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PC Resolution 2020-006 Vehicle Miles Traveled Thresholds PolicyPLANNING COMMISSION RESOLUTION 2020 – 006 A RESOLUTION OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF LA QUINTA, CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING A VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED ANALYSIS POLICY INCLUDING THRESHOLDS OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR PURPOSES OF ANALYZING TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS UNDER THE CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT WHEREAS, the Planning Commission of the City of La Quinta, California did, on the 23RD day of June, 2020, hold a duly noticed Public Hearing to consider the adoption of a Vehicle Miles Traveled Analysis Policy (the “Policy”), attached hereto as Exhibit A, including thresholds of significance for purposes of analyzing transportation impacts under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); and WHEREAS, said Policy has complied with the requirements of "The Rules to Implement the California Environmental Quality Act of 1970" (CEQA) as amended (Resolution 83-63). The Design and Development Department has determined that the proposed Policy adoption is exempt from environmental review pursuant to Sections 15308 (Actions by a Regulatory Agency for Protection of the Environment), 15307 (Actions by Regulatory Agencies for Protection of Natural Resources) and 15061(b)(3) (Review for Exemptions – Common Sense Rule), in that the Policy is compliant with a State mandate (Senate Bill 743) and will be used in a regulatory process that involves procedures for the protection of the environment, will provide the City with project specific transportation information that can be used in the local regulatory process in which protection of the environment is considered and the decision to adopt the new Policy will have no direct impact on the environment as it will inform the analysis of future projects and does not include any activity that would directly impact the environment; and WHEREAS, the Design and Development Department published a public hearing notice in The Desert Sun newspaper on June 12, 2020 as prescribed by the Municipal Code; and WHEREAS, the CEQA Guidelines encourage public agencies to develop and publish generally applicable thresholds of significance to be used in determining the significance of a project’s environmental effects; and WHEREAS, CEQA Guidelines section 15064.7(a) defines a threshold of significance as “an identifiable quantitative, qualitative or performance level Planning Commission Resolution 2020-006 Vehicle Miles Traveled Analysis Policy June 23, 2020 Page 2 of 5 of a particular environmental effect, noncompliance with which means the effect will normally be determined to be significant by the agency and compliance with which means the effect normally will be determined to be less than significant”; and WHEREAS, CEQA Guidelines section 15064.7(b) requires that thresholds of significance must be adopted by ordinance, resolution, rule, or regulations, developed through a public review process, and be supported by substantial evidence; and WHEREAS, pursuant to CEQA Guidelines section 15064.7(c), when adopting thresholds of significance, a public agency may consider thresholds of significance adopted or recommended by other public agencies provided that the decision of the agency is supported by substantial evidence; and WHEREAS, Senate Bill 743, enacted in 2013 and codified in Public Resources Code section 21099, required changes to the CEQA Guidelines regarding the criteria for determining the significance of transportation impacts of projects; and WHEREAS, in 2018, the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) proposed, and the California Natural Resources Agency certified and adopted, new CEQA Guidelines section 15064.3 that identifies vehicle miles traveled (VMT) – meaning the amount and distance of automobile travel attributable to a project – as the most appropriate metric to evaluate a project’s transportation impacts; and WHEREAS, in December of 2018, the OPR issued a technical advisory, entitled “Technical Advisory: On Evaluating Transportation Impacts in CEQA”, that contains technical recommendations regarding the assessment of VMT, thresholds of significance, and mitigation measures, and provides guidance and recommendation to implement the requirements of Public Resources Code section 21099; and WHEREAS, as a result, automobile delay, as measured by level of service and other similar metrics, generally no longer constitutes a significant environmental effect under CEQA; and Planning Commission Resolution 2020-006 Vehicle Miles Traveled Analysis Policy June 23, 2020 Page 3 of 5 WHEREAS, CEQA Guidelines section 15064.3 goes into effect on July 1, 2020, though public agencies could elect to be governed by this section immediately; and WHEREAS, the City of La Quinta, following a public review process consisting of a public hearing before the Planning Commission, wishes to adopt the attached VMT thresholds of significance for determining the significance of transportation impacts under CEQA (Exhibit A), implemented through the City of La Quinta Engineering Bulletin 06-13, Traffic Impact Study Specifications, to provide notice and promulgate CEQA thresholds of significance. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Planning Commission of the City of La Quinta as follows: SECTION 1. The City of La Quinta Planning Commission hereby approves, and adopts and incorporates by reference, the Vehicles Miles Traveled Analysis Policy (“Policy”), attached hereto as Exhibit A, and finds that the policies therein are consistent with the policies of the City’s existing General Plan and the purpose of the City’s Zoning Code (City of La Quinta Municipal Code, Title 9). After reviewing the OPR’s Technical Advisory, the Planning Commission further finds that the Policy is consistent with the recommendations and analysis found therein. SECTION 2. The Policy has been promulgated pursuant to State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.7, formally subject to a public review process, is supported by substantial evidence, and is hereby adopted as the City of La Quinta’s thresholds of significance for traffic and transportation analysis pursuant to CEQA, to be implemented through the City of La Quinta Engineering Bulletin 06-13, Traffic Impact Study Specifications, to provide notice and promulgate CEQA thresholds of significance. SECTION 3. This project has been assessed in accordance with the authority and criteria contained in the California Environmental Quality Act (Public Resources Code Sections 21000 et seq.), the State CEQA Guidelines (California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Sections 15000 et seq.), and the environmental regulations of the City. The project qualifies for a Class 8 categorical exemption (Actions by a Regulatory Agency for Protection of the Environment) in accordance with the requirements of Section 15308 of the State CEQA Guidelines. Likewise, the project qualifies for a Class 7 categorical Planning Commission Resolution 2020-006 Vehicle Miles Traveled Analysis Policy June 23, 2020 Page 4 of 5 exemption (Actions by Regulatory Agencies for Protection of Natural Resources) in accordance with the requirements of Section 15307 of the State CEQA Guidelines. Lastly, the project is exempt from CEQA review under the common sense exemption in accordance with the requirements of Section 15061(b)(3) of the State CEQA Guidelines. The revised CEQA thresholds and other requirements within the Policy, are compliant with a State mandate (Senate Bill 743) and will be used in a regulatory process that involves procedures for the protection of the environment. The new Policy will provide the City with project specific transportation information that can be used in the local regulatory process in which protection of the environment is considered. Additionally, the decision to adopt the new Policy will have no direct impact on the environment as it will inform the analysis of future projects and does not include any activity that would directly impact the environment. Therefore, the Planning Commission finds the project exempt from further review under CEQA. SECTION 4. This Resolution shall take effect immediately upon its adoption by the Planning Commission. PASSED, APPROVED, and ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the City of La Quinta Planning Commission, held on this the 23RD day of June, 2020, by the following vote: AYES: COMMISSIONERS CURRIE, LIBOLT VARNER, MCCUNE, NIETO AND CHAIRPERSON CALDWELL NOES: NONE ABSENT: COMMISSIONER BETTENCOURT ABSTAIN: NONE _____________________________ MARY CALDWELL, Chairperson City of La Quinta, California Planning Commission Resolution 2020-006 Vehicle Miles Traveled Analysis Policy June 23, 2020 Page 5 of 5 ATTEST: _________________________________________ DANNY CASTRO, Design and Development Director City of La Quinta, California 1 CITY OF LA QUINTA VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED ANALYSIS POLICY Senate Bill (SB) 743, signed in 2013, requires changes to the guidelines implementing the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) regarding the analysis of transportation impacts. A key element of SB 743 is the elimination of automobile delay and Level of Service (LOS) as the sole basis of determining CEQA impacts and analyzing Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT), with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to meet State mandates for 2030 and beyond. The most recent CEQA guidelines, effective January 1, 2020, recommend VMT as the most appropriate measure of project transportation impacts. However, SB 743 does not prevent a city or county from continuing to analyze delay or LOS as part of other plans (i.e., the general plan), studies, or ongoing network monitoring. The following policy assists in determining VMT impact thresholds and mitigation requirements for Traffic Impact Analysis (TIA) preparation as recommended by the Technical Advisory on Evaluating Transportation Impacts in CEQA published by the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) (https://www.opr.ca.gov/docs/20190122- 743_Technical_Advisory.pdf). VMT Analysis Methodology All projects may be required to submit a TIA or Focused Traffic Impact Memo as determined by the City Engineer. For purposes of SB 743 compliance, these may include a VMT analysis, as deemed necessary by the Traffic Division, depending on screening criteria, and also analyze the effects of a project on transportation, access, circulation, and related safety elements proximate to the Project and establish consistency with the General Plan and other City requirements. Project Screening Projects will first go through a screening process to determine if a VMT analysis is necessary. If a project meets the screening criteria, the project would not need to conduct a VMT analysis. If a project does not meet screening criteria, the project will need to conduct the VMT analysis. EXHIBIT A 2 There are three types of