) and Ernest Morreo (MLD) were invited to lE's laboratory to inspect the facilities, and to discuss at length the procedures for processing, analyzing, and storage of the recovered materials. Once initiated, all laboratory procedures were also monitored on a sporadic basis by Mr. Resvaloso. Basic tasks completed by the laboratory staff included accessioning of the collections received from the field, followed by cleaning, sorting; and lotting. Initial data entry preceded final identification, cataloging, and the conservation of more fragile materials. Selection and preparation of items for special studies was accomplished upon completion of basic tasks. Some materials were shipped to outside analysts, while others were analyzed in house. Finally, descriptive data for analyses and reporting were compiled, and all field records and photographs from CA-RIV-521 l/H were prepared for final.curation. It should be noted that at the request of the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians, all of the cultural materials and remains recovered during Emergency Data Recovery excavations are to be repatriated following final analyses and reporting. Therefore, the collections were packaged carefully and boxed for temporary storage at lE's laboratory until a reburial date is agreed upon by the Tribe and the Project's proponents. 6.2.1 Receiving The laboratory received archaeological materials from the field in deliveries. usually prepared upon the completion of an individual feature or group of features. All materials, completed forms, maps, and other pertinent documentation for CA-RIV-5211/H were packaged, labeled, and boxed in the field and reviewed by the Field Supervisor. The materials were then transferred to the laboratory with a completed FieldDelivery Record itemizing general contents and the number of boxes submitted at the tune of delivery. Once received in the laboratory, the materials were logged into the laboratory site tracking system and checked' against the accompanying Field Delivery Record. As noted previously, Bag Log tracking forms detailing the provenience and approximate content of each collection unit bag were also prepared in the field, and served as a backup reference should discrepancies develop regarding the laboratory staffs interpretation of the field forms. 92 6.2.2 Cleaning and Sorting The materials from each individual feature were checked against the accompanying field forms to ensure that bag labels and forms corresponded with material type, count, and provenience of . the items collected. Each collection of materials was sorted and cleaned initially in the laboratory on the basis of the most precise provenience information possible. Lot numbers assigned in the laboratory distinguish field provenience units and their contents. This includes excavation unit, depth, stratigraphy, screen size, and either point provenience or other collection method. Within the lot numbering system, individual specimen numbers also were assigned to each unique item or group of items (as in the case of debitage and faunal materials) within the lot. Provenience and classificatory databases for the site were linked on the basis of these lot numbers to produce a third database containing both types of information. As the collections were sorted and lot numbers assigned, Laboratory Technicians estimated the number of individual specimen numbers that were likely to be assigned within each provenience lot. This number was noted directly on the field forms and was used during computer entry of provenience data to generate a set of labels for each specimen or group of specimens. These labels provide minimal provenience information in addition to the catalog number. 6.2.3 Identification and Cataloging Laboratory staff separated provenienced materials into separate material categories and assigned catalog numbers as individual or grouped specimens. Each catalog number is composed of a site number, a lot number, and individual specimen number. However, due to the sensitive nature of the collection and the fact that the recovered materials are to be repatriated as opposed to being curated permanently, no permanent catalog numbers were written on any individual artifacts. Primary Catalog Data Entry forms were used to record material classification codes, count, weight, and other pertinent descriptive data for each site collection. Grouped specimens such as debitage and faunal materials were bagged into material lots. Each specimen (or group of specimens) was placed into a clean resealable plastic bag along with the label generated during data entry; more fragile items such as groups of shell beads, pendants, bone artifacts, and cordage/textile materials were place into Riker mounts accompanied by the appropriate label. These labels were then cross-checked against the accompanying site forms and field bags to verify provenience information and catalog numbers. Finally, the materials were sorted into analytic categories and placed in labeled storage boxes which were delivered to the various analysts. 6.2.4 Computerized Data Entry and Processing The Project database followed the database structure developed previously for the Pacific Gas Transmission - Pacific Gas and Electric Company Pipeline Expansion Project (see Moratto et al. 1991), which was further refined for use in southern California during the Eastside Reservoir Project (see Goldberg et al. 2001). The classificatory and metric data recorded on the Primary Catalog Data Entry forms were then entered into a Microsoft Access database. Provenience data recorded on field forms were entered into separate database files, which were then linked with the classificatory data to serve as the primary catalog database for the site. Subsidiary database files containing the results of special studies and/or material class attributes for individual specimens were also linked to the primary database through the lot number field. 6.2.5 Selection of Material for Special Studies Various artifacts and ecofacts from CA-RIV-5211/H were selected for special studies by outside analysts, including geochemical source characterization of obsidian artifacts, obsidian hydration 93 rim measurements, radiocarbon daring, ceramic analyses, macrobotanical analyses, cordage/ textile analyses, and artifact replication. Specimens and samples separated from the site collection were recorded in databases specific to .the type of analysis, and their locations were tracked after their distribution to various specialists for analysis and/or identification. In some cases (i.e., the collection of ceramic specimens chosen for analyses), the transportation of materials to and from the analyst was conducted by William Contreras, Cultural Resources Coordinator for the Torres Martinez Tribe. All materials were then reunited with the site collection upon their return from the analysts. Data generated during outside analyses were recorded in the individual analytical databases as they were reported. Special studies procedures are described in more detail in Chapter 6.3, below. 6.2.6 Curation During the course of the Project, collections and accompanying documentation from CA-RIV- 5211/H are temporarily curated at )E's laboratory in Hemet, California. All artifacts were boxed individually by analytic tool type, with the exception of large ground stone items, which were stored separately. Acid -free copies of all the site documentation were made and sealed in archival containers for storage. Additionally, a sample of the more specialized, unusual, or best examples of various lithic, bone, and shell artifacts recovered from 23 discrete features and one non -feature context were chosen for artifact replication. Three complete, individual sets of these replicated artifacts were generated using cast -molds and epoxy resins (see Artifact Replication in Chapter 6.3.6, below). The entire assemblage will be turned over to the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians for final disposition (see Section 6.7). 6.3 SPECIAL STUDIES. A variety of special studies was performed on the materials recovered from CA-RIV-5211/H during Emergency Data Recovery investigations. These studies include 13 charcoal samples for standard radiocarbon dating and a sample of maize kernels for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating, 20 obsidian samples for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrographic analyses and obsidian hydration dating, the ceramic assemblages from 21 selected features, the samples of macrobotanical remains from 15 selected features for identification, analyses of the assemblage of cordage and textiles, and the replication of 108 selected artifacts. The various methods used during these special studies are described briefly below. 6.3.1 Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon dating was used for ascertaining absolute ages of organic samples recovered from archaeological contexts at I CA-RIV-5211/H. Prior to radiocarbon analysis by Beta Analytic (Miami, Florida), samples were examined carefully by the laboratory technicians. Obvious contaminants such as twigs and rootlets were removed at this time with tweezers, and the samples were repackaged into clean, resealable plastic bags for shipment. Thirteen of the samples submitted for dating had more than 3.0 grams (g) of carbon remaining after initial Pretreatment, and were subjected to standard radiocarbon dating. Only the sample of maize kernels had less than 3.0 g of carbon remaining after initial pretreatment; thus, the maize kernels were subjected to AMS dating techniques. The accuracy and precision of AMS dating is similar to radiocarbon dating; however, much less material is necessary for the analysis (i.e., up to 3.0 g of final carbon). The results of all radiocarbon analyses are reported in Chapter 15. 94 6.3.2 Ceramic Studies The assemblage of ceramics from CA-RIV-5211 /H provides a unique opportunity to examine not only the types and kinds of ceramic vessels produced and used by the Desert Cahuilla prior to the historic period, but also the use and reuse of ceramics as part of mortuary ceremonies. Most importantly, the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians requested and encouraged in-depth, non-destructive analysis and documentation, including temporary reconstruction of the ceramics, before they were deconstructed once again and prepared for reburial. This approach provided data specific to the topics identified above, as well as topics of interest to analysts of California desert ceramics. The ceramic sample submitted for these studies was analyzed by Suzanne Griset of SWCA Environmental Consultants, Tucson, Arizona. The results of her studies are provided in Chapter 11. Given the large volume of ceramics recovered from the subsurface features at CA-RIV-521 I/H, a sampling strategy was developed to identify features with the greatest potential to contribute to the ceramic analysis, and to determine whether specific ceramic vessels were used for specific purposes, e.g. whether certain vessel forms or pottery types accompanied male or female remains, primary or secondary cremations; or features lacking human remains. A representative sample of primary and secondary cremations and primary and secondary features lacking human remains, was selected from features exhibiting one or more of the following criteria: • Large volume of ceramics; • Complete or nearly complete vessels; • Chronologically or typologically significant artifact classes (projectile points, obsidian, shell beads, textiles, ochre); and • Human remains with potentially identifiable sex and/or age, or the presence of suspected gender -related artifact assemblages (i.e., projectile points for men; ground stone tools and lack of projectile points for women). A total of 16 features with human remains was examined. Of these, 13 were identified by the excavators as primary cremations and three as secondary cremations. Additionally, the ceramic assemblages from five primary bum pit features with no human remains were examined. ,E laboratory staff processed the ceramic collection prior to delivery to the ceramic analyst. The sherds were washed and individual numbers were assigned to point provenienced vessels; all the remaining sherds from each individual feature were lumped under a single catalog number unique to that feature. Each ceramic lot was counted and weighed; rim sherds were also counted and weighed separately. All data were entered into an electronic catalog that was provided to the ceramic analyst. The collection was delivered to the ceramic analyst by a delegation from the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians led by William Contreras. The analyst and Tribal members discussed the proposed methods and objectives of the ceramic analysis. The Tribe was interested in gleaning as much information as possible from the assemblage and agreed that vessels should be 95 reconstructed where possible, using a water soluble adhesive so that they could be soaked and disassembled prior to reburial. All reconstructed vessels and worked sherds were extensively photographed so that drawings could be rendered for the permanent record at a later date, if required. The Tribe also agreed that a small fresh break could be made as needed to. identify the clay paste for each vessel. The analysis began with reconstructing as many vessels as possible within each of the selected features. Many vessels had been badly warped by the high temperatures of the cremation fire and were impossible to reassemble in their original dimensions and shape. An attempt was made to reconstruct as much of each vessel as possible, within the allotted analysis time and budget. By reconstructing the vessels, the analysts were able to ascertain whether each had been deposited into the cremation as: an intact complete vessel; a complete vessel that was purposely broken and deposited; large sherds of a previously broken vessel; or random single sherds from multiple vessels (ceramic debitage). In some cases, sherds exhibited edges freshly broken during the original exposure of the feature by the large earth -grading equipment, which suggested that portions of the vessel were likely destroyed by that process. Jennifer Hider, SWCA Laboratory Director, provided invaluable assistance in reconstructing the vessels. Various strategies were used to identify multiple vessels within the ceramic lots. Rim sherds provided the first suggestion of the number and forms of vessels; differences in surface texture, color, and sherd thickness also suggested different vessels. The analysts soon learned, however, that the cremation fires had greatly affected the color, form, and clay body, even within a single vessel, depending upon how close parts of a vessel had been to the cremation fire, how hot the fire had burned, whether carbon or burned human residue was deposited on the ceramics, and whether organic materials were completely combusted before the fire was smothered. The reconstructed vessels often exhibited widely varying colors on adjacent sherds; consequently, no attempt was made to record Munsell colors for the vessels. Each vessel was photographed and measured; in some cases dimensions were estimated and duly noted as estimates. Each vessel was examined for evidence of manufacturing techniques, use - related alterations or deposits, and post -deposition alterations. The clay body of each vessel was analyzed using a freshly broken edge, examined under a binocular microscope at 1x and R magnification to observe: gross clay and non -plastic percentages; degree of mixing; grain shape and size; and mineral or other non -plastic constituents. Type or ware assignments were made where possible. Vessel forms were coded for: rim direction and form; presence/absence and size of the neck; lip profile; exterior diameters at the mouth and base, and the size and location of maximum and minimum diameters; thickness of the lip, body wall midway, and basal sherds; base form where possible; and whether the pot sat upright. Observations of the effects of the cremation fire on the vessels were also recorded. Excavation field records and photographs were examined to identify: individual pots; their location and placement within the mortuary pit; their association with specific artifacts or features of pit construction; and any other unique attributes. 