CRM TECH
Tel. (909) 824-6400 Fax (909) 824-6405
CRM TECH
1016 E Cooley Dr. #B
Colton, CA 92324
Cultural Resource Management Services
Response to the Request for Proposals
For the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
1. Cover Letter
January 19, 2022
Danny Castro, Design and Development Director
City of La Quinta
18-495 Calle Tampico
La Quinta, CA 92247-1504
Dear Danny Castro and Carlos Flores:
Thank you for inviting CRM TECH to submit our proposal for this project. We are delighted for
the opportunity to be, again, considered as the cultural resources management provider for the
City of La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update. As you are aware, CRM TECH
first addressed the City’s cultural resources goals as an element of the General Plan in 2000 and
we have produced updates to that survey and inventory in 2006 and 2012. We were proud to see
these seminal reports referred to in the RFP Project Description, knowing they have stood as
reliable and durable documents that have served the City well. On our end, the documents and
the primary materials on which the previous reports were based are part of our accessible archive
for the new work ahead. We can further assure the City that CRM TECH has the same core
personnel, as well as newer team members who will be available to help with the project. Over
the years, we have regularly integrated new technologies, explored progressive and creative
investigation methods, expanded research sources, and refined research procedures so that we
continue to produce high quality work at a fair budget.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Cover Letter Page 2 of 3
In the years since our last General Plan cultural resources report for the City of La Quinta, in
2012, we have continued to carry out other studies in the City. CRM TECH has produced more
than five dozen historical/archaeological reports on various land tracts and linear features within
the city limits, with the City of La Quinta as the Lead Agency for CEQA compliance during that
time. While conducting the research for those projects, we have worked closely with City
Planners, consulted local historical organizations, and served as a liaison with nearby tribal
groups in order to ensure the information and analysis we provide is always timely,
comprehensive, and accurate. These reports have not only identified, recorded, and evaluated
historical/archeological resources in line with CEQA compliance, they have also helped clarify
the City’s cultural resources objectives; maintained CEQA compliance in projects located in
archaeologically sensitive areas; assisted in the promotion of thoughtful community planning
(for example, helping define the La Quinta Cove Thematic Historic District); helped provide
protection for the bighorn sheep population; and ensured compatible restoration of known
historical resources such as the Morgan House, the La Casa Buildings, and the Azur Kitchen at
La Quinta Hotel and Resort.
Again, we appreciate the opportunity to continue to assist the City of La Quinta in its City-Wide
Historical Resources Survey Update Project. Our proposal is attached. A more detail description
of CRM TECH’s qualifications and capabilities are provided in Section 2, along with the
qualifications of the project team and some recent examples of our work. Section 3 provides our
understanding of the product you are requesting and how we will tackle the work – even
providing some insights into improved methods that may be used. Section 4, as requested,
provides more details regarding the particulars of the work. Section 5 outlines a plausible
schedule/timeline for completing the required work. These sections are followed by our estimate
of budget needed to cover all of the expenses associated with planned work.
As you are aware, and as will be made clear in the following sections of this response to the RFP
for the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update, CRM TECH has the personnel,
knowledge, and experience to successfully complete the request study. In addition, we already
have a very extensive database of the City’s resources and are extremely familiar with the City’s
cultural resources and the goals of the City to protect and preserve those resources.
CRM TECH is committed to providing comprehensive cultural resources management services
to meet the goals of the proposed work in the most efficient and cost-effective manner possible.
CRM TECH takes pride in completing projects on-time and within the budget established for the
project. We are submitting this response to your Request For Proposals in hopes of being
selected as the consultant to assist the City with the proposed City-Wide Historic Resources
Survey Update.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Cover Letter Page 3 of 3
CRM TECH will not need to use any subcontractors for this project. Our qualified and
experienced staff have worked together on numerous similar projects. This experienced team
will be able to complete the necessary work to the satisfaction of the City.
The main point of contact for this project will be
Bai "Tom" Tang, M.A.
Principal Investigator
CRM TECH
1016 E. Cooley Drive, Suite B
Colton, CA 92324
Phone: 909-824-6400
Cell: 909-648-5435
ttang@crmtech.us
Do not hesitate to contact Mr. Tang or myself if you have any questions or require additional
information regarding this response to your RFP.
Cordially,
Michael Hogan, Ph.D.
Principal, CRM TECH
Colton, California
CRM TECH
1016 E Cooley Dr. #B
Colton, CA 92324
Cultural Resource Management Services
Tel. (909) 824-6400 Fax (909) 824-6405
Response to the Request for Proposals
For the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Company Overview
CRM TECH is a full-service cultural resources management consulting firm that has been providing
our services to a wide variety of public agencies, environmental firms, private developers, and
individuals for more than 35 years. As a California corporation and Small Business Enterprise, CRM
TECH has completed more than 3,000 cultural and paleontological resources studies throughout the
state of California.
These services have been provided for a wide range of project types, including freeway and highway
improvement projects, railroad improvements projects, bridge evaluations, large scale residential
development ventures, downtown redevelopment projects, the cultural resource elements of master
plans and general plans, and smaller-scale multi-family and single-family residential projects.
These studies have kept our clients in compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA), National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), and/or the National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA), as well as specific requirements of public agencies such as the County of Riverside,
Caltrans, Bureau of Land Management, and United States Army Corps of Engineers. As a result of
this body of work, CRM TECH personnel have built extensive expertise in California architectural
history, archaeology, history, ethnography, anthropology, and paleontology.
Project data is gathered via diligent scholarship and assessed through competent analysis and
interpretation. CRM TECH takes pride in providing high quality, legally defensible environmental
compliance documentation at a fair price, in a timely manner, using efficient methods and up-to-date
technologies.
Personnel Qualifications:
a.) Names and qualifications of all project team members and subcontractors and their
assignments for the project. Those named must be those who will participate in the project if
selected. (Resumes are presented as an attachment to this proposal document.)
STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Statement of Qualifications Page 2 of 8
BAI 'TOM' TANG, M.A.