screening that can apply to effectively screen projects from project-level assessment. The following describes the available screening criteria pursuant to California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidance provided by the Office of Planning and Research (OPR). Step 1: Project Type Screening Local serving retail projects less than 50,000 square feet may be presumed to have a less than significant impact absent substantial evidence to the contrary. Local serving retail generally improves the convenience of shopping close to home and has the effect of reducing vehicle travel. In addition to local serving retail, the following uses can also be presumed to have a less than significant impact absent substantial evidence to the contrary as their uses are local serving in nature: Local-serving K-12 schools Local parks Day care centers Local-serving gas stations Local-serving banks Local-serving hotels (e.g. non-destination hotels) Small Infill Projects Local-Serving Public Facilities Transit Supportive Projects in Planned Growth Areas with Low VMT and High-Quality Transit Restricted Affordable, Transit Supportive Residential Projects in Planned Growth Areas with High-Quality Transit Transportation Projects that reduce or do not increase VMT Student housing projects Local serving community colleges that are consistent with the assumptions noted in the RTP/SCS Projects generating less than 110 daily vehicle trips 1 3 This generally corresponds to the following “typical” development potentials: o 11 single family housing units o 16 multi-family, condominiums, or townhouse housing units o 10,000 sq. ft. of office o 15,000 sq. ft. of light industrial 2 o 63,000 sq. ft. of warehousing2 o 79,000 sq. ft. of high cube transload and short-term storage warehouse2 Step 2: Transit Priority Area (TPA) Screening Projects located within a TPA 3 may be presumed to have a less than significant impact absent substantial evidence to the contrary. This presumption may NOT be appropriate if the project: 1. Has a Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of less than 0.75; 2. Includes more parking for use by residents, customers, or employees of the project than required by the jurisdiction (if the jurisdiction requires the project to supply parking); 3. Is inconsistent with the applicable Sustainable Communities Strategy (as determined by the City of La Quinta, with input from the Southern California Association of Governments); or 4. Replaces affordable residential units with a smaller number of moderate or high-income residential units. Step 3: Low VMT Area Screening Residential and office projects located within a low VMT-generating area may be presumed to have a less than significant impact absent substantial evidence to the contrary. In addition, other employment-related and mixed-use land use projects may qualify for the use of screening if the project can reasonably be expected to 4 generate VMT per resident, per worker, or per service population that is similar to the existing land uses in the low VMT area. For this screening in the CVAG / City of La Quinta area, the Riverside County Travel Demand Model (RIVTAM / RIVCOM) is used to measure VMT performance for individual jurisdictions and for individual traffic analysis zones (TAZs). TAZs are geographic polygons similar to Census block groups used to represent areas of homogenous travel behavior. Total daily VMT per service population (population plus employment) is estimated for each TAZ. Those TAZs that perform at or below the jurisdictional (City, Subarea, County, or CVAG) average of total VMT per service population under base year conditions are considered low VMT areas. This presumption may not be appropriate if the project land uses would alter the existing built environment in such a way as to increase the rate or length of vehicle trips. To identify if the project is in a low VMT-generating area, the analyst must identify if the project is consistent with the existing land use within that TAZ and use professional judgement that there is nothing unique about the project that would otherwise be mis-represented utilizing the data from the travel demand model. VMT Assessment for Non-Screened Land Use Development Projects Projects not screened through the steps above should complete VMT analysis and forecasting through the RIVTAM / RIVCOM model to determine if they have a significant VMT impact. This analysis should include ‘project generated VMT’ and ‘project effect on VMT’ estimates for the project TAZ (or TAZs) under the following scenarios: Baseline Conditions - Typically baseline conditions align with the project’s Notice of Preparation (NOP). Baseline VMT for the year of the NOP can be interpolated between VMT estimates calculated using the base and future year model. Baseline Plus Project – This scenario represents the “project generated VMT” and is determined by adding the project land use to the project TAZ or a separate TAZ would be created to contain the project land uses. A full base year model run would be performed and VMT changes would be isolated for the project TAZ and across the full model network. The model 5 output must include reasonableness checks of the production and attraction balancing to ensure the project effect is accurately captured. If this scenario results in a less-than-significant impact, then additional cumulative scenario analysis may not be required. Cumulative No Project – This scenario would consider background/ambient growth including other proposed projects (other than proposed project) in the City but without