6.3.3 Botanical Studies Thirty samples of botanical remains from 15 selected features were considered for macrobotanical identification. These samples included: charcoal, stems, seeds, screen residue, 96 and ceramic vessel contents from eight primary human cremations; charcoal and seeds from one canid cremation; charcoal from one canid burial; seeds and screen residue from three primary bum pits; and charcoal, ceramic residue, and screen residue from two secondary bum pits. These studies were conducted by Dr. Virginia Popper of the Fiske Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. The results of these studies are provided in Section 14.2. Botanical materials are an important source of data for the reconstruction of patterns of procurement and subsistence, for determination of the seasonality of site use, and for the interpretation of site functions and features. Additionally, the nature of recovered botanical materials can provide evidence for site disturbance processes (high proportion of non -charcoal remains) that may not be readily evident through standard archaeological and geomorphological methods. The identification of botanical remains may also be used to ascertain the cultural or noncultural associations of samples, and can be particularly useful as proxy data for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Although vegetable materials utilized by prehistoric people decay rapidly, evidence of plant gathering and use is often recovered as a charred, microscopically identifiable component of soil samples. These materials are seldom recovered in situ or during the routine screening of site deposits; thus, the general processing procedures for botanical materials are different than those used for the recovery of faunal and lithic materials. Sixteen of the CA-RIV-5211/H samples were large bags of charcoal fragments, eight were bags of residue from 1/8-in. screens, three were seeds, two were ceramic vessel contents, and two were reeds, one of which was included within a charcoal sample. Three of the samples were floated by hand at the University of Massachusetts, Boston: the screen residues from Features 23 and 60, which contained a lot of sediment, and the Feature 63 ceramic contents. The ceramic residue sample from Feature 16 was too small to float and was screened without flotation according to the procedure described below for the Feature 63 ceramic contents. For flotation, the samples were poured into a 10 gallon bucket containing water and agitated. Agitation allows light materials, such as carbonized plant remains, to float to the surface where they are decanted into chiffon netting (0.02 mm mesh). Sediment remaining in the bucket was poured into a sieve with a 1.0 min mesh opening. This material or heavy fraction was then washed and dried on paper. All botanical. material that did not float was removed from the heavy fraction and added to the light fraction before further processing. The Feature 63 ceramic sample, the only true flotation sample from a known volume of sediment (0.8 liters), was full of seeds, so the standard procedure for sorting and quantifying was modified. The remains were sifted through a series of nested sieves (2.00, 1.00, and 0.50 nun), yielding four size fractions in preparation for sorting. The material is divided because it is easier to sort material of similar size, given the shallow depth of field of the incident light binocular microscope (10-40x) used. It also allows one to selectively remove distinct materials from each fraction. Most of the plant material extracted from the vessel was large and small fragments of aggregated carbonized maize kernels and seeds glued together with what appears to be exuded maize kernel endosperm, totaling 67.28 g. Nonetheless, there was still an enormous amount of seed and endosperm fragments. Consequently, in this analysis, only for the >2.00 min fraction were all remains sorted, identified, and tabulated. From this fraction, individual seeds and charcoal fragments were pulled and counted or weighed. Whole Zea mays (maize) kernels were counted. Maize kernel fragments were weighed because variations in fragmentation make 97 weight a more representative measure of abundance. To estimate the number of whole kernels represented by the fragments, the 40 most complete, whole kernels (totaling 1.138 g and averaging 0.02845 g per kernel) were weighed, and the total weight of fragments was divided by the average kernel weight. To estimate the total number of kernels and seeds in the pieces of aggregated mass, the pieces were sorted into two categories, those with visible kernel fragments and those with just small seeds held together with kernel endosperm. Several of these aggregated masses were pulled apart, and were conservatively estimated to contain six maize kemels and 50 Atriplex lentiformis seeds per 0.433 g of mixed maize and seeds, and 10 Atriplex lentiformis seeds per 0.005 g of what looked like purely small seed and endosperm. These figures mere then used to calculate a minimum number of seeds in the 67.28 g of aggregated mass in the >2.00 mm fraction. There was so much plant material smaller than 2.00 mm, that a different procedure was used to sort and quantify the remains. First, because their small size makes them difficult to identify, no carbonized wood or Zea mays kernel fragments smaller than 2.00 mm were quantified. Second, for the 13.74 g of material in the 2.00-1.00 mm and 1.00-0.50 mm fractions, the analyst estimated the total count of remains based on a 5 percent subsample by weight. All of the seeds in the subsample were identified and counted, but most were not pulled from the sample. The total estimate of seeds in the sample derived from this material was 20 times the subsample count. The analyst scanned the rest of these fractions for additional seed types, but found none. And third, all of the <0.50 mm fraction was scanned, but only whole or identifiable seeds were counted. These procedures were designed to give a conservative estimate of the total seed count in the ceramic vessel. , Time constraints also necessitated subsampling most of the large bags of charcoal and screen residue. First each sample was screened to remove material smaller than 2.00 mm. Then, if necessary, the sample was randomly split several times using a riffle box. For the first few samples a grab of 40 or 50pieces of wood charcoal was selected for identification. 'When the small diversity of charcoal types was confirmed, the analyst only identified 20 fragments, or the total number available if fewer than 20. This subsample size was deemed appropriate given the diversity of taxa present (Smart and Hoffman 1988:186): The rest of the sample, including the material smaller than 2.00 nun was scanned for seeds and other non -wood remains. For all samples, wood charcoal and stem/reed specimens were fractured to give a clean transverse section, and then examined under an incident light binocular microscope at 60x. The recovered plant remains were identified using various publications and comparative plant collections. 6.3.4 Obsidian Studies A total of 20 obsidian tools was selected for XRF and hydration analyses. Tools were selected for analysis using a random sampling strategy stratified by feature such that at least one tool from each feature containing obsidian tools was included (n = 14). The six remaining slots werefilled by random selection across the remaining population of tools. The sample constitutes 46.5 percent of all recovered obsidian tools. It should be noted that three specimens selected initially during the sampling process were rejected due to excessive vesiculation or small size, and replaced. Random numbers were procured from a random integer generator supplied by www.random.org on the World Wide Web. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Obsidian Characterization Analysis. X-ray fluorescence spectrographic analyses of trace elements in obsidian tools recovered at CA-RIV-5211/H were used to ascertain the original geological sources of the obsidian. Because there are several 98 obsidian sources accessible to the study region, reliable characterization methods were essential to ensure that samples selected for obsidian hydration dating were assigned to specific geological sources. The chemical composition of obsidian glass is an important variable affecting the rate of hydration and must be considered in reliable applications of obsidian hydration dating. XRF studies were also used to determine the diversity of contributing obsidian sources in any given assemblage, and are used to reconstruct prehistoric lithic procurement systems. As discussed by Hughes (1986), prehistoric obsidian procurement patterns also change over time, although the social and cultural variables influencing these diachronic changes are often difficult to document. All obsidian samples selected for source determinations were cleaned and assigned individual item letters (when necessary) before their submittal to Craig Skinner at the Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon. Obsidian source determinations provided information crucial for both obsidian procurement and obsidian hydration studies. Obsidian Hydration (OH) Dating. Obsidian hydration measurements were used as a relative dating method at CA-RIV-5211/H to provide additional chronological data for the site. Thin sections are cut from the obsidian artifact samples in a method described by Michels and Tsong (1980). Obsidian specimens were submitted to Craig Skinner at the Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, for hydration rim measurements. As a dating tool, obsidian hydration is well suited to determining relative chronologies at sites in which adequate samples are available. Hydration rim measurements are especially effective for differentiating specific feature areas, or for identifying single or multiple site components that cannot otherwise be distinguished in the absence of temporally diagnostic formed tools or radiometric dates. Two critical variables affecting the rate of hydration in obsidian glasses are environmental temperature and chemical composition. Obsidian from different thermal regimes or chemical sources or groups may hydrate at different rates. As a result, it is essential that obsidian hydration samples be drawn only from known sources, and that comparative analyses of hydration results be made among samples from a single source. Development and application of obsidian hydration rates for southern California sources are discussed along with obsidian chemical characterization results in Section 15.3. 6.3.5 CordagelTextile Studies Fragments of carbonized cordage, cordage artifacts, and cordage textiles were recovered from five primary cremation features and one secondary cremation feature at CA-RIV-5211/H. Recognizing that such remains are seldom found in archaeological context in California, )E contracted Dr. Judith Polanich for the technical analyses of these specimens. The fragments were secured in Riker mounts for transport, and hand delivered to the contractor by representatives of Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians Tribal Cultural Resources Department. The results of these analyses are provided in Section 14.1. Cordage may be characterized by • plant fiber type and composition; • twist of preliminary strand; • number of strands (or plies) which are combined into the final yam; • twist of the finished yarn; and • the size and degree of twist of all constituent elements (Osborne and Osborne 1954). 99 ordinary California and Great Basin cordage was 2-ply, composed of two strands first separately twisted to form either a "z" or "s" helix (when viewed vertically in a dangling position), and then plied or twisted together to produce a yarn helix twisted in the opposite direction, "S" or "Z," to form a string or cord .denoted zzS or ssZ (hoover 1972:1; Kroeber 1925:827; Mathewson 1985:66-83). The fragments were examined with a hand lens to determine the number of elements and direction of twist for both constituent strands and the plied cord. The tightness of cord ply twist was measured with a transparent gauge. The fragments were measured (in cm) and each lot characterized by the longest cordage fragment. In the case of cordage without knots, this measurement was from end to end of the fragment. In the case of knotted cords or netting, the measurement (in cm) was taken with a flexible tape between the knot and the end of the cord or the next knot. As knotted cords tend to break at the edge of the knot (Ashley 1953:17), this measurement provided a good estimate of the netting gauge. The width of the cord and the width of the constituent strands were measured, (in nun) with calipers, and both range and mean reported. The presence, number, and type of knots were recorded. Use of the cord in a net or twined fabric was recorded. When there was disparity, in the type or character of fragments in a particular lot, sub -designations were made in order to record the variation. Recordation of twined cordage fabric required that the fabric retain the original specimen number, while the warp and weft, received sub -designations and were analyzed as cordage. Measurements of length and width of, the largest fabric fragment were recorded in cm. The twining features recorded include the main weave, pitch of twining weft, the number of weft per horizontal inch, number of weft rows per vertical inch, and the resultant number of weft turn per square inch. The Cahuilla are reported to have used a wide range of plant materials for cordage (Barrows 1900; Bean and Saubel 1972; Mathewson 1985); however, due to carbonization of the CA-RIV 5211/H fragments, it was not possible to determine the plant fiber type or species composition of the fragments. 