Principal Investigator, Project Manager, Architectural Historian, Historian
Bai ‘Tom’ Tang has 25 years of cultural resources management
experience and is a recognized expert in California history and
architectural history. He has authored, co-authored, and contributed
to hundreds of cultural resource management documents subject to
both CEQA and NEPA.
He has successfully managed hundreds of cultural resources
management projects, during which he has guided staff members and
overseen their work to ensure that the various aspects of the studies
(records searches, historical archival research, field work, graphics
production, and report writing) were efficiently completed to the
highest standards while meeting established schedules. As a result,
Tang has a proven record of preparing and managing CEQA/NEPA
projects to successful completion.
Mr. Tang has been involved in a wide range of project types,
including freeway and highway improvements, railroad projects,
large-scale residential development ventures, urban redevelopment,
cultural resource elements of master plans and general plans, and
smaller scale multi-family and single-family residential projects. These projects have spanned a wide
geographical region, focused mostly in the counties of San Bernardino and Riverside but also
including substantial work in San Diego, Orange, Los Angeles, Ventura, Kern, and other counties. He
has conducted research and managed large- and small-scale projects for the Victorville Water District,
the Mojave Desert Resource Conservation District, the Victor Valley Wastewater Reclamation
Authority, the Baldy Mesa Water District, the San Bernardino Valley Water District, the County of
San Bernardino, the City of San Bernardino, the City of Highland, SANBAG, Caltrans, the Riverside
County Transportation Department, the Bureau of Land Management, the Federal Communications
Authority, and others. Additionally, Tang’s experience includes bringing numerous cultural
management resources projects to completion for the City of La Quinta in recent years.
Education
▪ B.S., Anthropology, University of
California, Riverside
▪ M.A., Public History and Historic
Resource Management, University
of California, Riverside
Key Strengths
▪ Extensive experience conducting
historical archival research
▪ In-depth knowledge of California
architectural history
▪ Attention to detail
Experience
▪ Has worked in the field since 1988
▪ Principal Investigator since 2002
Qualifications
▪ Exceeds Secretary of Interior's
Standards for Architectural History
and History
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Statement of Qualifications Page 3 of 8
MICHAEL HOGAN, PH.D.
Principal Investigator, Project Manager, Archaeologist
Michael Hogan has more than 25 years of cultural resources
management experience. He has worked on some of the more
important archaeological sites in southern California. Additionally,
he has been involved in the preparation of cultural resource
management documents subject to both CEQA and NEPA.
He has successfully managed hundreds of projects, overseeing staff
members and their work to ensure that the various aspects of the
research (records searches, field work, graphics production, and
report writing) are efficiently completed to the highest standards
while meeting established schedules. As a result, Hogan has a proven
record of preparing and managing CEQA/NEPA projects to
successful completion.
Mr. Hogan has brought his experience to every type of cultural
resource management project, including due diligence records
searches, Phase I surveys, Phase II testing and evaluation programs,
Phase III data recovery and mitigation programs, Phase IV
monitoring during earth-moving, master plan and general plan
elements, Native American scoping, and ethnographic research.
These studies have been completed for a wide variety of development projects, including large-scale
residential subdivision projects; railroad, freeway, and highway improvement projects that cross
numerous jurisdictional boundaries; downtown redevelopment projects; and smaller scale multi-
family and single-family residential projects. He has managed and been involved in the research for
numerous large-scale projects in the counties of San Bernardino and Riverside, but has also done
substantial work in San Diego, Orange, Los Angeles, Ventura, Kern, and other counties. He has
conducted research and managed large- and small-scale projects for the Victorville Water District, the
Mojave Desert Resource Conservation District, the Victor Valley Wastewater Reclamation Authority,
the Baldy Mesa Water District, the City of Victorville, the City of Adelanto, the City of Hesperia, the
Town of Apple Valley, the City of San Bernardino, the City of Highland, the San Bernardino Valley
Water District, the County of San Bernardino, SANBAG, Caltrans, the Riverside County
Transportation Department, the Bureau of Land Management, the Federal Communications Authority,
and others. Additionally, Hogan has conducted numerous investigations in the cities of Fontana,
Rancho Cucamonga, Ontario, San Bernardino, Riverside, and Eastvale. Additionally, Hogan’s
experience includes bringing numerous cultural resources management projects to completion for the
City of La Quinta in recent years.
Education
▪ Ph.D., Anthropology, University of
California, Riverside
▪ B.A., Anthropology, University of
California, Riverside
Key Strengths
▪ Understanding of State and
Federal regulations
▪ In-depth knowledge of California
archaeology
▪ Years of experience in California
archaeology
Experience
▪ Has worked in the field since 1985
▪ Principal Investigator since 2002
Qualifications
▪ Exceeds Secretary of Interior's
Standards for Archaeology and
Historical Archaeology
▪ Registered Professional
Archaeologist
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Statement of Qualifications Page 4 of 8
TERRI JACQUEMAIN, M.A.
Architectural Historian, Historian
Terri Jacquemain has over 16 years of cultural resources
management experience, focused especially on California history and
architectural history. Additionally, she has been involved in the
preparation of cultural resource management documents subject to
both CEQA and NEPA review.
Ms. Jacquemain is former award-winning journalist who worked as a
feature and beat writer for The Press-Enterprise from 1991 to 1997,
and for the Inland Valley Daily Bulletin from 1997 to 1999. During
the summer of 2002, Jacquemain gathered valuable experience in
tribal administration and public affairs while interning at the Cabazon
Band of Mission Indians near Indio, California, where she served five
months as interim Public Information Officer for the tribe. Also
during her time there, Jacquemain researched, wrote, edited and
produced The Cabazon Circle, a monthly newsletter with a
distribution of about 3,500, including hundreds of Native American
and civic leaders, as well as legislators at all levels of government.
Jacquemain joined CRM TECH as a part-time project historian in 2003 and became a full-time
historian in 2006. She exceeds the Secretary of Interior's Standard for history and has been involved in
the historical background and archival research for projects throughout southern California.