the proposed project’s contribution. Cumulative Plus Project - The project land use would either be added to the project TAZ or a separate TAZ would be created to contain the project land uses. The addition of project land uses should be accompanied by a reallocation of a similar amount of land use from other TAZs; especially if the proposed project is significant in size such that it would change other future developments. Land use projects will generally not change the cumulative no project control totals for population and employment growth. Instead, they will influence the land use supply through changes in general plan land use designations and zoning. If project land uses are simply added to the cumulative no project scenario, then the analysis should reflect this limitation in the methodology and acknowledge that the analysis may overestimate the project’s effect on VMT. The model output should include total VMT, which includes all vehicle trips and trip purposes, and VMT per service population (population plus employment). Total VMT (by speed bin) is needed as an input for air quality, greenhouse gas (GHG), and energy impact analysis while total VMT per service population is recommended for transportation impact analysis 4 Both “plus project” scenarios noted above will summarize two types of VMT: (1) project generated VMT per service population and comparing it back to the appropriate benchmark noted in the thresholds of significance, and (2) the project effect on VMT, comparing how the project changes VMT on the network looking at a sub-regional VMT per service population and comparing it to the no project condition. 6 Project-generated VMT shall be extracted from the travel demand model using the origin-destination trip matrix and shall multiply that matrix by the final assignment skims. The project-effect on VMT shall be estimated using a sub-regional boundary (City limit) and extracting the total link-level VMT for both the no project and plus project condition. VMT Metrics VMT should always be normalized based on the number of residents and employees present in the zone, City, or regional area for comparative purposes to determine impacts. The following presents the metrics to normalize VMT. The metrics used in the VMT analysis are dependent upon the method in which the VMT is calculated. Total VMT per service population -includes the VMT generated divided by the population and employment in a given area (TAZ, City, or sub-region). An important note regarding service population is that the calculation includes the employment and population coded into the travel demand model. This calculation excludes VMT-generating groups such as visitors, patients, guests and students. Each project should consider if it is appropriate to add VMT- generating groups to its service population. Home-based VMT per resident -includes the VMT generated only by home- based work and home-based other productions divided by the population in a given area (TAZ, City, or sub-region). This method does not include trips with one trip end outside of the model. Zones without any residential uses will generate zero home-based VMT per resident. Home-based work VMT per worker -includes the VMT generated only by home-based work attractions divided by the number of employees in a given area (TAZ, City, or sub-region). This method does not include trips with one trip end outside of the model. Zones with no commercial uses will generate zero home-based VMT per worker. 7 VMT Analysis Methodology for Land Use Plans Land use plans are not subject to screening and require specific VMT analysis. Land use plans should be tested for significant impacts under cumulative conditions using the same cumulative threshold options (or lead agency thresholds) as the land use projects. These thresholds require modeling land use plan changes to determine VMT impacts. To capture the project effect on VMT, the same cumulative year population and employment growth totals should be used model-wide. VMT Analysis Methodology for Transportation Projects Use of VMT as an environmental impact metric for transportation projects is discretionary under the Section 15064.3(b)(2) of the updated CEQA Guidelines. Using VMT as a transportation project impact metric would allow for a variety of transit, bicycle, and pedestrian projects to be presumed to have a less than significant impact. Smaller roadway network modifications such as intersection restriping could also be presumed to have a less than significant impact. Roadway capacity expansion projects are types of projects that can increase vehicle travel and VMT by changing people’s travel behavior including making new vehicle trips and making longer vehicle trips. Thresholds for Determination of Significant Transportation Impact Project-Generated VMT Impacts Residential Uses VMT per resident exceeding a level of: o 15 percent below the Citywide per resident VMT,OR o 15 percent below regional VMT per resident, whichever is more stringent General Employment Uses Includes offices and R&D establishments VMT per employee exceeding a level of 15 percent below existing regional VMT per employee 8 Industrial Employment Uses Includes warehouse, manufacturing and distribution uses VMT per employee exceeding existing regional VMT per employee Retail Uses Includes Hotels A net increase in the total existing VMT for the region Public/Quasi-Public Uses Public/Quasi-Public land use projects will be analyzed using the most relevant threshold as determined by the Public Works Director for the proposed use on the site Mixed-Uses