6.3.6 Artifact Replication As noted previously, 1.08 selected artifacts from 23 discrete cultural features and one non -feature context were chosen for replication. These items include 88 flaked stone artifacts, 10 ground stone artifacts, nine modified bone artifacts, and one marine shell pendant. These replicas were made with attention to detail, including color and texture of the original artifact, by Marilyn Wyss of Eolithics. The artifacts were first checked carefully for flaws or preservation problems that might cause them to be damaged during the mold making process. Items deemed too fragile were not reproduced. Artifacts with deep undercuts,or numerous small holes (such as some bone tools), were partially filled in to prevent penetration of the mold materials, which could cause breakage. Any filled areas were restored to their original condition once the mold was made. Molds were made by first placing the artifact.in modeling clay and forming a base. Each detail of the artifact edge was defined to assure exact replication. A temporary box was then placed around the artifact and clay base. High grade Dow Corning mold materials were used to make the mold. These materials were subjected to vacuum pressure to remove all fine air bubbles. The mold requires a 24-hour cure time. The box and the clay were then removed, and the artifact 100 was exposed on the underside. The box was reassembled and the second half of the mold was poured, and cured for an additional 24 hours. Once the two-piece mold was completed the replica was made using slow curing epoxy. Color and fillers can be added to the epoxy to match the artifact. The epoxy is fluid, and the molds must be monitored until the epoxy sets up enough to join the two halves. A 24-hour cure time is required before the mold can be opened. This process has some limitations regarding the visual surface detail; however, the careful addition of acrylic pigments to the surface of the artifact completes the process. Acrylic pigments bond to the epoxy and will not rub off. Any excess flashing was removed under magnification to retain the edge integrity of the artifact. The molds, while technically the property of the client, are retained by Eolithics. This is done to protect both the client and Eolithics, and assures that no unauthorized replicas of the artifacts will be made. However, additional replicas from the mold can be made as long as the mold remains useable, which may be several years. Eventually the molds become discolored and brittle, at which time they are discarded. 6.4 LITHIC ANALYSIS 6A.1 Flaked Stone Artifacts Flaked stone artifacts from CA-RIV-5211/H were analyzed by Doug Harro of )E. Flaked stone tools are defined as any stone object (shaped or unshaped) used to modify another object. Tool blanks or preforms that are not yet used are also classed as tools so that the complete spectrum of manufacture and use may be examined. Functional analyses were performed on all flaked stone tools using a 20-90x stereoscopic zoom microscope and largely followed the precepts of the "low -power approach" advocated by Abler (1979) and Odell and Odell-Vereecken (1980). However, attributes of use -polishes were analyzed on edges where polishes are well developed following Keeley (1980) and Vaughan (1985). Recognizing the limitations of the low -power approach, the analysis completed here combined several analytically similar contact material categories. This process maximized accuracy and minimized analysis time by reducing the resolution of the analysis. Contact materials are the substances, such as bone, wood, or hide, upon which tools were used. Based on the guidance of Vaughan (1985) and personal experiments, the diagnostically similar categories of bone, antler, and shell were combined into one analytic group. Fresh hide and meat were combined into another analytic group. Wear from working meat is particularly slow to develop and difficult to differentiate from wear on other soft substances using magnifications below 100x. However, contact with soft plant, wood, dry hide, and stone form wear traces that are analytically discernable from each other at 90x magnification, and these remained independent wear classes. Some tools displayed use wear that was either not well developed or was obscured by burning; the type of contact material for these tools could not be specifically identified. Implements with wear attributed to "indeterminate soft material" were likely used on plants, fresh hide, dry hide, or meat; those tools used on "indeterminate solid materials" show wear patterns that could be the result. of contact with wood, bone, antler, stone, or shell. In addition to the tools, all large pieces of flaking debris (those retained by 1/2-in. mesh) were scanned under the microscope at 90x magnification in order to systematically identify utilized flakes. Numerous studies have found that used flakes cannot be reliably differentiated from 101 Some specimens were classified as small/medium or medium/large when the taxonomic category was indeterminate but animal size could be approximated. Each uniquely identified specimen was weighed to the nearest 0.01 g. Taxonomic identifications Were, made at /E's Idaho laboratory which houses a small comparative collection of the most common. animals in California. , The more extensive comparative collection at the Conner Museum,.Washington State University at Pullman, Washington was used to identify problematic specimens. The unique qualities of CA-RIV-5211/H as a cemetery site, and one with cremated remains, required.a more systematic approach to assigning the level of burning on each bone. Typically, the bum color classification as outlined by McCutcheon (1992) is sufficient. Noting whether the bone is black, gray, or white can be used as short -hand for the degree of burning. However, at CA-RIV-5211/H, some bones were burned as part of the cremation process. Cremation also tums bones white, so clearly,color alone is not a reliable, criterion to distinguish calcined bone from that which is cremated. Determining whether animal bones are cremated at CA-RIV- 521 l/H may be important, since it may indicate whether animals, parts of animals, animal bone refuse, or bone artifacts were included during the same cremation process as the human remains in the same feature. Whyte (2601) summarizes the .results of experimental studies performed on animal bone burning. Based on these studies, several criteria were used in the current study to determine whether a bone was cremated. In addition to being white in color, the bone also had to exhibit one of the following secondary,characteristics: longitudinal splits/cracks, transverse cracks, reticular cracks, „dendritic fissures/cracks, and warping. If none of these secondary characteristics accompanied white coloration, then the bone was defined as calcined. Cremation experiments performed on both animal and human bones have shown that cremated fresh animal bone is, virtually indistinguishable from animal bones cremated in the flesh. In other words,. it is not possible to tell whether a whole. animal oranimal bone refuse was,cremated based upon the secondary characteristics' described above (Whyte 2001). The secondary cremation characteristics were simply noted to distinguish calcination from cremation with the goal of determining whether animal bones were burned along with human remains during the cremation process. 6.5.2 Modified Marine Shell Analyses The study and analyses of shell beads and other, types of shell'ornaments can provide useful information for dating cultural deposits and tracing trade and exchange relationships among different groups. Prior to the'Mission Period, shell beads were important in the socio-economic system. Shell beads were used to establish political and social relationships, and as currency. In particular, Olivella shell (olive snail, a marine univalve) bead types, which changed over time, were used in exchange networks and were traded in frequencies that varied in both time and space (King 1990). Shell bead types and chronologies have been described by a number of researchers, including King (1990), Gibson- (1976,' 1992), and Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987). The analyses of the marine shell beads and other types of modified marine shell artifacts recovered from CA-RIV-521141 follow the typologies defined previously by these researchers. Definitions of pertinent attributes and an explanation of the manner in which the marine shell artifacts were recorded are found in Chapter 12. Modified marine shell analysis was conducted by lE's Kholood Abdo-Hintzman and John J. Eddy. 104 The first steps in the analyses are to identify the species of shell as well as geographic origin. Next, the shape of the bead is examined. Bead shapes are largely characterized by the portion of shell utilized and the amount of time expended making the bead. The shapes of beads vary from circular to oval to rectangular depending on how intensively they were worked (Gibson 1992:12). For instance, Olivella Disc beads were produced from the Olivella shell wall, while Cup and Cylinder beads were produced from the callus, and Lipped beads were made from both the callus and shell wall. Through the manufacturing process beads were chipped into various shapes, drilled, strung, and ground on their peripheries. Bead perforations were also examined in order to determine the hole shape. Gibson (1992:13) identifies three distinct hole shapes: biconical, conical, and straight sided. Biconical refers to perforations that were drilled from both the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the shell. Conical perforations were drilled from one side of the shell, and the hole is usually cone -shaped in cross section. A straight perforation was drilled from one side of the shell and resulted in a parallel - sided hole. Individual beads were examined with a lOx magnifier measuring lens; overall diameter, thickness, length, and hole diameters were measured. Measurements were recorded in millimeters (mm). Other modifications that were recorded include grinding, burning, and possibly the application of asphaltum and/or pigment. Haliotis ornaments were examined for grinding on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Olivella beads were examined for grinding and edge modification. Bead surfaces and perforations were also examined for incising and traces of asphaltum stains. Often beads were inlaid into wood, bone, stone, baskets, and other shell ornaments; asphaltum was used as an adhesive to secure them in place. It is also important to note if beads are burned and/or calcined. Some special Cahuilla ceremonies (e.g., cremation, mourning/image burning, clothes burning) involved the burning of shell beads and other items. The identification of this treatment may suggest beads were deposited in special use areas, such as shrines, cremations, or cemeteries (Gibson 1992:15). 6.6 HUMAN OSTEOLOGICAL STUDIES Upon completion of excavation, preliminary observation of the human remains was recorded on - site. All remains were then transported to a secure laboratory for complete examination and analyses. Human osteological studies were conducted by Vanessa Mirro, with assistance from Elizabeth Denniston, both of E. The osteologists re-examined the bone and further sorted the remains into human and non -human. Bone that was not identified as either human or non -human was classified as bone, undifferentiated. When possible, cleaning was limited to brushing with a soft natural bristle brush. All soils were removed and placed into plastic bags until the analysis was complete. Analysis was limited to non-destructive data collection. Methods for analyzing cremated bone are based on those outlined in the Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains (Brickley and McKinley 2004). The cremated bone was sorted through a stack of sieves of 1/2-in., 1/4-in., and 1/8-in. mesh sizes. The human bone recovered from each sieve was counted, weighed, and sorted into identifiable remains and unidentifiable remains if they could not be ascribed to a specific element or category. The identifiable bone was divided into four categories: skull, axial (i.e., vertebrae, stemum, ribs) upper limbs (i.e., clavicle, scapula, arms, hands), and lower limbs (i.e., pelvis, legs, and feet). Bone color, fragmentation, preservation, degree of cracking and warping were recorded to obtain information on the cremation process and funerary rituals. Identifiable bone was then sorted by skeletal elements in order to determine Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI). The MNI was determined by the 105 presence or absence of repeated skeletal elements within an individual cremation feature, or elements belonging to individuals of clearly different biological ages within a single cremation feature. Specific data collected from the specimens was guided by the Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains (Standards) (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). Data collection involved the recordation of skeletal and dental inventory, skeletal and dental pathologies, dental attrition, dental development, and demographic information (age and sex). All measurements of the skeleton and dentition were taken using sliding calipers or cloth tape, when possible. Age categories follow those outlined in Standards: infants (birth to 3 years); children (3-12 years); adolescents (12-20 years); young adults (20-35 years); middle adults (35-50 years); and old adults (50+ years) (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). In cases where individuals cannot be aged accurately, the more general categories of