Ms. Jacquemain has been involved in a variety of project types, including railroad, freeway, and
highway improvement projects, the cultural resource elements of master plans and general plans,
large-scale residential development ventures, urban redevelopment projects, as well as smaller scale
multi-family and single-family residential projects. She has conducted the research and produced
reports for numerous large-scale projects mostly in the counties of San Bernardino and Riverside, but
has also brought her experience to substantial work in Los Angeles county. This research and report
production has been in support of projects with lead agencies such as Caltrans, the Riverside County
Transportation Department, the Bureau of Land Management, the Federal Communications Authority,
and others. Additionally, Jacquemain’s experience includes bringing numerous cultural resources
management projects to completion for the City of La Quinta in recent years.
Education
▪ M.A., Public History and Historic
Resource Management, University
of California, Riverside
▪ B.S., Anthropology, University of
California, Riverside
Key Strengths
▪ Extensive experience conducting
historical archival research
▪ In-depth knowledge of California
architectural history
▪ Attention to detail
Experience
▪ Has worked in the field since 2003
Qualifications
▪ Exceeds Secretary of Interior's
Standards for Architectural History
and History
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Statement of Qualifications Page 5 of 8
DANIEL BALLESTER, M.S.
Field Director/GIS Specialist
Mr. Ballester has over 19 years of cultural resources management
experience, focused primarily on California prehistory. Additionally,
he has been involved in the preparation of cultural resource
management documents subject to both CEQA and NEPA review.
Mr. Ballester has participated in various archaeological field schools
and workshops while studying archaeology at California State
University, San Bernardino. Ballester has been involved in
archaeological field surveys, archaeological testing, and
archaeological mitigation programs throughout Southern California
since 1998.
He has been a member of the CRM TECH team for over 17 years,
during which time he has been involved in all aspects of
archaeological fieldwork, site recording, artifact processing, and site
record production for projects throughout southern California.
Ballester currently serves as CRM TECH's Field Director and as such
oversees and conducts field surveys, records sites, and documents the
results of the fieldwork. On numerous occasions he has led field crews on surveys and excavations, as
well as overseeing monitoring projects. Ballester maintains detailed notes regarding the work that is
being done, the methods that are used, and the results of the fieldwork. He makes sure that each
member of the crew completes their work in a thorough and efficient manner.
Ballester also provides preliminary descriptions of potentially historic-in-age buildings and processes
and analyzes several types of prehistoric and historic-period artifacts. In 2007, Ballester completed
courses to obtain a Certificate in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) from California State
University, San Bernardino and has recently completed the work and earned a Master's degree in GIS,
from the University of Redlands. He now operates CRM TECH's GIS department.
Ballester has directed and participated in numerous projects in the County of Los Angeles, southern
California in general, and other areas. These include Phase 1 surveys, Phase 2 testing and evaluation
programs, Phase 3 data recovery projects, and archaeological and paleontological monitoring. He has
conducted the research and helped produce reports for numerous projects of all types, most of which
were in the counties of San Bernardino and Riverside. This research has been in support of projects
with lead agencies such as Caltrans, the Riverside County Transportation Department, the Bureau of
Land Management, the Federal Communications Authority, and others. Additionally, Ballester’s
experience includes bringing numerous cultural resources management projects to completion for the
City of La Quinta.
Education
▪ M.S., Geographic Information System
(GIS), University of Redlands,
California
▪ B.A., Anthropology, California State
University, San Bernardino
Key Strengths
▪ Able to conduct all types of studies in
an organized and efficient manner.
▪ Years of experience and familiar with
all types of cultural resources.
▪ Skilled in ArcMap and ArcPad for
graphic production and field
recording.l
Experience
▪ Has worked in the field since 1998
Qualifications
▪ Exceeds Secretary of Interior's
Standards for Archaeology and
Historical Archaeology
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Statement of Qualifications Page 6 of 8
Contacts: John Criste, Terra Nova (760) 341-4800; Michael Shoberg, CVAG (760) 346-1127
2018 Achievement of Excellence in Procurement (AEP) Merit Award Recipient Project
In 2017, CRM TECH performed a historic resources study for the proposed CV Link Project in
the Coachella Valley area of Riverside County, California, within Caltrans District 8. The project
area consisted of approximately 63.1 linear miles, including alternative alignments, with plans to
construct a 20-foot-wide travel corridor that will include a six-foot-wide unpaved pedestrian path
and a 14-foot-wide paved path for bicycles and low-speed electric vehicles. The study was a part of
the environmental review process for the proposed project, which entails the construction of an
alternative transportation and recreation corridor connecting various communities in the Coachella
Valley from Palm Springs to Thermal.
The Historic Property Survey Report (HPSR) was prepared in compliance with Section 106 of the
National Historic Preservation Act, as implemented through federal regulations outlined in 36 CFR
800. Portions of the undertaking are located within the boundaries of the Agua Caliente, Cabazon,
and Twenty-Nine Palms Indian Reservations. In summary, a total of 30 cultural resources were
identified within the APE in the past or during the present survey. Of these, two of the previously
recorded archaeological resources could not be located during this study. Eight other archaeological
resources, found to be outside the ADI, are assumed to be “historic properties” for the purpose of
this undertaking and will be protected in ESAs during construction. The historical significance of the
other 20 properties, all of them dating to the historic period, was evaluated under NRHP Criteria A,
B, C, and D, pursuant to 36 CFR 800.4(b) and (c). Based on these criteria, three of the 20 properties,
namely the former Tramway Gas Station at 2901 North Palm Canyon Drive (33-026436/NRHP
#15000645), and the segments of the Coachella Canal (33-005705/CA-IMP-7658H) and the
Southern Pacific Railroad Los Angeles to Yuma Mainline (33-009498/CA-RIV-6381H) in the APE,
appeared to meet the definition of “historic properties” under Section 106 provisions. The other 17
resources did not appear to meet the NRHP criteria and did not constitute “historic properties.”
Prepared for: Lead Agencies:
Terra Nova Planning and Research, Inc.