Each land use component of a mixed-use project will be analyzed independently, applying the significance threshold for each land use component Change of Use or Additions to Existing Development Changes of use or additions to existing development will be analyzed applying the significance threshold for each land use component Urban Village, Station Area Plans, Development Policy, Specific Strategy or Other Area Plans Each land use component will be analyzed independently, applying the significance threshold for each land use component General Plan Amendments General Plan Amendments will be analyzed in conformance with the General Plan’s definition of VMT. An increase in City total VMT is a significant transportation impact Transportation Projects Net increase in VMT greater than that consistent with the SCAG’s Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy 9 Project-Generated VMT Impacts A project would result in a significant project-generated VMT impact if either of the following conditions are satisfied: 1. The baseline project-generated VMT per service population exceeds the City of La Quinta baseline VMT per service population, or 2. The cumulative project-generated VMT per service population exceeds the City of La Quinta baseline VMT per service population Project Effect on VMT Impacts The project’s effect on VMT would be considered significant if it resulted in either of the following conditions to be satisfied: 1. The baseline link-level boundary VMT per service population (City or sub- regional boundary) to increase under the plus project condition compared to the no project condition, or 2. The cumulative link-level boundary VMT per service population (City or sub- regional boundary) to increase under the plus project condition compared to the no project condition. Public Transit Impacts Potential impacts to public transit, pedestrian facilities and travel, and bicycle facilities and travel can be evaluated using the following criteria. • A significant impact occurs if the project conflicts with adopted policies, plans, or programs regarding public transit, bicycle, or pedestrian facilities, or otherwise decreases the performance or safety of such facilities. The TIA should include analysis of a project to examine if it is inconsistent with adopted policies, plans, or programs regarding active transportation or public transit facilities, or otherwise decreases the performance or safety of such facilities and 10 make a determination as to whether it has the potential to conflict with existing or proposed facilities supporting these travel modes. VMT Mitigation Measures To mitigate VMT impacts, the following choices are available to the applicant: 1. Modify the project’s built environment characteristics to reduce VMT generated by the Project 2. Implement Transportation Demand Management (TDM) measures to reduce VMT generated by the project consistent with La Quinta Municipal Code Chapter 9.180 5 For proposed improvements to intersections or road segments located outside the City of La Quinta, if an agency such as another City or the County of Riverside has adopted a program to mitigate impacts from future development that commits that agency to construct the improvement projects included in the program or to obtain the balance of the funding needed to construct the improvements through some other means, the applicant in the City of La Quinta shall be required to pay its fair share into the program of that agency. 11 APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS Active Transportation -A means of getting around that is powered by human energy, primarily walking and biking. Alternative Transportation Modes -Sustainable transportation methods that are alternative to personal motorized vehicles, primarily walking, biking, and riding transit. Approved Trip Inventory (ATI) -A City-maintained database of vehicle-trips generated by projects for which an entitlement to build has been granted that have yet been built or occupied. Consists of assigned vehicle-trips by turn movement at signalized intersections. Area Development Policy (ADP) -A City-adopted implementation policy of an Area Plan. Area Plan -A City-adopted plan that coordinates transportation infrastructure improvements and land use development in support of a unique vision for a subarea of the City (e.g. an Urban Village Plan). Boundary VMT Method -A method used to calculate total VMT on roadways bounded within the City. VMT per service population, a performance metric for General Plan amendments, is based on this method. Effect -Project-related effects on elements of the transportation system for which no transportation standards or CEQA thresholds of significance have been established by the City. Distinct from “impact”. Existing VMT -Current VMT levels for the existing buildings within a one-half mile buffer of a development project. High-Quality Transit Areas -Areas are within half a mile of a high-quality transit corridor or major transit stop. 12 High-Quality Transit Corridor -A corridor with fixed route bus service with service intervals no longer than 15 minutes during peak commute hours (Pub. Resources Code § 21155 (b)). Impact -Refer to a project’s impacts as determined by the transportation standards or CEQA thresholds of significance established by the City. Distinct from “effect”. Improvement -A change that addresses the effects, particularly adverse effects, of a project on elements of the transportation system for which no transportation standards or CEQA thresholds of significance have been established by the City. Distinct