subadult (0-20) and adult (20+) are assigned. Methods for aging each individual were based largely on the criteria recommended by Standards. Subadults were aged on the basis of dental eruption and development (Ubelaker 1989), and epiphyseal formation and union (Bass 1995; Krogman and Iscan 1986; Scheuer et al. 2000). Due to the potential of population variability in bone growth, dental development was the primary indicator used for subadult age estimation. For adult remains, specific age was determined by observation of several indicators. The morphology of each pubic symphysis was scored using both the technique of Todd (1920) and the technique of Suchey-Brooks (Brooks and Suchey 1990). The auricular surface morphology of each ilium was scored as outlined by Lovejoy and others (1985). As a general indicator of age, dental development and eruption rates, seriation of dental attrition, degree of vertebral osteophytosis, and degenerative changes of the skeleton were considered (Brothwell 1981; Buikstra and Ubelaker '1994; Lovejoy 1985; Miles 1963, 1978). If age indicators were absent or ambiguous due to poor preservation or missing, elements, general designations. were based on gross indicators (i.e., bone size, eruption of third molars, or epiphyseal fusion). Cranial suture closure is used as an aging technique (Meindl and Lovejoy 1985); however, the method has been criticized in recent years because of the considerable. amount of variation in suture fusion between individuals (Brooks 1955; Hershkovitz et al. 1997; Masset 1989; Singer 1953). However, because of the poor preservation of this assemblage, cranial suture closure was recorded where visible as a means of validating other age indicators. Adult sex determination was based on visual observation of morphological features of the innominate and cranium (following Bass 1995; Buikstra and Ubelaker 1995; Krogman and Iscan 1986; Phenice 1969). Features . of the innominate included width of the sciatic notch, morphological changes of the auricular surface, and the presence of a ventral arc and subpubic concavity. Cranial features included the overall size of the mastoid process, glabella, mental eminence, and nuchal crest, and the shape of the surpraorbital margin. However, because sex indicators were either absent or ambiguous in this sample, general designation was based on gross indicators, such as the sheer robusticity of long bone and cranial fragments. Although males can tentatively be identified due to the robusticity or size of fragments, small or gracile fragments may not necessarily represent a female because subadult bones are typically small and gracile. Thus, it is generally more difficult to identify female cremated remains than it is for males. No attempt was made to assign sex to subadults (<18), as development of secondary sexual characteristics occur during adolescence and are not fully expressed until young adulthood (Bass 1995). 106 6.7 REBURIAL PROCEDURES From the outset, in accordance with the wishes of the MLD, it was intended that the human remains and the associated artifacts recovered from the site would be reburied at an undisclosed, protected setting. Critical to the reburial process was the effort to reunite all the materials from each burial feature following the separation of material types for study. Each individual burial feature was carefully reassembled and packed in white cloth and protective boxes for transport to the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians. 107 16 SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATIONS 16.1 SUMMARY OF DATA -RECOVERY EXCAVATIONS AT CA-RIV-5211/H CA-RIV-5211/H is a cemetery site located east of Monroe Street, north of Avenue 61, and south of Avenue 60 in the City of La Quinta. Cultural resources monitoring for KB Home's Dobron Project resulted in the discovery of 94 cultural features at CA-RIV-5211/H. Monitoring and emergency data -recovery excavations of these features were conducted from September 26, 2005 to June 1, 2006. These features include: primary human cremations (18); secondary human cremations (7); primary bum pits (53); secondary bum pits (I1); canid cremations/burials (3); and miscellaneous features (2). The nature of many of these features (e.g., primary human cremations) is obvious, while the functions of other features (e.g., primary and secondary bum pits) are not as clear. Absolute and relative chronological data obtained from CA-RIV-5211/H indicates that the site was used between A.D. 1400 and 1800. CA-RIV-52I1/H was previously determined eligible for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) under Criterion D (Demcak and Wade 2005). The various features that were identified during archaeological monitoring of Project construction contribute further to the significance of this resource. It appears that the majority of these features were associated with mortuary ceremonies, such as cremation, burning of personal possessions, and possibly the nukil ceremony, by the Late Prehistoric Cahuilla. The site has a minor historical component (along the eastern edge of the site boundary) that consists of six pieces of sun -colored amethyst or solarized glass that were observed during the Phase I survey by CRM Tech, and Phase II studies by ARMC (Demcak and Wade 2005; Love et al. 1998); no historical artifacts were identified during cultural resources monitoring or emergency data recovery excavations. The artifacts appear to be a sparse scatter of historical debris in a disturbed context (plowed field), and do not contribute to the eligibility of the site as a historical resource. This chapter discusses the general characteristics of feature types, and attempts to assign function to those more enigmatic features using what is known about Cahuilla mortuary customs in the ethnographic and ethnohistorical literature. It also addresses the research questions presented in Chapter 4, provides recommendations, and discusses avenues of future research. 16.1.1 Primary Human Cremations Generally, the ethnographic and ethnohistorical literature describes the physical aspects of Cahuilla cremations as involving: the excavation of a shallow pit or trench into which fuel is placed; the construction of a cremation pyre over the pit; placement of the deceased's body on top of or encased within the pyre; often, the inclusion of some of the deceased's possessions and/or gifts or offerings to be burned with the body; setting fire to the fuel and the pyre, and tending to the fire and body.to ensure that the body is fully consumed by the fire. Once the body had been fully consumed and the fire allowed to burn down to coals, all of the coals, ashes, remains, and other trace evidence of the cremation were scraped into the pit underlying the pyre, and the pit and its contents were buried and the ground surface leveled, leaving minimal to no surficial expression of the cremation event or the. location of the pit containing the remains. Ctd9 Occasionally, a pottery vessel was placed on top of the remains within the pit and smashed (or "killed') prior to filling and covering the pit, signaling the end of the cremation event, and shell beads (for high ranking individuals, according to Modesto) were scattered over the cremation site (Lando and Modesto 1977:104). Cremations such as these would correspond to the "primary gathered" type noted by CSRI (1995) at the Tahquitz Canyon site (CA-RIV45). The primary cremations found at CA-RIV-5211/H tend to generally correspond to the ethnographic and ethnohistorical descriptions of Cahuilla cremations, and in most respects, to the "primary gathered" type noted by CSRI. All were found in pits excavated into the surrounding sediments; either circular pits (10 primary cremations) ranging from 70 to 125 cm in diameter, and 25 to 125 cm in depth, or oval pits (8 primary cremations) ranging from 70 x 55 cm to 150 x 120 cm in plan, and 25 to 106 cm in depth. (Note: due to the manner in which these features were found, i.e., during mass grading operations, in many cases the depths of the pits only reflect those portions of the feature left in situ following disturbance by heavy machinery.) All of the pits containing primary cremations were surrounded, and in the more fully preserved features, capped by a thin layer .of oxidized sediments, indicating that the pits were filled immediately following the cremation event while the cremation fuel and other remains were still hot enough to oxidize these sediments. In all cases, no evidence of the cremation event was evident in the area surrounding these pits, which seems to correspond with the ethnographic and ethnohistorical descriptions of covering all traces of ,the cremation event from the immediate area. Additionally, with the possible exception of one. feature (Feature 23, consisting of what appears to be a discrete area of hearth refuse), no evidence of residential activities was identified in subsurface contexts within the site area, suggesting that the area was indeed a dedicated cemetery, or tulwenive or niskieweniva, "where they burnt the bodies" (Strong 1929:84). As noted above, ethnographic and ethnohistorical accounts suggest that once the body had been consumed fully by fire that all of the coals, ashes, remains, and other trace evidence of the cremation were scraped into the pit underlying the pyre, and the pit and its contents were buried and the ground surface leveled, leaving no surfrcial evidence of the cremation event or the location of the pit containing the remains. If this is the case, then one would expect that the contents of these pits would be a rather haphazard, jumbled collection of burned/calcined human remains intermixed with charcoal and burned cultural materials. Wallace's quote regarding Cahuilla cremations states that the "calcined bones and ashes of the cremated body were not separated from the debris of the funeral pyre" (Wallace 1990). While this appears to accurately describe many of the primary cremation features excavated at CA-RIV 5211/H, it does not hold true in every case. Within several of the primary cremation features, the.contents of the pit evinced what appeared to be deliberate vertical stratification. In Other words, the human remains and remnants of the cremation pyre did not appear to be randomly scraped together and dumped' into the pit. In Feature 86, the cremated remains of a child were separated from the charcoal and other remains, and placed into a ceramic bowl at the bottom of the intrusive pit. The majority of the artifacts recovered from this feature were also found at the base of the pit surrounding the bowl containing the remains of the child. Similarly, most of the skeletal remains and artifacts found within Feature 2 were found at the base of the pit underlying a layer of burned mesquite logs. Occasionally, whole or "killed" pots were placed at the bottom of the pit (e.g., Features 2 and 98). In Feature 56, most of the skeletal remains were found covered by a layer of ceramic vessel sherds. im Feature 41 may be the best example of a pit evincing vertical stratification of its contents. Within this feature, the base of the pit was lined by a layer of grass matting, which was then covered by remnants of woven netting material. The human remains, much of which were found articulated or semi -articulated (i.e., incompletely combusted), and appeared to represent a body lying in a flexed, prone position with the head oriented to the north, were found lying on top of the netting. The remains were then covered by a broken ceramic vessel, which in turn was capped by a layer of burned mesquite logs. Most of the other artifacts found within this feature were also found beneath the layer of burned logs. Features 10 and 18 also contained incompletely combusted, articulated and/or semi -articulated human remains. In particular, Feature 10 appeared to contain an individual lying on his right side in a flexed position. The fact that these features contained the remains of individuals that were incompletely combusted appears contrary to the many ethnographic and ethnohistorical accounts of cremations being tended to and stirred for as long as 12 hours to ensure that the body was completely consumed by fire (see Bean and Toenjes, Appendix C). With regards to the cremation pits themselves containing the primary cremations at CA-RIV- 5211/H, in,several cases these pits were not simply holes excavated into the ground and filled with fuel, but appeared to have been "prepared" in some manner prior to being filled with the remains of the cremation. Pit preparations included occasionally lining the bottom and sides of the pit with broken ceramic vessel fragments (e.g., Features 8, 56, and 98). In other cases, the bottom of the pit was found lined with a layer of charred grasses or grass matting (e.g., Features 4 and 41). Feature 2 appeared to contain layers of fuel wood placed purposely in criss-cross fashion within the pit. In all cases where the fuel wood was identified, the fuel consisted of mesquite (Prosopis sp.). Once the pit had been filled with the cremated remains and the remains of the cremation pyre, ethnographic and ethnohistorical accounts in some cases describe the placement of a pot on top of the remains within the pit that was then smashed (or "killed") prior to filling and covering the pit, signaling the end of the cremation event (Lando and Modesto 1977). In Feature 6, pottery already broken appears to have been placed over the contents of the pit prior to backfilling or capping of the pit. Whole ceramic vessels, vessels broken intentionally, and vessels that appear to have been broken by the weight of the sediments capping the feature, were found overlying the contents of the pit at several features (e.g., Features 10, 63, 86, and 98). The vessel within Feature 63 was found to contain a ceremonial "offering" of maize kernels. Cordage and netting were found within several of the primary cremation features excavated (Features 10, 18, and 41). In Feature 10, fragments of netting were found atop portions of the sacrum. In Feature 41, articulated and semi -articulated cremated human remains were found overlying fragments of netting. According to Curtis (1926), "after the corpse had been washed and dressed, the chief's assistant, tahga, or paha', placed it in a carrying -net and took it to the burning -ground." Conceivably, the netting and cordage found within the Features at CA-RIV- 5211/H could be remnants of the materials used to transport the body to the cremation site. These same materials could also have served to prevent the body from writhing during the cremation process. A vast array of flaked and ground stone artifacts, pottery, bone tools, and shell ornaments were found within the primary cremations at CA-RIV-5211/H. In some cases, ground stone artifacts, particularly long double -ended schist pestles with ochre residue, appear to have been "killed" 441 before being placed within the cremation (e.g., Features 4 and 18). Many of the flaked stone tools found with the deceased show attrition from daily use wear, and probably represent the personal possessions of the deceased. However, some features contained collections of pristine projectile points that appear to have never been used; these items are assumed to represent gifts given to the deceased at the time of cremation. Similarly, several features contained copius amounts of shell beads, suggesting 4 person of high social status. According to CSRI (1995), "Nets, pul and other ceremonial, administrative persons, people of wealth, e.g., fine craftsmen and women, and members of their families would have received extraordinary contributions to honor them after death, and to guarantee a comfortable life in Telmkis." It should also be noted that where the sex of the cremated individual could be determined, the artifacts found with several of the individuals were not gender specific. Some males were found with utilitarian ground stone artifacts, while some females were found with projectile points. Almost all of the primary cremations excavated at CA-RIV 5211/H also contained canid remains, or canid-sized carnivore remains that are assumed to be canid. Canid cremations/burials, without human remains, were also found on site. Although there is no mention of the ritualistic killing and burning of the deceased's pets in Cahuilla cremation accounts, in E. A. Burbank's 1946 description of a Mojave cremation, he notes that "All of the deceased's possessions, including his dogs and cats which had been killed, were placed on the fire." The canid remains encountered within the primary cremations at CA-RIV-5211/H could easily be construed as part of the ritualistic destruction of the deceased's personal property. 