42635 Melanie Place, Suite 101
Palm Desert, CA 92211
Coachella Valley Association of Governments
73-710 Fred Waring Drive, Suite 200
Palm Desert, CA 92260
Selected Project Examples
Historical/Archaeological Resources Survey Report: CV LINK PROJECT, Cities of Palm
Springs, Cathedral City, Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Indio, and
Coachella, and Unincorporated Areas of Riverside County, California.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Statement of Qualifications Page 7 of 8
Prepared for: Lead Agencies:
Federal Transit
Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue,
SE Washington DC 20590
City of Commerce,
Transportation Department
2535 Commerce Way,
Commerce, CA 90040
Department of
Transportation
City of Commerce
2535 Commerce Way,
Commerce, CA 90040
Federal Transit
Administration, Region 9
Los Angeles Metropolitan
Office
888 South Figueroa, Suite 440
Los Angeles, CA 90017-5467
Contact: Candice Hughes, Environmental Protection Specialist (213) 629-8613
Between April and September of 2021, at the request of UltraSystems Environmental Inc., CRM
TECH performed a historic-period built-environment resources survey on the Area of Potential
Effects (APE) for the proposed City of Commerce Transit Maintenance Facility (TMF) Project. This
project consisted of three TMF sites as well as all adjacent properties that may receive visual,
atmospheric, or other indirect effects as a result of the project. The purpose of the survey was to
assist the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) in determining whether any of the buildings,
structures, objects, or other built-environment features within the APE constitutes a “historic
property” that warrants proper protection during project construction pursuant to Section 106
provisions.
In order to accomplish this objective, CRM TECH reviewed the results of the cultural resources
records search for the project, contacted local historical organizations, carried out a systematic field
inspection of the APE, and pursued historical background research on all built-environment features
in the APE that will be more than 50 years of age by 2027, the anticipated completion date of the
proposed permanent TMV. As a result of these procedures, 12 commercial/industrial properties
dating to the pre-1977 era and a segment of the historic Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe (now
Burlington Northern Santa Fe) Railway were identified as lying within the APE, but none of them
appear to meet the criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Therefore, the 12
commercial/industrial properties recorded during this study did not appear to meet any of the criteria
for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, and thus do not qualify as “historic properties”
under Section 106 provisions.
City of Commerce Transit Maintenance Facility (TMF) Project, City of Commerce, Los
Angeles County, California.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Statement of Qualifications Page 8 of 8
Prepared for: Lead Agencies:
Terra Nova Planning and Research, Inc.
42635 Melanie Place, Suite 101
Palm Desert, CA 92211
Planning Department
City of Palm Springs
3200 East Tahquitz Canyon Way
Palm Springs, CA 92262
Contact: Nicole Criste (760) 341-4800
In October and November 2018, at the request of Terra Nova Planning and Research, Inc., CRM
TECH performed a cultural resources study for the proposed CHOC-Palm Springs Affordable
Housing project in the City of Palm Springs, Riverside County, California. The project area consists
of approximately 3.5 acres of vacant land in Assessor’s Parcel No. 501-031-028, which lies on the
east side of Indian Canyon Drive between San Rafael Drive and Simms Road. The study is a part of
the environmental review process for the proposed project, which entails the construction of an
approximately 60-unit apartment complex on the property. The purpose of this study was to provide
the City with the necessary information and analysis to determine whether the project would cause a
substantial adverse change to any “historical resources,” as defined by CEQA, that may exist within
or adjacent to the project area.
In order to accomplish this objective, CRM TECH conducted a historical/ archaeological resources
records search, pursued historical background research, contacted Native American representatives,
and carried out an intensive-level field survey. In addition, CRM TECH conducted a visual impact
analysis on the Wexler Steel Houses, a group of seven early 1960s residences that are located on the
adjacent parcels to the east and are known to constitute a “historical resource” collectively.
Throughout the course of this study, no potential “historical resources” other than the Wexler Steel
Houses were encountered within or adjacent to the project area, and the visual impact analysis
concluded that the project would not cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of the
Wexler Steel Houses. Based on these findings, CRM TECH recommends to the City of Palm
Springs a determination of No Impact regarding “historical resources.” No further cultural resources
investigation is recommended for the project unless development plans undergo such changes as to
include areas not covered by this study.
Historical/Archaeological Resources Survey Report: CHOC-Palm Springs Affordable Housing
Project, City of Palm Springs, Riverside County, California.
Tel. (909) 824-6400 Fax (909) 824-6405
CRM TECH
1016 E Cooley Dr. #B
Colton, CA 92324
Cultural Resource Management Services
Response to the Request for Proposals
For the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
3. Project Understanding and Approach
As stated in the RFP, there are several goals of the current historic resources survey update. One
goal is to determine if any of the previously recorded buildings have been demolished (or
possibly altered to such an extent that their significance classification should be changed).
Another goal is to determine if additional buildings now should be recorded and added to the
City’s database. Keeping in mind that the last overall survey update was in 2012, this could
include buildings that were inspected previously but determined to not meet the age threshold
(45 years of age), other buildings that may have become 45 years old or older since 2012, and
any buildings that may have been inadvertently overlooked during earlier studies. In other words,
the City is requesting a complete, up-to-date inventory of all historic-in-age buildings within the
City limits.
This work will be completed following CRM TECH’s standard operating procedures for
recording and evaluation historic-period buildings by professionals who meet or exceed the
Secretary of the Interior’s minimum standard for Historians and Architectural Historians. The
project work shall conform to the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Preservation Planning
Identification, Evaluation, and Registration, following guidelines established in National
Registration Bulletin 24 (Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preparation Planning).
Details of the methods are provided in Section 4. Buildings that are eligible for recordation
according to guidelines of the California State Historic Preservation Office will be appropriately
documented using standard DPR 523A and 523B forms. The forms will contain all pertinent and
necessary information, including photographs and maps.
When complete, if formal evaluation of the historical significance of any building is appropriate,
historical/archival research and consultations will be conducted to gather necessary and pertinent
information to make the significance determination. Properties recorded at the “reconnaissance
level” will not have the level of information necessary to be evaluated for listing on the National
Register and/or the California Register. In these cases, such resources will be given a status code
of “7” for “unevaluated.”