from “mitigation’. Induced Trips -Increase in traffic volume that occurs soon after a new road is opened, or a previously congested road is widened. Increases in roadway capacity are typically quickly filled up with additional traffic. Infill Opportunity Zone (IOZ) -Areas designated by the City that exempt intersection operations standards in the Congestion Management Program (CMP). CMP facilities located within IOZs are exempt from provisions of the CMP’s operations standard requirements. Internal Trips -Trips between different land use types within the same development project that are accommodated at the project site. Trips that are not internal are those with the project at one end and other locations at the other end. Intersection Operations Standard -A measure of automobile vehicle delays through a signalized intersection, graded on a scale A through F. Major Transit Stop -A rail transit station, a ferry terminal served by either a bus or rail transit service, or the intersection of two or more major bus routes with a frequency of service interval of 15 minutes or less during the morning and afternoon peak commute periods (Pub. Resources Code § 21064.3). Mitigation -A change that addresses the CEQA impacts of a project on elements of the transportation system for which transportation standards or CEQA thresholds of significance have been established. Distinct from “improvement”. 13 Mixed-Use Project -A development project that combines two or more land uses. Mode Share -The share of all person-trips to and from a project taken by each transportation mode (personal motorized vehicles, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian). Multimodal Improvement Plan (MIP) -VTA terminology for “Deficiency Plan” as defined by CMA statue. VTA’s plans developed to identify offsetting measures to improve transportation conditions on CMP facilities in lieu of making physical traffic capacity improvements such as widening a roadway. Multimodal Transportation Improvement Plan (MTIP) -The City’s area-based prioritized list of projects and programs intended to facilitate realization of goals and objectives identified in a long-range plan. Net Change in Total VMT -Difference in total VMT in the area with and without the project. Performance metric for regional retail projects and transportation projects. Origin-Destination (O-D) VMT Method -A method used to calculate the total vehicle-miles traveled a study area (e.g. a development project, the City, or the region) is expected to generate in a day. For a personal motorized vehicle-trip to be included in the VMT calculation using the OD VMT method, one of the trip ends must be within the study area. The OD Method accounts for all trips, including external trips that have one trip end outside of the model boundary, and therefore provides a more complete capture of all travel within the study area. Production/Attraction (PA) VMT Method - A method used to calculate the total vehicle-miles traveled a study area (e.g. a development project, the City, or the region) is expected to generate in a day. The PA Method allows project VMT to be evaluated based on trip purpose which is consistent with OPR’s recommendations. PA matrices do not include external trips that have one trip end outside of the model boundary, and therefore do not include those trips in the VMT estimates. Passive Parks -Less structured recreational activities and casual pursuit of hobbies that allow for the preservation of natural habitat. 14 Peak Hour -The highest morning or evening hour of travel reported on a transportation network or street. Personal Motorized Vehicles -Mainly personal motor vehicles that transport people rather than goods. VMT is based on only personal motor vehicles. Physical VMT Reduction Strategies -Strategies that development projects can physically construct to encourage the shift from driving alone to walking, biking, and riding transit. Include three of the four VMT reduction strategies – project characteristics, multimodal network improvements, and parking measures. Project VMT -Calculated VMT generation of a development project. Service Population -The sum of residents and workers in an area such as the City of La Quinta. Sphere of influence -Area in which travel patterns are expected to change due to a transportation project. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) -Programmatic measures that discourage drive-alone trips and encourage pedestrian, bicycle, and transit use. One of the four categories of VMT reduction strategies for development projects. Trip Cap -A maximum number of vehicle-trips that a development project is allowed to generate in a day. Trip Adjustments -Effort to reduce the number of vehicle-trips to and from a project. Trip Assignment -An assignment of vehicle-trips to transportation facilities based on trip distribution percentages. Trip Distribution -A forecast of the travel direction of vehicle-trips to and from a project. Trip Generation -The estimated total number of vehicle-trips to and from a project. 15 Vehicle-Miles Traveled -The total miles of travel by motorized on-road passenger vehicles in a day. A measure on which a project’ transportation impact(s) are based. VMT per Capita -The sum of VMT for personal motorized vehicle-trips made by all residents of a development project, divided by the total number of residents of the project. VMT per Employee -The sum of VMT for personal motorized vehicle-trips made by all workers of an office or industrial development project, divided by the total number of workers at the project.