16.1.2 Secondary Cremations Seven features excavated at CA-RIV 5211/H are classified as secondary cremations due to the lack of oxidized sediments surrounding the feature deposits, suggesting that these individuals were cremated elsewhere, and re -interred at CA-RIV 5211/H. Four of these secondary cremation deposits (Features 7, 33, 58, and 95) were found within pits; ,three (Features 28, 35, and 87) appeared as discrete lenses of charcoal and burned wood, and calcined human remains ranging from 10 to 20 cm thick. Of these latter three, Features 35 and 87 also contained artifacts. In most respects, with the exception of the lack of oxidized sediments, the secondary cremations found within intrusive pits basically exhibit all the same characteristics of the primary cremations identified at the site. All contained cultural materials (mostly burned) of some type or another, Features 7 and 33 contained rather extensive collections of various types of stone, bone, ceramic, and/or shell artifacts, and in the case of Feature 33, several types of textiles. In addition to other artifacts, a "killed" pestle was found in Feature 95. Large pieces of carbonized logs were found within Feature 7, and ceramic sherds were found lining portions of the sides and base of the Feature 33 pit. Of the secondary "cremation deposits not within pits, but represented by discrete lenses of charred/burned materials, few artifacts were found in association. Feature 35 contained a comparatively modest amount of cultural materials (primarily burned ground stone artifacts, ceramic sherds, and one fragment of a pointed bone tool). Feature 87 contained only a single fetish- or effigy -like steatite pendant. No cultural materials were found associated with Feature 28. It is of interest that no references "regarding secondary cremation burials are found within the ethnographic and ethnohistorical literature pertaining to Cahuilla mortuary practices consulted 442 for this project. Additionally, no mention of features interpreted as secondary cremation burials could be found in the reports of archaeological investigations conducted in the Coachella Valley, or elsewhere with traditional Cahuilla territory. As noted above, these features at CA-RIV 5211/H were interpreted as secondary cremations based solely on the fact that these features are not associated with oxidized sediments. Could these features actually represent "gathered" and "ungathered" primary cremations? Could the lack of oxidized sediments be due to other factors not being considered such as environmental conditions (e.g., damp, wet, or saturated ground, high winds or humidity), duration of the cremation event, or intensity of the cremation fire itself? Could the pits have been filled with the remains of primary cremations after the fuel wood and other remains were allowed to cool? These and other factors (e.g., type, quantity, and physical aspects of skeletal elements present) should be considered before pigeon -holing these features into a "secondary" cremation category. Examining the weight of cremated remains can sometimes help distinguish between primary versus secondary cremation features. In general, bone fragments are often lost during the transfer from the original burial location to the final resting place. At CA-RIV- 5211/H, the weight of bone from primary cremation features averaged 672 g, while bone from secondary cremation features averaged 201 g, which suggests that these are indeed true secondary cremation features. 16.1.3 Primary Bum Pits Fifty-three of the features excavated at CA-RIV-5211/H are characterized as primary burn pits. These features are either roughly circular or oval in plan, and range variously from approximately 40 to 110 cm in diameter, and 8 to 87 cm in depth. However, as noted elsewhere, feature size and depth (as well as content) may well result from the extent of damage caused by heavy machinery during mass grading activities. These pit features all share three characteristics: they all lack human remains; they all contain abundant charcoal; and they are all surrounded (and occasionally capped) by oxidized sediments, indicating that they represent primary, or in situ, burn events. Apart from these similarities, feature content varied significantly. Seventeen of these features did not yield any cultural materials of any kind, and appear to represent simple pit fires. An additional 28 of these features contained only a very few artifacts (e.g., a few debitage items and/or few ceramic sherds, an occasional ground stone fragment, isolated pieces of fire -altered rock, or a few unburned/unmodified small mammal bones); artifact types that might be expected as a "background noise" of materials scattered randomly throughout the site area. Additionally, it should be noted that many of the items found within this latter group of features are not burned to any degree, and in several cases were found within krotovina disturbance, or were recovered from the charcoal -poor sediments within the upper portions of these features that were found to overlie the denser concentrations of charcoal, and that many archaeological excavators suggested represented sediments that were thrown into the pit to extinguish the fire. Thus, it would appear that most of the artifacts recovered from this latter group of features are casual intrusions and not directly related to feature function, and that these features also functioned as simple pit fires. Whether these pit fires are associated with some ceremonial activity cannot be determined from the archaeological evidence. However, CA-RIV- 5211/H served as cemetery site with subsequent bumings of the deceased's possessions; thus, it is likely that the hearth features identified in the area may be associated with these ceremonial events. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts suggest that the cremation event took place 443 over the course of 12 hours or more, and therefore it is likely that hearths would have been used during the cremation event (Strong 1929). On the other hand, seven primary burn pits (Features 9, 12, 16, 19, 21, 27, and 30) yielded rather extensive artifact assemblages that appear to have been gathered together and burned intentionally. These features very likely represent one aspect of the mortuary custom hemtcastanwen„the second mortuary event which took place the morning after death or soon thereafter, that in addition to burning the deceased's house, also involved the ritual destruction and burning of the deceased's personal possessions. This ceremony appears to have been conducted for several reasons; to prevent. the deceased's spirit from returning to his place of habitation and earthly. possessions (i.e., hauntings); to allay the grief and sadness of the deceased's relatives and friends resulting from being constantly reminded of the deceased by the presence of his house and/or personal possessions; and to prevent the spread of sickness and disease. If these features do in fact -represent the hemtcastanwen, considering the physical similarities of these features and the pit features found to contain the primary cremations, it would appear that this ceremony. was conducted in a manner very similar to cremations, involving burning the deceased's personal possessions on a pyre above an excavated pit filled with fuel, and following the ceremonial burning, scraping all the remains into the pit and obscuring all traceevidence of the event. Cultural materials encountered within five of the features noted above include various utilitarian flaked stone artifacts (including cores, early stage bifaces, projectile point performs, and broken, utilized, and/or reworked tools), utilitarian ground stone artifacts, shell and bone beads, broken ceramic vessels, modified bone artifacts, and unmodified faunal remains .(including canid remains) that can be presumed to represent personal possessions of the deceased. However, in addition to many of the artifact types noted above, Features 16 and 30 contained multiple pristine arrow points (14 and 10, respectively) that Harro suggests represent gifts to the deceased based on their unused condition (see Chapter 9). There is some evidence in the ethnographic and edmohistorical literature concerning the hemtcastanwen regarding relatives or friends of the deceased making contributions of gifts to be burned and destroyed along with the deceased's personal possessions (Bean and.Toenjes, pp. 47, 51, Appendix Q. 16.1.4 Secondary Burn Pits Eleven features excavated at CA-RIV-5211/H are characterized as secondary burn pits. These features are also either oval or circular in plan; dimensions of the oval pits range from 25 by 10 cm to 86 by 62 cm, while dimensions of the circular pits range from 55 to 80 cm in diameter. Depths of these features range from 10 to 33 cm (although size and depth may be a factor of the extent of mechanical disturbance). All of these pit features contain flecks and/or chunks of charcoal and charcoal -stained soil, and in one case (Feature 65), upper and basal layers of charcoal separated by a layer of charcoal - flecked, sandy sediments. Two of the features (Features 37 and 39) also contained patches of oxidized sediments. However, none of these pit features were surrounded by oxidized sediments, suggesting that the charcoal and/or oxidized sediments contained within these pit features are not the result of an in situ burn event, but are in secondary or redeposited contexts. No cultural materials whatsoever were recovered from five of these pit features. Three of the features were found to contain one piece of debitage and/or one ceramic sherd, and one feature 444 yielded three debitage items and seven sherds. It is probable that the cultural materials found within these nine features represent background noise of cultural debris scattered throughout the site area, and are intrusive. In addition to one ceramic sherd, it is of interest that a fragmented, burned bighorn sheep tooth was recovered from within Feature 51. Only three other features identified at the site were found to contain skeletal elements of this species, suggesting that it is unlikely that this tooth is part of a background noise of cultural materials and is intrusive. Feature 17 yielded the largest collection of cultural materials; 44 ceramic sherds that appear to derive from two different vessels, seven calcined bone fragments (possibly camd), and one piece of lithic debitage. Lithic debitage, ceramic sherds, ground stone fragments, and one calcined human tooth (an unerupted premolar from a child, 8-9 years of age) were also recovered from the sediments immediately surrounding this pit feature; however, it could not be determined if these latter items originated from within the pit feature itself and were "smeared" during mechanical grading activities, or whether the intrusive pit was excavated into sediments containing artifacts from a previous period of site use. The question that remains is what type of activity or function do these features represent? Could the pits containing little more than charcoal and oxidized sediments simply represent the disposal of hearth refuse? Could these pits have been filled with hot coals and utilized for the heat treatment of lithic materials that were then removed after the treatment process? These explanations would seem more plausible if CA-RIV-5211/H was a residential site instead of what appears to be a dedicated cemetery. Or could these features simply be the result of charcoal being redeposited by rain or flash floods and settling into natural depressions? Or could the pits containing little more than charcoal be associated with the nukil ceremony, and could the charcoal within these pits be the burned remains of images? According to Strong (1929:85), the images burned during the nukil ceremony may have been dressed in skins and adorned with ornaments and other accoutrements, but these items were usually taken off the images prior to the actual burning. And from all descriptions, the images themselves were constructed of highly flammable vegetal materials that would probably leave little evidence other than charcoal and other burned organic residue after being burned. Lena Lugo Martinez of the Cahuilla Reservation remembers dancing with the images, or "dolls," at a nukil ceremony, and describes the images as being burned in a long trench, and then buried. However, she also recalls that sometime after being burned and buried, the remains of the images would be dug up and reburied in the cemetery. Could these features then represent the reburial of images that were burned elsewhere? Could the burned bighorn sheep tooth recovered from Feature 51 have been an ornament or some other type of image constituent? On the other hand, Feature 17 stands out in contrast from the other secondary burn pits by containing the fragmented remains of what appear to be two ceramic vessels, and fragments of calcined bone that may be canid. Additional ceramic sherds, ground stone fragments, as well as a calcined human tooth that may or may have not originated from the feature were found in the sediments immediately surrounding the pit. If this feature was severely impacted during grading activities and these latter items did originate from within the feature, then in many respects, it is more similar to the "secondary cremation" features identified than the secondary burn pit features described above. However, it seems highly unlikely that any mechanized disturbance could have resulted in the removal of all human remains with the exception of a single tooth. 