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Project Understanding and Approach Page 2 of 2
As authors of the 2006 and 2012 updates, CRM TECH possesses an in-depth understanding of
the materials on which all previous inventories and historical significance determinations are
based. We are also very familiar with the areas of the City where buildings and built
environment features have achieved the age threshold for historical significance consideration
since the previous surveys.
The CRM TECH team will work closely the City Staff to develop the appropriate plan of action.
Our team will review and enumerate the project objectives the City aims to accomplish by this
City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update, as outlined in the RFP. We will discuss those
objects with the City to make sure that there is complete understanding and agreement. For
example, as one issue that could be clarified concerns the survey levels. As noted in the RFP, the
historical significance of some buildings will be fully evaluated while others will be inspected
and recorded at a “reconnaissance level” and given a status code of “7.” The methods and
procedures for determining which type of recordation will occur will be made explicit during the
initial planning/project development phase of the project.
CRM TECH will also meticulously review previous studies in the City to detect patterns and
define the direction of the project to meet the City’s goals. Such a review may provide insights
regarding areas that may not need to be intensively inspected for older buildings. This review
could also indicate areas where a more thorough inspection should occur. It may also provide
information regarding previously recorded building that should be assessed again. This
information and our reasoning and approach for incorporating the information will be discussed
with City Staff.
The City is also requesting a review of its current procedures and processes in dealing with
proposed improvements, construction, alterations, or removal of “landmark properties.” Having
an intimate knowledge of La Quinta’s cultural resources, as well as having extensive experience
working in other jurisdictions, qualified personnel from CRM TECH will be able to provide
recommendations regarding changes, improvements, and clarifications to the City’s municipal
code and the pertinent review process. This will be done by thoroughly reviewing the existing
code and the review process and discussing the goals and objectives with appropriate City Staff.
The main key to the successful completion of this update survey is continual, open
communication with City Staff. CRM TECH has a history of working closely with the City of La
Quinta Staff and will continue to do so. CRM TECH’s goal for this project is the same as the
City’s: to provide a current and complete listing of all of the historic buildings within the City of
La Quinta.
Tel. (909) 824-6400 Fax (909) 824-6405
CRM TECH
1016 E Cooley Dr. #B
Colton, CA 92324
Cultural Resource Management Services
Response to the Request for Proposals
For the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
4. Scope of Work
a) A discussion of the method of approach, analysis and skills provided.
The primary objective the City of La Quinta Historical Resources Survey Update Project, as
stated, is to identify all historic-period buildings and other built-environment features within the
City of La Quinta. The ultimate goal of the study is to assess the historical significance of all
appropriate properties that are least 45 years old—i.e., pre-1977—in origin and that retain, at
least minimally, sufficient historical characteristics to be considered historically significant.
Besides checking the status of previously recorded resources, this will include recording all such
buildings that have not yet been evaluated against National Register of Historic Places and
California Register of Historical Resources criteria to determine whether any of them constitute a
"historic property," as defined by NHPA, or a "historical resource," as defined by CEQA.
To this end, we will use successful and time-tested methods of research, fieldwork, field
recording, and data collection processes to identify and analyze potential properties in need of
consideration and evaluation to complete the update. The preliminary research will include a
review of the previous studies and the quantification of the resulting inventories to form a base
database and to identify areas of interest; and a records search at the Eastern Information Center
at the University of California, Riverside and of the City’s database to identify any cultural
resources recorded in the city that are not already in the CRM TECH inventory. This compiled
database will provide information that will help direct the fieldwork.
The fieldwork will include systematic field surveys to observe the current surrounding environs;
assess the conditions, historical characteristics, and integrity of all identified properties; and to
perform recording procedures that will provide information for completing building descriptions
necessary for the site records, report, and for the evaluations. The field work will be conducted in
all areas of the City to ensure that no buildings are inadvertently left out of the updated
inventory.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Scope of Work Page 2 of 5
Detailed research, including archival and literary research to document the historical background
of the properties identified; focused historical research to establish build dates and property
ownership; and consultation with local historical organizations for supplemental information and
to gauge community sentiment will produce important information necessary to evaluate the
historical significance of the resources. All of this collected data will be distilled and compiled
into a concisely written comprehensive report update, completed site records forms, and a
complete and sortable updated inventory list.
All of the tasks for the City of La Quinta Historical Resources Survey Update Project will be
completed by or under the direction of CRM TECH cultural resources management professionals
Bai “Tom” Tang, M.A. and Terri Jacquemain, M.A., both of whom meet and exceed the
Secretary of the Interior minimum qualifications for Historians and Architectural Historians.
CRM TECH’s reputation for accuracy and clarity in report presentation is our hallmark and a
source of pride for the entire company.
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b.) A description of the tasks, sub-tasks, and specific deliverables that will be provided.
The primary objective and specific tasks associated with the areas of research, fieldwork, and
data collection processing are as follows.
RESEARCH
Reports Reviews
The primary goal of reviewing previously completed reports is to identify and gather archival
material pertaining to the task at hand and to become familiar with those previous studies. As
noted, CRM TECH produced the 2006 and 2012 historical resources studies, and we have
accessible electronic and physical archives from these reports. This existing data will be used to
produce a base inventory to begin the update process. Additionally, any changes to the inventory
by City staff since 2012 will be requested. The site records of such resources will be reviewed
ant the information will be added to the existing database.
Records Search
A records search will be requested from the Eastern Information Center (EIC) at the University
of California, Riverside. The EIC is the State of California’s official cultural resource records
repository for Riverside County. EIC Staff will examine maps and records on file at the EIC for
previously identified cultural resources and existing studies within the City of La Quinta since
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Scope of Work Page 3 of 5
the 2012 update. Previously identified cultural resources include properties designated as
California Historical Landmarks or Points of Historical Interest as well as those listed in the
National Register of Historic Places, the California Register of Historical Resources, or the
California Historical Resources Inventory. CRM TECH personnel will review this information
and add the data to the growing database.