445 Alternatively, , it is conceivable that the debitage, ceramics, and ground stone fragments found surrounding Feature 17 did not originate from the feature itself, and the pit feature was excavated into sediments containing artifacts from a previous period of site use. Perhaps the fragments of calcined mammal (canid?) bone found within the feature are the key to the feature's function, and the feature represents a re -interred ("secondary') dog cremation that was buried with pottery. Perhaps the paucity of faunal remains within the feature is the result of disturbance that occurred prehistorically, either by cultural and/or natural (i.e., erosional) processes. 16.1.5 Canid Cremations/Burials As described in Chapter 8, one pit feature identified at CA-RIV-5211/H (Feature 62) yielded burned canid remains in association with other artifacts, and has been categorized as a canid cremation. Two additional features identified at the site (Features 54 and 85a) consist of unburned inhumations of domestic dogs. Of these latter two features, only Feature 85a was found contained within an intrusive pit. The canid cremation, Feature 62, was identified at a depth of approximately 40 cm bgs within an oval -shaped intrusive pit, measuring 110 by 95 cm in plan, and 42 cm in depth. The pit was surrounded by oxidized sediments indicating that the feature represents an in situ burn event. Chunks of charcoal, one carbonized log identified as honey mesquite (Prosopis sp.), and burned and/or.calcined skeletal remains (including 10 teeth fragments) of a subadult canid were found scattered throughout the pit fill. Charcoal recovered from the feature yielded a radiocarbon age determination of Cal A.D. 1460 (Beta-242260). Cultural materials found with the canid remains include two complete Desert Side -notched arrow points of obsidian with denticulate blade margins. It is of interest, however, that the projectiles show no evidence of thermal alteration. Other cultural materials include three small ceramic vessel fragments that also show no evidence of thermal alteration, and that likely represent intrusive items that may have been introduced by krotovina activity (as indicated by an eroded shotgun shell that was also found within the feature). Feature 54 consists of the articulated and semi -articulated remains of a domestic dog between one to two years of age. The remains were found at a depth of approximately 43 cm bgs, and encompassed an area measuring 40 by 39 cm, by 15 cm in depth. The animal was lying on its right side, with the head oriented to the south, facing east. However, the remains did not appear to be contained within a pit (at least one that could be discerned during excavation). Although flecks of charcoal were present within the sediment matrix surrounding the bones, the bones are clearly not burned or thermally -altered in any manner, and the surrounding sediments showed no evidence of an in situ bum event. Only two small ceramic vessel fragments and one debitage item were recovered from the sediments surrounding the remains. Feature 85a also consists of the articulated and semi -articulated, unburned remains of a domestic dog. Dental characteristics indicate the animal was more than seven months but less than a year old at the time of death. This dog was encountered at a depth of approximately 102 cm bgs within an intrusive pit 60 to 70 cm in diameter, and 10 cm deep. The animal was lying on its left side in a semi -flexed position, with the head oriented to the north and, like Feature 54, facing east. Only one small ceramic vessel sherd (likely intrusive) was recovered from the sediments surrounding the remains within the intrusive pit. CM According to Bean and Toenjes (see Appendix C), dogs have been close allies to the Cahuilla people, functioning as domestic pets, guardians, and friends; from the beginning, dogs were appointed by Mukat to sleep outside and act as watchmen. In 1918, a native informant related to 1 ethnographer and student of " Lucile Hooper, a Cahuilla a Kroeber, that "Dogs not talk but the P � � P B � Y understand everything that is said. They have a. soul just as we have" (Hooper 1920). Dogs also are accounted for in sacred Cahuilla creation and migration stories. In 1918, Hooper's native informant also noted that "When the people left Mukat's house and came into this valley, there was one dog with them; his name was Hakliswakwish. The people on the Martinez Reservation still name their dogs after that first dog" (Hooper 1920). According to Francisco Patencio (1943), a dog named No cot me ma halis (which means the dog that was looking for the First People who were created) also figures in of the migration stories of the Kauisik Cahuilla as a traveling companion of Aswitsei (eagle flower), a mythical ancestor of the Wakwaikiktum, Sasanakiktum, and Sewahilem clans of Cahuilla Indians. With regards to dogs being used a food resource by the Cahuillas, Kroeber (1941) noted that dogs were reported eaten "by the Pass, Desert, and perhaps Mountain Cahuilla..." However, Bean and Toenjes add a footnote to this statement: "Since there are also numerous denials as to the use of dogs for food among the Cahuilla, it is possible that dogs were eaten only as a last resort in times of severe food shortage" (Appendix C:Footnote 109). Regarding the canid/dog remains found in three features noted above, there is no physical evidence to indicate that these animals were used as food. In fact, for all intents and purposes, Feature 62 exhibits the same physical characteristics of the primary human cremation burials identified at CA-RIV-5211/H. In other words, at the time of its death the canid in this feature was afforded the same or similar mortuary rites as the native inhabitants, namely cremation along with the inclusion of two projectiles as gifts (although the unburned condition of these two projectiles would suggest that these were added post -cremation). Perhaps the cremation of this canid and the inclusion of gifts signify that this animal was a favored or valued pet. On the other hand, Features 54 and 85a appear to represent simple dog burials. While the dog within Feature 85a appears to have been buried intentionally within a pit, no pit was evident surrounding the dog in Feature 54. However, it seems unlikely that the Feature 54 dog was buried over time by natural depositional processes; surely any dead animal exposed on the ground surface for any length of time would have been tom apart and scattered by scavengers. Therefore, it seems likely that the Feature 54 dog was also buried intentionally within a pit that, for some reason, was not evident at the time of excavation, or was simply not discerned by the excavator.. Perhaps the fact that these animals were simply buried and not afforded more traditional mortuary rites suggests that these animals were more feral, and lacking any "official" owners. However, it is of interest that both dogs were buried facing east. According to Bean (1972), Tilmekish (or Telmkis), the land of the tewlavilem (spirits of the dead) and the nukatem (the spiritual precursors of human beings created by Mukat and Temayawut) who were no longer on earth, lay to the east of Cahuilla territory. Whether the dogs were buried intentionally facing east towards Tilmekish, or whether this is a fortuitous occurrence, cannot be determined without examining a larger population of dog burials. However, whether cremated or not, the fact remains that the animals within Features 54, 62, and 85a were found within a dedicated cemetery, suggesting that these animals in particular, or maybe dogs in general, were valued by and important to the native inhabitants. The importance 447 of dogs to the local prehistoric population seems confirmed by the presence of canid remains within many of the primary human cremation features identified at CA-RIV-5211/H. As noted elsewhere, the canid remains encountered within these features could easily be construed as part of the ritualistic destruction of the deceased's personal property. 16.1.6 Miscellaneous Features Miscellaneous features identified at CA-RIV-52I I/H include Feature 14/42 and Feature 23. As noted in Chapter 8.7.1, Feature 14/42 represents either a highly disturbed primary cremation or a secondary cremation of a child/adolescent 10 to 15 years of age (sex of the individual could not be determined). Pertinent aspects of the primary and secondary human cremation features identified at the site were discussed above, and will not be reiterated here. Feature 23, described in Chapter 8.7.2 and consisting of a thin (5-10 cm thick) layer of ash and charcoal -laden sediments intermixed with fire -altered rock and other cultural materials (both burned and unburned) encompassing approximately 33 m2, is an area that appears to represent multiple episodes of hearth refuse disposal. The complete lack of burned or oxidized sediments surrounding or underlying the hearth refuse indicates that these burned materials originated elsewhere, and'were subsequently dumped at this location. In this regard, it is of interest that the vast majority of primary burn pits identified at the site occur within an approximate 30 to 50 in radius of Feature 23 (see Figure 8-1). A charcoal sample from Feature 23 was dated radiometrically to Cal A.D. 1450 (Beta-242256). Cultural materials encountered within Feature 23 include the only two hammer stones recovered from feature contexts at the site (one of which is burned), one unburned proximal section of a Desert Side -notched avow point, one unburned, exhausted bifacial core, and 10 utilitarian ground stone artifacts (one complete and nine fragmentary specimens), nine of which are burned. Most of these artifacts appear to consist of unusable items that were discarded due to breakage or exhaustion, or broken, artifacts that may have been recycled as hearth stones. Four ceramic vessel sherds and five burned faunal specimens (one lagomorph femur, three large mammal bone fragments, and one unidentified) were also recovered from the feature sediments. With possibly one exception (Feature 74; see Chapter 8.5.36), Feature 23 is the only feature identified within the site area that appears to contain evidence of more mundane, domestic. activities suggestive of residential, rather than ceremonial, use of the site area. However, as noted elsewhere in this report, no evidence of residential use of the site was identified in subsurface contexts, suggesting that the Feature 23 refuse may in fact have originated from some of the many primary burn pits located in close proximity. Over half of the primary burn pits (28 of 53) yielded small quantities of cultural materials such as those found in Feature 23 (see Chapter 16.1.3), which adds credence to the interpretation that Feature 23 is an amalgamation of refuse from the primary burn pits. If this is indeed the case, then Feature 23 is also likely the result of ceremonial use of the site area rather than residential use. 16.2 RESEARCH TOPICS Research issues that are relevent to the Project area were discussed in Chapter 4, including settlement systems, technology, trade and exchange, subsistence, and mortuary patterns Each of these topics is examined below using data from CA-RIV 5211/H. 448 16.2.1 Settlement Systems and Land -Use Strategies The prehistoric occupants of the southwestern shoreline of Lake Cahuilla developed a specialized subsistence and settlement system that was adapted to changing environmental conditions. The most significant event of change was marked by the infilling and stabilization of Lake Cahuilla along the high shoreline (42 ft amsl), followed by the gradual evaporation, recession, and final desiccation of Lake Cahuilla. Within this radically changing environment, the Native American peoples. developed strategies and techniques to maximize their efforts at lacustrine resource exploitation. In the Coachella Valley, large, complex residential sites reflective of semi -permanent camps or villages are found equipped with residential architecture (rock -lined structural foundations), fire hearths, well -developed middens, and a number of activity loci. These villages/camps may have been occupied year round or for several seasons in order to exploit all of the available resources. Occupants may have spent time at other residential sites in the area, perhaps traveling up the Santa Rosa Mountains to take advantage of the acorn harvest and other high -elevation resources. A principal focus of village layout was the sacred house or dance house. This was the site of the most important ceremony in Cahuilla life, the mourning ceremony. The cremation ceremony was either carried out in habitation areas, and sometimes in organized cemeteries located a greater distance from the center of the village. Small special use sites, located in the vicinity of the residential sites, included satellite work areas where tools were produced for the processing of vegetal and meat foodstuffs, and materials, such as vegetation for basketry, were gathered. Stone fish traps were constructed along the high stand contour and recessional shorelines of Lake Cahuilla. As the lake began to recede and aquatic vegetation and fish populations declined, Native American peoples adapted. At lower elevations, 95 to 132 ft bmsl, moderate -sized temporary camps gave way to the. preponderance of smaller, discrete recessional shoreline fish camps. Extensive trail networks connected these various site types together. The most extensive was the Cocomaricopa trail, which ran from the eastern Colorado Desert to the Coachella Valley. Large cemetery sites such as CA-RIV-5211/H and CA-RIV-368 cluster around the Cocomaricopa trail, which passes through the Cahuilla village of Mauulmii (Toro) (roughly 0.5 mi south of CA-RIV- 5211/H) and continues to the north-northwest through the village ofKavinish (Indian Wells) and onward. As noted above, cremation areas were often located at a distance from the village. Given the close proximity of CA-RIV-5211/H and the historically -known community of Mauulmii, it is possible that the community that occupied the Mauulmii area in prehistoric times utilized the grounds at CA-RIV-5211/H as the place to conduct cremation and other associated mortuary rituals until historic times, when a cemetery was established within the village. It is unknown as to why the specific location for the cemetery at CA-RIV-5211/H was selected beyond its proximity to the village and the Cocomaricopa trail. As noted in Chapter 3, settlement in the Mauulmii region was largely based on both the availability of spring or well water and the presence of mesquite woodland. The' springs at Mauulmii were located adjacent to the drainage that exited Toro Canyon. Nineteenth-century settlement patterns indicate that exploitation of the mesquite bosque that existed within the former inundation zone of ancient Lake Cahuilla and within the artesian well and spring zone in the southern Coachella Valley permitted an unusually high density of settlement and population in comparison to other areas of interior southern California. 