Historical Background Research
The historical background research will provide information regarding the context for historical
resources located in La Quinta. It will identify areas of interest and prevalent themes in the
City’s development. Specific tasks associated with this portion of the research include consulting
sources such contemporary news accounts and published literature in local history, as well as
historic maps and aerial photographs of the La Quinta area. This information will help identify
areas where historic-in-age structures may be present, as well as areas where it is likely that only
modern structures are present.
Fieldwork
Field surveys covering all areas of the City will be completed. Surveyors will use the
accumulated, updated database and insights based on the historical background research to
inspect all areas of the City for buildings that are 45 years old or older. Previously recorded
resources will be field checked to verify their current condition. When previously unrecorded,
inventory-candidate properties are encountered during the field survey, all of the necessary field
recording procedures, including documenting their physical conditions and historical
characteristics, photographing appropriate features and elevations, assessing the surrounding
environs will be completed. This information will serve as the basis for the significance
evaluations. Trained and experienced staff will conduct the field survey. Any questions and all
work will be reviewed by qualified staff historians.
Focused Historical Research
Focused historical research will be conducted on all inventory-candidate properties that meet the
age threshold for consideration as significant historical properties. The purpose of this focused
historical research will be to identify historic-era property ownership so that any associations
with important persons, events, or established themes in local history can emerge and the history
can be documented. Specific tasks associated with this portion of the research include canvassing
City building records and archival real property tax assessment records at the County Assessor’s
Office. Accessing online genealogical databases, and archival materials such as city directories,
voter registrations, and other publicly available indexes is also an important component of the
focused historical research. The historical research may include consultations and oral interviews
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Scope of Work Page 4 of 5
with local historical organizations, community members, and/or tribal elders or representatives.
These groups and the community at large are an important resource that can often provide
supplemental information and gauge community sentiment regarding the potential historical
significance of a property. Our qualified historians are experienced and adept at conducting
research, including interviews and consultations, and obtaining nuggets of pertinent information.
They are familiar with standard sources of information as well as lesser known resources.
PROCESSING COLLECTED DATA
All of the collected data will be processed, digitized, synthesized, and compiled into appropriate
formats. Photographs will be selected and processed as appropriate for the site records and
report. Field notes and field sketches will be categorized and organized and processed as needed.
The necessary information to complete the DPR forms will selected and integrated into each site
record. The data necessary to complete the historical significance evaluations we be compiled
and combined for each resource. The information from the background research, records search,
field survey, and database will be organized and processed so that it can be incorporated into the
appropriate sections of the report. CRM TECH staff have been doing this for years with similar
data. We have up-to-date equipment (computers, GPS units) and software (GIS; Office;
Photoshop; Acrobat) to help accomplish these tasks.
DELIVERABLES
The City will be provided with a final survey report that will include the Objectives; the Area
Surveyed (both a verbal description and maps); a Research Design (or Statement of Objectives);
a section that describes the Methods used to obtain the data; and the Results, including an
analysis of survey results, Conclusions, and any Recommendations regarding the built-
environmental resources in the City of La Quinta. The Recommendations section will also
include suggestions for future preservation activities for National or California Register
nominations as well as suggestions regarding changes to municipal code text and/or clarifications
on the review procedures.
CRM TECH will provide the City with the site records and site record updates for resources that
are recorded during this project. The City will also be provided with a digital/electronic copy of
the database of recorded resources. All of the delivered products will be in the format preferred
by the City.
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La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Scope of Work Page 5 of 5
c.) A clear identification of cooperation and responsibilities between the consulting team and
the City staff.
Identifying the point people between CRM TECH team and City staff at the onset of the project
process is key. At our end, CRM TECH principal investigator Tom Tang is readily accessible
and responsive to inquiries by City staff regarding the projects scope, progress, and timetable.
On the data collection front, Terri Jacquemain is the point person for coordinating with City staff
to access or request city building records and other materials that may be found in city records,
and to keep the city informed of fieldwork days, if necessary. As the consultants, we believe it is
our responsibility to apply our expertise in an unobtrusive manner that nevertheless instills in
City of La Quinta staff a high level of confidence that the Historical Resources Survey Update
Project will be successful completed in a timely fashion.
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d.) Any other pertinent information deemed appropriate by the applicant
For consideration by the City of La Quinta, CRM TECH offers the following:
1. As part of the fieldwork, a reconnaissance level survey of currently inventoried resources
will be included as part of the project scope so that any properties that have been altered,
demolished or otherwise suffered an irretrievable loss of historical integrity will be culled from
the inventory.
2. In light of increasing project participation of local tribal groups and recent regulatory
guidelines, a Sacred Lands File records search by the State of California Native American
Heritage Commission may be appropriate to supplement the City’s updated inventory to include
any historic-period tribal cultural resources that may require consideration in future planning.
Tel. (909) 824-6400 Fax (909) 824-6405
CRM TECH
1016 E Cooley Dr. #B
Colton, CA 92324
Cultural Resource Management Services
Response to the Request for Proposals
For the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
5. Schedule/Timeline
The La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update project is obviously a large project,
with several facets to it.
Upon being authorized to proceed, the first thing CRM TECH will do is request a records search.
The records search request must be accompanied by a map of the “area of the records search
request.” We assume that the study area is the entire City of La Quinta. For this project there is
no need to request that the records search include a buffer study area (usually a half-mile or one
mile beyond the project area). We are only interested in resources within the City. Since the EIC
is not completely digitized/computerized, we are not sure if we will be able to request a filtered
records search for only records after 2012.
The pandemic has resulted in the fact that outsiders cannot go to the Information Center
and do their own records searches; only EIC staff are doing them. As a result, it is taking 3
months or more to get the results of the records search. This may impact the overall timeline of
the project.
Having submitted the request for the records search, we will begin collecting all data available to
us from our previous work in the area. Besides our database from our 2012 and earlier studies,
we will also collect record search data from previous research projects we have completed in the
area (other company reports and site records). Some of our in-house data dates from the “pre-
digital era” and will only come to light by reference, memory, deep searching. The City will also
be contacted regarding any additional data. This data will be stored in the CRM TECH “cloud”
so that it is easily accessible to project staff.