449 Archaeological and geologic evidence at CA-RIV-5211/H suggest repeated reuse of a cemetery site both before and after high stands of Lake Cahuilla. Based on absolute radiocarbon dates, it appears Phase III (A.D. 1458-1516) was the most intense period of site use at CA-RIV-5211/H (6 radiocarbon dated features). All other phases contained 2-3 radiocarbon dated features/deposits. Native oral historical testimony supports the notion that such village territories were recognized and were linked to specific, long-standing patrilineal clans which belonged to either the wildcat or coyote moiety. According to Gifford (1918), these clans were territorial and occupied a bounded and definable resource territory over which the group could exercise special rights. However, there are conflicting accounts between Strong and Gifford as to which clans resided at Maualmii (see Chapter 3.3.2). Gifford (1918:90-91) identified three clans that occupied the village; the Wakwaikiktum (Wildcat), the Tamolanitcem (Wildcat), and the Sewalakiktum (Coyote). Strong (1929:52) also identifies three clans —the Wakaikiktum (Wildcat), the Kauisiktum (Wildcat) or Panakauissiktum (Wildcat?), and the Sewahilem (Coyote) —but acknowledges that that Gifford's Wakwaikiktum and his Wakaikikium .were equivalent clan designations, as were the Sawalakiktum and Strong's Sewahilem were variants of the same clan name. Based on accounts from informants and ethnohistoric documents; the Sewahilem the Wakaikiktum and the Kauisiktum were settled at the village in the late eighteenth century (Gifford 1918:190; Strong 1929:52). However, Alejo Patencio, chief of the Kauisiktum clan at Palm Springs, stated that no part of his clan had ever lived at Maualmii. He indicated that the clan living at Toro (Maualmii) was the Pan"akauissiktum (Water Fox), whose members "had been dead a long time" (Strong 1929:52). Strong believed that the.Panakauissiktum were the first group to live at Maualmii and dug the well there. As for the Tamolanitcem, there is some question as to whether this clan ever resided at Maualmii (Gifford 1918:190; Kroeber 1925:706; Strong 1929). It is possible that the individuals that utilized the cemetery at CA-RIV-5211/H were associated with the Pailakauissiktum clan; however, the edmohistoric accounts cannot conclusively demonstrate that they inhabited the area at the time the cemetery was in use. Further, ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts have demonstrated that there was significant movement of clans between the various settlements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Thus, a direct association of specific resident clan groups with the group(s) that utilized the cemetery at CA-RIV-5211/H cannot be determined. 16.2.2 Technology Technology is one of the most direct links between populations and their environment, reflecting systems for extracting and processing resources, and for coping with environmental conditions such as climate and availability of biotic and abiotic resources, but it may also reflect cultural associations among populations that result in exchange of materials and ideas. The technological data recovered from the mortuary contexts at CA-RIV-5211/H offers a unique perspective into the reahn of technology that may not necessarily be observed as residential sites or procurement areas, such as complete tool kits that were burned as part of the hemtcastanwen. Many of the objects recovered from the mortuary features were finished objects that were either in pristine condition —for instance, the many Desert Side -notched points recovered from the features —or were "killed" during the destruction of the deceased's possessions. Work stations and production areas were generally lacking at CA-RIV-5211/H, with the exception of Feature 74, which contained more than a third of all debitage from the site (37.4 percent). Obsidian composes the majority of the debitage from this feature, and it is believed that the debris was created by someone knapping an obsidian tool in close proximity to this feature. The only tool 450 from Feature 74 is an obsidian biface production reject that exhibits no thermal alteration. The few flakes recovered from other features are likely due to mixing associated with modem agricultural activities and bioturbation rather than due to intentional interment. Although the sparse amounts of debitage recovered from most features are believed to be intrusive, its presence suggests that that some minor tool resharpening was occurring either as people passed through the area or during the various mortuary events at CA-RIV-5211/H. Several features yielded a functionally diverse assemblage of used flaked stone tools, as well as production rejects and debitage which is consistent with quotidian toolkits that were once personal belongings. As noted above, the majority of the projectile points recovered from the mortuary features were in pristine condition and may have been personal possessions of the deceased or gifts. A total of 117 complete or fragmentary projectile points was recovered from 23 features excavated at CA- RIV-5211/H, including 11 primary cremation features, three secondary cremation features, seven primary bum pits, one primary dog cremation, and one feature that appears to be an area containing the "clean -out" refuse from multiple hearths. Of the complete and fragmentary projectile points recovered, 109 specimens conform to temporally diagnostic projectile point types defined previously for prehistoric and ethnohistoric archeological deposits found throughout much of the American West, including Desert Side -notched (n = 103), Cottonwood Triangular (n = 5), and Elko Comer -notched (n = 1); the remaining projectile points were not assignable to type.. The Desert Side -notched arrow points (Sierra variant) date between A.D. 1300 and A.D. 1900, while the Cottonwood Triangular arrow points appeared slightly earlier in prehistory (ca. A.D. 900 ) and persisted into the historic era. Elko Comer -notched dart point types range in age between 1500 B.C. and A.D. 700; however, because no Archaic period cultural deposits were identified at CA-RIV-5211/1-1, the single Elko Comer -notched specimen was likely a personal possession of the deceased that was scavenged from a pre-existing deposit located elsewhere. Many of the tools from CA-RIV-5211/14 were manufactured from locally - available materials. However, some artifacts, such as two tools of obsidian that may be from a source in northwestern Mexico, and a knife of Monterey chert derived from the coastal ranges, were brought in or traded either as raw materials or finished tools from distant sources. Numerous utilitarian ground stone artifacts such as manos, milling slabs, metates, pestles, abraders, and polished pebbles were recovered from mortuary features at CA-RIV-5211/H. Many of these items appear to have been broken intentionally (or "killed"), while others were fractured by the intense heat of the fire; all exhibited use wear and were likely personal possessions rather the gifts. The types of ground stone artifacts observed at CA-RIV-5211/H are consistent with those recovered from habitation sites in the Coachella Valley; all were manufactured from lithic materials locally available. It is of interest that although several long, thin, double -ended schist pestles were recovered from the mortuary features at CA-RIV-5211/H, no stone mortars or fragments of stone mortars are. represented in the sample. This is not surprising considering that all of these pestles evince wear patterns indicative of use in wooden mortars. Mesquite pods were often processed with a wooden mortar and pestle (Moratto 2004:419). Additionally, all of the schist pestles recovered from the mortuary features were "killed" prior to their placement within the features; several also exhibit red ochre residue along the shaft. Thirty-seven artifacts recovered from Feature 9, a primary burn pit, appear to represent the constituents of a hunter's tool kit. These items include eight early -stage bifaces (6 burned), three burned flake tools, one burned multifacial core (all CCS), 15 flakes, three burned pumice 451 abraders, two burned sandstone abraders, one complete, burned, grooved arrow shaft straightener of steatite, three burned bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) scapula knives, and the burned proximal end (or burr) of a mule deer or elk antler that was used as a handle. This entire suite of artifacts was clustered tightly together in the feature. This feature likely represents one aspect of the hemtcastanwen, the burning of the deceased's possessions. _ The shell beads and ornaments from CA-RIV 5211/H were manufactured from Olivella sp. as well as Haliods sp., Conus sp. and clam shell (unidentifiable). No evidence of shell bead/omament manufacture was identified at the site, suggesting that these beads were likely manufactured and brought or traded in from coastal regions. Five different types of Olivella shell beads were identified in the sample. Of the beads recovered, cup beads are most numerous, followed by cylinder beads, thin -lipped beads, wall disc beads, and spire -removed beads. Cup beads were used in the Santa Barbara Channel region during most of the Late Period (A.D. 1150-1782). Cylinder beads are a marker type for Phase 2 of the Late Period (AD. 1500-1782). According to King (1990:158), Olivella biplicata cylinder beads could not be differentiated from thin -lipped beads at the beginning of Phase L2a, but by Phase L2b, the two bead types could be distinguished based on differences in diameter and morphology. This suggests that thin -lipped beads recovered from CA-RIV-5211/H were likely manufactured sometime between A.D. 1650 and 1782. The use of spire -removed beads is more widespread throughout prehistory; they were most common within the Santa Barbara Channel region during the late part of the Early Period, the earlier phases of the Middle Period, and throughout the Late Period (King 1990:171). Wall disc beads were fast made in the Middle Period (ca. 600 B.C.), and continued to be used throughout the Late Period (A.D. 1780) (King 1990:181). Cordage, cordage artifacts (bead strings and nets), and cordage textiles were recovered from features at CA-RIV-5211/H. In general, the manufacturing techniques of cordage is relatively consistent throughout the collection The cordage in cords, netting, netted artifacts, and twined cordage fabric is two-ply zzS cordage; most of the fragments are fine cordage or string, not unlike bast fiber, with a few heavier cords of the same composition. The single exception is a somewhat heavier, tighter, ssZ cord of more vascular fiber, which was recovered from one cremation feature; however, this feature also contained the more common type of cordage as well. This ssZ specimen differs in that it is opposite to the rest of the zzS fragments, possibly because it was finger twisted rather than thigh twisted (Mathewson 1985:80). However, the characteristics of the twined remains at CA-RIV 5211/H differ from patterns observed elsewhere in California, and are described in more detail in Section 16.2.3, below. 16.2.3 Exchange and External Relations Many of the artifacts and cultural remains recovered from the mortuary features at CA-RIV- 5211/H were from local sources; however, plant remains, shell beads, exotic toolstone sources, and variations in manufacturing techniques indicate that the people interred at CA-RIV-5211/H had ties beyond their local settlement sphere. Considering the close proximity of the site to the Cocomaricopa Trail, this trail was likely one of the primary transportation routes used for importing and exporting materials to/from the site area. In Section 11.9, Griset notes that the ceramic vessels recovered from mortuary contexts at CA- RIV-5211/H were produced in many areas. Not quite one-third were made locally, half were produced east of the Salton Basin near the Lower Colorado River, while the remainder were made west of the Basin. It is unknown by what mechanism they arrived or whether they were traded in, brought in by their makers, or local residents bought them at their point of origin while traveling to other areas. 