We can estimate two (2) weeks to recover, collect, and organize our data.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Schedule/Timeline Page 2 of 2
Once the data has been collected, our historians will begin sifting through it with the goal of
understanding of the information that we do have, what needs to be completed, and for hints at
possible focus areas. Building upon this insight, they will develop a logical approach for the data
collection.
This step in the initial data organization should be completed in approximately one month
after the authorization to proceed.
Having a good understanding of the available data, and what it based on, and having developed
the framework of the approach to the project, our historians will schedule a conference with City
Staff to go over the plan, discuss any issues, and iron out any bumps or twists.
To allow for scheduling conflicts and other possible glitches, this preliminary meeting
could take place approximately 6 weeks after authorization to proceed, if not sooner.
Because the amount of work that is involved, CRM TECH will plan to not do all the field work
at once. This will give the historians an opportunity to check on the progress of the work and
make adjustments and improvements in the processes as the work proceeds. It also means that
we do not need to wait for the results of records search before beginning the fieldwork. Any new
data from the records search received while work is proceeding will easily be incorporated into
the on-going field work. While the field work is on-going, other staff will be processing the
incoming data, organizing it, and preparing site records for recorded buildings.
The on-going scheduling of the field work will be based on many factors, including available of
personnel while completing other projects. The main factor affecting the scheduling of all work
will be the City’s expected time to completion. We will allocate personnel as needed to comply
with the City’s timeline. It can be expected, however, that the fieldwork will be completed in
approximately 3 months after authorization to proceed, assuming that the records search material
is received before then. CRM TECH staff will maintain communication with City staff regarding
the progress of the work. Any issues or concerns that arise will be conveyed to City for
resolution.
While some data processing will be on-going as data comes into our office, the real “work” is the
processing and compiling the data, eliminating errors, and massaging the various forms of
information into the site records and report. Realistically it is likely that additional trips to the
City will be necessary to check the validity of some data and to fill data gaps. The field data will
continually be checked and any errors or omissions will immediately be caught and corrected.
Thus, following this work plan all deliverables will be submitted to the City by June 30,
2022, as requested.
Tel. (909) 824-6400 Fax (909) 824-6405
CRM TECH
1016 E Cooley Dr. #B
Colton, CA 92324
Cultural Resource Management Services
Response to the Request for Proposals
For the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Cost of Services
And Current Rate Sheet
To arrive at an estimate of the cost of completing all the required services for this survey update
has to take into consideration the cost of having the records search completed by EIC staff; the
hours of fieldwork that will be needed; the number of site records and site record update forms
that will likely need to be prepared; the amount of research that will be necessary to establish the
historical significance hundreds of buildings; and the amount of project participation and
oversight that senior staff will need allocate to the work, among other things.
CRM TECH proposed to complete all the work required to prepare all deliverables to the
satisfaction of the City for a flat, not to exceed fee of $44,740.00.
This amount includes mileage, Information Center fees, administration fees, overhead, and all
other normal operating costs. No “supplemental” fees will be added to our invoices.
CRM TECH’s current Rate Sheet is attached.
Michael Hogan
Principal
CRM TECH
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Cost of Services & Rate Sheet Page 2 of 2
CRM TECH
1016 E. Cooley Drive, Suite B
Colton, CA 92324
CULTURAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
Current Billing Rates (January 2022):
Principal Investigator $140.00/hour
Project Director/Project Manager $140.00/hour
Principal Archaeologist $140.00/hour
Principal Historian/Architectural Historian $140.00/hour
Senior Paleontologist/Geologist $120.00/hour
Ethnographer/Ethnohistorian $120.00/hour
Laboratory Analyst $110.00/hour
Field Director $100.00/hour
Historian/Architectural Historian II $100.00/hour
Report/Site Record Writer $100.00/hour
Project Archaeologist/Paleontologist $80.00/hour
Laboratory Technician $80.00/hour
Report Technician $80.00/hour
Office Technician $80.00/hour
Information Centers charge $150.00 per hour plus copies for records searches (the estimated
amount for the records search is included in the lump sum/flat fee for this project).
Note that, for the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update project, these rates
include expenses such as copying and printing, administration fees, mileage, and other
normal operating costs and expenses. The lump sum/flat fee proposed for this project
includes all anticipated costs.
Michael Hogan
Principal
CRM TECH
Tel. (909) 824-6400 Fax (909) 824-6405
CRM TECH
1016 E Cooley Dr. #B
Colton, CA 92324
Cultural Resource Management Services
Response to the Request for Proposals (RFP)
For the La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
2. Statement of Qualification
Appendix
c.) Resume of the project manager and all project team members who will work on the project.
Resumes will not be counted toward the 25-page limit and should be included as an Appendix.
Included here are the “CRM TECH Standard One Page Resumes” of team members. All team
members have years of experience and have contributed to all types of projects at all levels. We
feel that the note years of experience speaks for itself.
CRM TECH will not need to use any subcontractors for this project. Our qualified and
experienced staff have worked together on numerous similar projects. This experienced team
will be able to complete the necessary work to the satisfaction of the City.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Appendix: Resumes Page 2 of 5
BAI “TOM” TANG, M.A.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/HISTORIAN/ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN
Education
1988-1993 Graduate Program in Public History/Historic Preservation, University of
California, Riverside.
1987 M.A., American History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
1982 B.A., History, Northwestern University, Xi’an, China.
2000 “Introduction to Section 106 Review,” presented by the Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation and the University of Nevada, Reno.
1994 “Assessing the Significance of Historic Archaeological Sites,” presented by the
Historic Preservation Program, University of Nevada, Reno.
Professional Experience
2002- Principal Investigator, CRM TECH, Riverside/Colton, California.
1993-2002 Project Historian/Architectural Historian, CRM TECH, Riverside, California.
1993-1997 Project Historian, Greenwood and Associates, Pacific Palisades, California.
1991-1993 Project Historian, Archaeological Research Unit, University of California,
Riverside.
1990 Intern Researcher, California State Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento.
1990-1992 Teaching Assistant, History of Modern World, University of California,
Riverside.
1988-1993 Research Assistant, American Social History, University of California, Riverside.