452 As previously stated, many of the tools from CA-RIV-5211/H were manufactured from locally - available lithic materials (e.g., granite, schist, Obsidian Butte obsidian, volcanic rocks) —that is materials available within the Coachella and Imperial Valleys, or the mountain and hill ranges bordering these valleys. However, some artifacts, such as two tools of obsidian that may be from a source in northwestern Mexico, and a knife of Monterey chert derived from the coastal ranges, were brought in or traded either as raw materials or finished tools from distant sources. Many of the site's flaked stone artifacts were manufactured from cryptocrystalline silicate materials that likely originated from the Mojave Desert regions or from gravel lag deposits along the Colorado River. The small effigy -like steatite pendant recovered from Feature 87 may be a form of steatite found in the Sierra Pelona formation in the Sierra Pelona Mountains east of Antelope Valley, or from the Cuyamaca area in San Diego County (personal communication, J. Eddy to D. McDougall 2010). The grooved arrow shaft straighteners found within the mortuary features appear to made from a very dark, fine-grained steatite that may be from the Catalina Island. Possible ethnic differences may be observed in cordage manufacturing techniques. Throughout California, cordage was thigh twisted; a roll down the thigh resulted in s-spun fiber, while a roll up the thigh produced z-spun. The ply spin up the thigh made Z-twist cordage. The degree of twist can be characterized as either hard or soft (Osborne and Osborne 1954:1098). Rolling the cordage down then up with two strands will produce ssZ cordage, while rolling up then down will make zzS cord. However, as noted in Section 14.1.5, there appears to be no particular advantage to either technique and therefore the differences are attributed to learning patterns and therefore, possible ethnic markers. The fragments recovered from CA -RN 5211/H are predominantly zzS, and agree with the association of zzS cordage with Takic peoples. . Similarly, variations in twining techniques may also signal ethnic differences. In southern California, the main twined weaves are plain twining and twill twining (see Section 14.1.5 for details), which has been observed ethnographically among both Hokan and Takic groups (Dawson and Deetz 1964:207). Among nearby Western Numic groups, twill twining is used universally. However, Polanich notes that the twisted remains from CA-RIV-5211/H. have affiliations beyond southern California or the Great Basin. The cordage warp and weft, plain twining, and down to -the -right slant of turn in the twining are similar to Catlow twining (Cressman 1942); however, the same array of features has also been observed in Arizona and the southern Joaquin Valley (Gifford and Schenck 1926:102-104; Gurney and Kidder 1921:65-77; Wedel 1941:117), and the same textile type was identified in Great Basin sites, interior California valleys and possibly in Baja California (Baumhoff 1957; Heizer and Krieger 1956:55-57; Massey and Osborne 1961:345). The study of shell beads and shell ornaments can provide useful information with regard to trade relationships among different groups. Beads were important in the socio-economic system and were used as currency and as a means to establish political and social relationships. Although most of the Olivella sp. shell beads recovered from the features at CA-RIV-5211/H are too degraded from the cremation fire to speciate, three species of Olivella shell were identified within the assemblage: Olivella biplicata, O. dama, and O. baetica. Both Olivella biplicata and O. baetica come from the Pacific coast, while O. dama originates in the Gulf of California (McLean 1969; Morris 1966). As noted above, no shell detritus resulting from bead/ornament manufacturing was evident at CA-RIV-5211/H, and thus far, there is no evidence that the Coachella Valley was ever a focus of shell bead or ornament production. However, Laylander (1997) did find evidence of shell bead 453 manufacturing at the Elmore Site (i.e., CA-IMP-6427) further to the south in the Imperial Valley near the southwestern comer of the Salton Sea. The shell detritus at the Elmore Site consisted of species originating from both the Gulf of California as well as from coastal California (Laylander 1997:38). The Channel Islands region, inhabited by the Chumash Indians on the northern islands and the Gabrielino Indians on the southern islands, was a major center of shell bead production (King 1976:292), and it is highly probable that the shell beads manufactured from Pacific coast shell found at CA-RIV-5211/H and elsewhere in the Coachella Valley were produced by the Chumash or Gabrielino, and traded into the area through intermediaries. Strong (1929:95-96) indicates that the Pass Cahuilla obtained their shell beads from the Serrano, who obtained them from the Gabrielino, who in turn obtained them from the inhabitants (or "pipimurum") of Santa Catalina Island. - However, the shell beads derived from Gulf of California species found at CA-RIV- 521l/H (i.e., the shell beads manufactured from Olivella dama) may have been manufactured in the Imperial Valley or by groups further to the south along the northern Gulf coast and traded into the Coachella Valley. Based on these data, it would appear that the people buried at CA- RIV-5211/H were involved with trade networks originating from both the Pacific Coast as well as the Gulf of California. One of the most notable finds from CA-RIV 5211/H were kernels of maize within a small narrow mouth Parker Buff jar recovered from Feature 63 that are radiocarbon dated to A.D. 1600 (Beta- 247692). It appears that this may be earliest evidence of Zea mays (maize) from archaeological contexts in California west of the Colorado River Valley. It should be noted, however, that the presence of kernels does not necessarily indicate that maize was cultivated in the region. So far, the archaeological record for the Coachella Valley seems to support a recent origin for horticulture starting in the eighteenth century or the beginning of the nineteenth century. Francisco Nombre referred to the importation of maize (probably in seed form) from the Colorado River before Spanish Contact. It is possible that the maize kernels recovered at CA- RIV-5211/H were traded in from the eastern Colorado Desert, possibly from the Yuman tribes along the lower Colorado River or the Kamia of the New River region of Imperial County, both of whom practiced flood farming horticulture prehistorically. No ethnic identifiers were noted in the human remains, with the exception of shovel -shaped incisors, which have a "scooped out' appearance of the lingual surface and are common in Native American and East Asian populations. 16.2.4 Subsistence — Subsistence studies help to recreate and understand land -use strategies and settlement systems of past societies. However, because CA-RIV-5211/H is a special -use site (cemetery), patterns of subsistence based on the recovered remains from the mortuary features may not necessarily reflect the subsistence patterns one would observe from archaeological deposits at late prehistoric and protohistoric habitation sites. For instance, the majority of the identifiable unmodified faunal remains recovered from mortuary features were canid; these remains do not appear to have been subsistence related. Rather the dogs and canid remains identified at CA- RIV 5211/H were likely either valued pets or possessions of the deceased. Other faunal remains from the site were recovered in artifact forth (i.e., bone awls, needles, spatulae, knives, handles, rattles, and other tools) and therefore, were not dietary remains.. If food offerings to the deceased were present, or feasting occurred during the mortuary ceremonies that were conducted at CA- RIV 5211/H, the resultant faunal remains from such activities were not easily identified in the 454 sample because of the amount burned human and faunal bone, as well as the sampling strategy , used in this study (>1/4-inch analyzed, see Chapter 10). Floral remains recovered from site features provide limited insight into subsistence of the regional inhabitants of the area during the periods of use at CA-RIV-5211/1-1. Four definitive types of seeds were recovered from the samples and include Atriplex lentiformis (big saltbush), Sesuvium verrucosum cf. (western sea -purslane); Zea mays (maize), and Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (honey mesquite). In addition, three types of wood charcoal were recovered from the samples: Atriplex sp. (saltbush), Prosopis sp. (honey mesquite), and a few pieces that were too small or lacked diagnostic characteristics to identify beyond Dicotyledon (see Chapter 14). Based on the plant remains recovered from CA-RIV-5211/H, Popper notes they provide only a partial view of Late Prehistoric plant use in the Coachella Valley because the samples primarily come from cremation features, and therefore reflect behavior associated with mortuary practices and not the full range of daily plant use. The small amounts of saltbush (Atriplex sp.) charcoal recovered from the site may have come from a species of saltbush that grows on alkaline or saline washes and dry lakes. The Feature 63 ceramic vessel was filled with big saltbush seeds. According to Barrows (1900:65) the Cahuilla ground big saltbush seeds and cooked them with salt and water. The seeds were probably gathered July to September and were then stored in ceramic jars (Ebeling 1986:349). The Feature 63 ceramic vessel also contained a large number of maize kernels (Zea mays). Cahuilla maize cultivation has been recorded in protohistoric and historical contexts (see Chapter 14), however, the maize recovered from CA-RIV-5211/H may be earliest evidence of Zea mays (maize) from archaeological contexts in California west of the Colorado River Valley. As noted above, however, without cobs or stalks, it does not imply that it was being cultivated in the region at that time (ca. A.D. 1600). Schaefer and Laylander (2007:254) note that agriculture did not play a significant role in the Cahuilla economy until after the beginning of the nineteenth century. Seeds that resemble western sea -purslane (Sesuvium verrucosum) were also recovered from the ceramic vessel in Feature 63. Western sea -purslane grows on moist or seasonally dry flats and the edges of saline wetlands, and produce tiny seeds which, according to Wilke (1978:132), can be gathered from May through October. Archaeological studies at Myoma Dunes (Popper 2006; Wilke 1978) suggest that the seeds were an important food for the Desert Cahuilla; however, no California ethnographies report the use of this resource. The predominance of mesquite in the CA-RIV-5211/H features and other nearby sites with cremation features (CA-RIV-7398; Mirro and McDougall 2010) reflects its abundance in the local vegetation and its selection as the preferred fuel for cremations. Mesquite grows on the fringes of lakebeds, sandy alluvial flats, alkali flats, and washes; thickets can be quite pure, with infrequent saltbush shrubs and little groundcover or grassy groundcover (Hickman 1993; Sawyer and Keeler -Wolf 1995). Mesquite bums slowly with very good heat, and the Cahuilla used it for cooking, heating and, firing ceramics (Bean and Saubel 1972; Strike, 1994:118). It. was a very important_ plant for the Cahuilla, providing a large harvest of seed pods ("beans") during the summer months and edible blossoms in April to. June (Barrows 1900; Bean and Saubel 1972; Ebeling 1986). The Cahuilla ate the sugary pods raw or,dried and stored them for future use. Mesquite trees provided other resources such as sap for treating wounds and for making dye U-11 the. Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric periods.. The archaeological data recovered during emergency data recovery excavations has enhanced our understanding of the past lifeways of the early inhabitants of the valley, specifically.. with regard to subsistence, trade, technology, chronology, settlement„ and mortuary. practices. At. the same time, there are many questions that were raised during -the course of this study that suggest avenues of future research. For instance, although children and adolescents were identified within the mortuary features, how does one explain the absence Iof infants in the sample? Were they afforded a different type of burial method, or was there a separate cemetery dedicated to the burial of infants? Is there evidence of declining health in the greater Coachella Valleyy in the Protohistoric Period, and if so, what are the factors that are responsible for this decline?. Introduced diseases? Contaminated water? Are the canids found in mortuary contexts the remains of dogs or coyotes? Is there any association between the types of animals found within mortuary contexts and moiety affiliation (e.g., coyote moiety and dog/canid remains)? .Or could. the dog/canid remains be indicator of clan affiliation (e.g., the Awilem [or. dog] clan, known to have occupied the village of Puichekiva [Martinez] approximately 5.5 miles southeast of CA-RIV 521I/H)? Are there other sites in the Coachella Valley, that also contain dog/canid remains in mortuary contexts, and if so, are these sites contemporaneous with CA-RIV-5211/H? Is the fact that both of the dog burials were facing east towards Telmekish coincidence; or is this a reflection of mortuary customs? When did the inhabitants of the valley start practicing horticulture? When was corn first cultivated in the area? Large ceramic bowls were identified at CA-RIV 5211/H. What was their purpose? Were they designed to hold the remains of the deceased, or were they used to contain food for large groups that were perhaps attending the various mortuary ceremonies? With increased collaboration between researchers and tribal. groups, we can begin to address these questions to help better understand the past lifeways of the Cahuilla. 16A CONCLUDING REMARKS (BY LOWELL BEAN AND JIM TOENJES) Death is a pivotal concept necessary to understand the Cahuilla people over time. It is mandated .by Mukat, the creator, who understands that without death the world would,be so overcrowded that mankind "could not exist, and while his younger brother, Temayawet, insisted that there be no death, Mukat wisely informs him that the planet earth cannot expand to accommodate all the life which would come into existence. There is an underlying understanding of the necessity of an ecological balance with all living things given the environmental potential. And.since,among all, humans are the most powerful, they are the managers, and the most responsible for its care. That responsibility is monitored by the creator and his spiritual beings, the nukatem. That mandate is repeated to Cahuilla people in the creation story which is recounted upon the death of every human being. When the body of a Calruilla was cremated, songs were sung which transferred his soul to the other world where there was no crowding and all Cahuillas could live together in infinity. When a cremation is found or noticed, we are viewing the last ,earthly place in which a Cahuilla resided, the last tangible bit of life's expression. When we seea cremation we are seeing bones. These bones still Have power. ^ They represent'all the philosophy and religion which comprise the Cahuilla world view. What you have read explains why the bones themselves are so precious, dangerous, and sacred, for in them the essence of eva'a is, still present.- ., . �.i 463