1985-1988 Research Assistant, Modern Chinese History, Yale University.
1985-1986 Teaching Assistant, Modern Chinese History, Yale University.
1982-1985 Lecturer, History, Xi’an Foreign Languages Institute, Xi’an, China.
Cultural Resources Management Reports
Preliminary Analyses and Recommendations Regarding California’s Cultural Resources
Inventory System (with Special Reference to Condition 14 of NPS 1990 Program Review
Report). California State Office of Historic Preservation working paper, Sacramento, September
1990.
Numerous cultural resources management reports with the Archaeological Research Unit,
Greenwood and Associates, and CRM TECH, since October 1991.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Appendix: Resumes Page 3 of 5
MICHAEL HOGAN, PH.D., RPA
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/ARCHAEOLOGIST
Education
1991 Ph.D., Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.
1981 B.S., Anthropology, University of California, Riverside; with honors.
1980-1981 Education Abroad Program, Lima, Peru.
2021 “An Introduction to Geoarchaeology: How Understanding Basic Soils, Sediments,
and Landforms can make you a Better Archaeologist.” SAA Online Seminar.
2002 “Section 106—National Historic Preservation Act: Federal Law at the Local
Level.” UCLA Extension Course #888.
2002 “Recognizing Historic Artifacts,” workshop presented by Richard Norwood.
2002 “Wending Your Way through the Regulatory Maze,” AEP Symposium.
1992 “Southern California Ceramics Workshop,” presented by Jerry Schaefer.
1992 “Historic Artifact Workshop,” presented by Anne Duffield-Stoll.
Professional Experience
2002- Principal Investigator, CRM TECH, Riverside/Colton, California.
1999-2002 Project Archaeologist/Field Director, CRM TECH, Riverside, California.
1996-1998 Project Director and Ethnographer, Statistical Research, Inc., Redlands, C A.
1992-1998 Assistant Research Anthropologist, University of California, Riverside.
1992-1995 Project Director, Archaeological Research Unit, U.C. Riverside.
1993-1994 Adjunct Professor, Riverside Community College, Mt. San Jacinto College, U.C.
Riverside, Chapman University, and San Bernardino Valley College.
1991-1992 Crew Chief, Archaeological Research Unit, U.C. Riverside.
1984-1998 Project Director, Field Director, Crew Chief, and Archaeological Technician for
various southern California cultural resources management firms.
Research Interests
Cultural Resource Management, Southern Californian Archaeology, Settlement and Exchange
Patterns, Specialization and Stratification, Culture Change, Native American Culture, Cultural
Diversity.
Cultural Resources Management Reports
Principal investigator for, author or co-author of, and contributor to numerous cultural resources
management study reports since 1986.
Memberships
Society for American Archaeology; Society for California Archaeology; Pacific Coast
Archaeological Society; Coachella Valley Archaeological Society.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Appendix: Resumes Page 4 of 5
TERRI JACQUEMAIN, M.A.
PROJECT HISTORIAN
Education
2004 M.A., Public History and Historic Resource Management, University of
California, Riverside.
• M.A. thesis: Managing Cultural Outreach, Public Affairs and Tribal Policies
of the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, Indio, California; internship served
as interim Public Information Officer, Cabazon Band of Mission Indians,
June-October, 2002.
2002 B.S., Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.
2001 Archaeological Field School, University of California, Riverside.
1991 A.A., Riverside Community College, Norco Campus.
Professional Experience
2003- Historian/Architectural Historian/Report Writer, CRM TECH, Riverside/Colton,
California.
• Author/co-author of legally defensible cultural resources reports for CEQA
and NHPA Section 106;
• Historic context development, historical/archival research, oral historical
interviews, consultation with local communities and historical organizations;
• Historic building surveys and recordation, research in architectural history;
architectural description.
2002-2003 Teaching Assistant, Religious Studies Department, University of California,
Riverside.
2002 Interim Public Information Officer, Cabazon Band of Mission Indians.
2000 Administrative Assistant, Native American Student Programs, University of
California, Riverside.
1997-2000 Reporter, Inland Valley Daily Bulletin, Ontario, California.
1991-1997 Reporter, The Press-Enterprise, Riverside, California.
Membership
California Preservation Foundation.
La Quinta City-Wide Historic Resources Survey Update
Appendix: Resumes Page 5 of 5
DANIEL BALLESTER, M.S., RPA
PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGIST/FIELD DIRECTOR
Education
2013 M.S., Geographic Information System (GIS), University of Redlands, California.
2007 Certificate in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), California State University,
San Bernardino.
1998 B.A., Anthropology, California State University, San Bernardino.
1997 Archaeological Field School, University of Las Vegas and UC, Riverside.
1994 University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
2021 “An Introduction to Geoarchaeology: How Understanding Basic Soils, Sediments,
and Landforms can make you a Better Archaeologist.” SAA Online Seminar.
2002 “Historic Archaeology Workshop,” presented by Richard Norwood, Base
Archaeologist, Edwards Air Force Base; presented at CRM TECH, Riverside,
California.
Professional Experience
2002- Field Director/GIS Specialist, CRM TECH, Riverside/Colton, California.
• Report writing, site record preparation, and supervisory responsibilities over
all aspects of fieldwork and field crew. Manages and updates CRM TECH's
GIS database, produces maps and extracts data using GIS. Manages field
crews for field surveys, testing and data recovery projects. Oversees work to
ensure correct procedures.
2011-2012 GIS Specialist, Caltrans District 8 Project, Garcia and Associates, San Anselmo,
CA.
2009-2010 Field Crew Chief, Garcia and Associates, San Anselmo, California.
2009-2010 Field Crew, ECorp, Redlands.
1999-2002 Project Archaeologist, CRM TECH, Riverside, California.
1998-1999 Field Crew, K.E.A. Environmental, San Diego, California.
1998 Field Crew, A.S.M. Affiliates, Encinitas, California.
1998 Field Crew, Archaeological Research Unit, University of California, Riverside.
Cultural Resources Management Reports
Field Director, co-author, and contributor to numerous cultural management reports since 2002.